COMPPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION DAY 1:

Research Methodology:
A. Research methods and methodology. What is the major difference?

Research methods refer to the specific techniques, tools, and procedures

used to gather data or information for a research study. These methods can include
surveys, experiments, interviews, observations, case studies, and more. Research
methodology, on the other hand, is the overall framework or strategy that guides
the entire research process, including the choice and application of research
methods.
In simpler terms, research methods are like the individual building blocks
used to collect data, while research methodology is the blueprint that outlines how
these building blocks are organized and used to achieve the research objectives.
In summary, research methods are the tools used to gather data, and research
methodology is the overall plan that guides the use of those methods to conduct a
study. The major difference lies in their scope and level of abstraction, with
methods being specific techniques and methodology being the broader approach to
research.

B. Generally, research approaches are divided into qualitative, quantitative, and

mixed method, explain what are these approaches and what are research purpose
that they serve?
 Qualitative approach is the one which relies on descriptive narrative for data
analysis. Data collection can be done through interviews. Quantitative
approach is being utilized by collecting data through surveys. It uses different
statistical procedures for data analysis. Mixed approach is the combination of
the two aforementioned approaches it is being utilized to improve and gain an
accurate set of data.
 Research approaches can be broadly categorized into three main types:
qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method. Qualitative research involves
exploring and gaining a deep understanding of human experiences,
behaviors, and social interactions. This approach utilizes non-numerical data
collection methods, such as interviews, observations, or textual analysis, to
uncover insights and examine the context of the research subject. It serves
the purpose of exploring feelings, motivations, perceptions, and providing
in-depth answers to open-ended questions. On the other hand, quantitative
research focuses on measuring and analyzing numerical data to identify
 patterns, relationships, and trends. Statistical methods and structured data
collection techniques, like surveys or experiments, are employed to draw
objective conclusions and generalize findings to a larger population.
Quantitative research is useful for quantifying phenomena, establishing
cause-and-effect relationships, and making predictions based on data. Lastly,
mixed-methods research combines elements of both qualitative and
quantitative approaches in a single study. Researchers use this approach
when they aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of a research problem
by triangulating multiple data sources and perspectives. It allows for
exploring complex issues, validating findings, and providing a more robust
and holistic interpretation of the research topic. The choice of
research approach depends on the research purpose, the nature of the
research question, and the type of data needed to address the research
objectives effectively.

C. How can research affect policies in disaster risk reduction management?

Research plays a vital role in influencing policies in disaster risk reduction
management. Through systematic investigation and analysis, research provides
valuable insights and evidence that policymakers can use to develop effective
strategies and guidelines. By identifying vulnerabilities, evaluating existing
interventions, and assessing the impact of disaster risk reduction measures,
research helps policymakers understand the specific risks faced by communities
and regions. This knowledge informs the formulation of targeted policies that
address the most pressing challenges. Additionally, involving communities in the
research process fosters collaboration and empowers them to actively participate in
disaster preparedness and response efforts. Overall, research serves as a foundation
for evidence-based decision-making, enabling policymakers to allocate resources
efficiently, advocate for increased support, and enhance disaster resilience for the
betterment of society.

D. Define and compare patent and utility model.

A patent is granted for new and significant inventions, providing exclusive rights
for 20 years, while a utility model is for minor improvements to existing
technology, offering protection for a shorter period of time, but with potentially
less stringent criteria for approval. The choice between patent and utility model
depends on the nature of the invention and the desired level of protection.

E. What is a variable and how do we determine them?

 A variable is a characteristic, trait, or quantity that can vary or change in a
research study. It is any factor or element that researchers aim to measure, observe,
or manipulate to understand its relationship with other variables or to study its
effect on the outcome of interest. In other words, variables are the building blocks
of research, and they allow us to study and analyze different aspects of a
phenomenon.
In a research study, variables can be classified into two main types:
independent variables and dependent variables. The independent variable is the
factor that researchers manipulate or control to observe its effect on the dependent
variable. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the outcome or response that
researchers measure and observe to understand how it changes in response to the
independent variable.
For example, in a study examining the relationship between study time and
exam scores, the independent variable would be the study time (which the
researchers can manipulate by assigning different study durations to participants),
and the dependent variable would be the exam scores (which the researchers
measure to determine the effect of study time on performance).
Determining variables involves careful planning and design of the research
study. Researchers must clearly define the variables they want to study and decide
how to measure or manipulate them effectively. This process includes selecting
appropriate data collection methods, devising questionnaires, conducting
experiments, or using other research techniques that align with the research
objectives. Careful consideration of variables ensures that the study produces
meaningful and valid results, contributing to a better understanding of the research
topic.

F. Secondary data analysis can be a valuable tool in disaster research. However,

researchers conducting this type of analysis must address concerns that do not arise
when they collect their own data. What are the advantages of secondary data
analysis? Describe the issues and concerns associated with type of analysis, and
how researchers can deal with them. Use two examples of commonly used
secondary data sources to illustrate these issues.
 The advantage of secondary data analysis is having low cost effectiveness
since the data is already conducted by someone else. But we just need to be
careful on what with are relying on the sources that we are looking should be
efficient and reliable for the study. One of the issues is that validity and
 reliability are critical factors in research that must not overlook some
secondary sources, such as censuses, are just as dependable as sources
because they cover the entire population.

 Secondary data analysis can be valuable in disaster research due to several

advantages it offers. Firstly, it saves time and resources since researchers do
not have to collect new data, making it a cost-effective approach. Secondly, it
allows for the examination of large-scale or historical data sets, enabling
researchers to study trends and patterns over extended periods. Additionally,
secondary data sources often provide data that may not be feasible to collect
through primary research due to logistical or ethical constraints. Furthermore,
it allows for comparative studies and validation of findings from different data
sets, enhancing the robustness of research outcomes.
However, researchers conducting secondary data analysis must address
specific concerns that arise with this approach. One major concern is the lack of
control over data quality and collection methods since they are not directly
involved in data gathering. Ensuring data reliability and validity becomes critical.
Another issue is the potential for data incompleteness or inconsistency, which can
affect the analysis and interpretation of results.
Example 1: National Weather Service (NWS) data for analyzing hurricane
impacts. Researchers using NWS data must consider potential discrepancies in data
collection methods between different weather stations. Additionally, missing data
or inconsistent reporting across stations could lead to biased results.
Example 2: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA) data for studying the impact of a humanitarian response to a
disaster. Researchers must be cautious about variations in data collection across
different humanitarian agencies and regions. Incomplete or biased reporting can
affect the assessment of the effectiveness of humanitarian interventions.
To address these concerns, researchers can employ various strategies. Data
validation techniques can help identify and correct errors or inconsistencies in the
data. Sensitivity analyses can test the robustness of findings against potential data
biases or missing information. Additionally, transparency in data sourcing and
detailed documentation of methods is essential to ensure the reproducibility of the
research and allow other researchers to assess the validity of findings.
Overall, secondary data analysis offers valuable advantages in disaster
research, but researchers must be diligent in handling data quality and potential
biases to ensure the credibility and reliability of their findings.

G. Present a strategy on how to make a good literature review.

  Having a good literature review is a meticulous thing to do. The first thing to
do is to know what exactly need for your study is. This will help your paper to
be more precise and clear from its objectives. Second, as a researcher you
need to sort out the different reviews by having a up-to-date literature reviews.
Lastly, make sure that the literature review is from a reliable source to make
sure the accuracy of the paper.

H. How does funding agency affect a research study?

 Funding agencies have a huge impact on whatever type of research study it
takes to support the needs and costs to make a study successful. Support from
funding agencies is a factor in creating an excellent research study. Through
funding agencies, a research study will be completed and will benefit all.

 The funding agency significantly influences a research study in various ways.

Firstly, it determines the financial resources available for the research,
impacting the scale, scope, and duration of the study. Larger funding allows
for more extensive data collection, advanced equipment, and access to
specialized expertise.
Secondly, the funding agency may have specific research priorities or
interests, and they are more likely to fund studies aligned with their objectives.
This can shape the research topic, methodology, and focus to align with the
agency's agenda.
Moreover, the funding agency might have requirements or expectations for
reporting and dissemination of findings. Researchers may need to provide progress
reports, adhere to specific timelines, and communicate their results to the funding
body and the public.
The funding agency's influence can also extend to ethical considerations.
Some agencies have specific guidelines or regulations for research involving
human subjects, animals, or sensitive data. Researchers must comply with these
ethical standards to receive funding.
Additionally, the reputation and credibility of the funding agency can impact
the perceived legitimacy and significance of the research study. Studies funded by
reputable organizations may carry more weight in academic and public discourse.
Overall, the funding agency plays a critical role in shaping the research
study's direction, resources, and compliance with ethical standards. Researchers
must carefully consider the implications of accepting funding and ensure
transparency, integrity, and alignment with their research objectives and values.

I. In statistical analysis, discuss how data should be processed.

  In statistical analysis there are five steps in processing the data. The first one
is to design the study is an important step on because the researcher should
have a concrete plan in conducting the study. Second step will be collect the
data, this is where the data are being collected it’s either through surveys or
census. The next step is to describe the data the appropriate tools should be
utilized. This can include making graphs or calculating statistics to become
more convincing and to help to visualize the data. The last step is to make
inferences; Inference is the process of using the information contained in a
sample from a population to make a general statement (i.e. to infer something)
about the entire population.

Statistical analysis is the process of collecting, exploring, summarizing,

interpreting, and drawing conclusions from data. It involves applying various
mathematical and statistical techniques to understand patterns, relationships, and
trends within the data. The goal is to make informed decisions, predictions, or
inferences based on the evidence provided by the data.

Data should be processed by following these general steps:

 Data Collection: Gather relevant and accurate data through surveys,

experiments, observations, or other means.
 Data Cleaning: Remove errors, outliers, and inconsistencies in the data to
ensure its quality and reliability.
 Data Exploration: Use descriptive statistics, visualizations, and graphs to
understand the characteristics and distribution of the data.
 Data Preprocessing: Transform and manipulate the data to make it suitable
for specific analysis methods (e.g., normalization, standardization).
 Statistical Analysis: Apply appropriate statistical methods (e.g., regression,
t-test, ANOVA) to uncover insights and draw meaningful conclusions.
 Interpretation: Analyze the results, draw conclusions, and make data-driven
decisions or predictions based on the findings.
 Reporting: Communicate the results and conclusions in a clear and
understandable manner, often using visualizations or summary statistics.

These steps ensure that data is analyzed accurately and meaningfully, leading to
valuable insights and informed decision-making.

J. What is ISM and how and when is it utilized for the research?
  Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) is a well-known method for
determining links between distinct pieces that describe a problem or issue.
Various researchers have begun to use this approach to describe the
interrelationships among various factors connected to the issue.
 ISM, or Interpretive Structural Modeling, is a research methodology used to
analyze complex systems and understand the relationships among various
factors within that system. It helps identify the hierarchy and
interdependencies among these factors. By creating a hierarchical structure
and categorizing relationships, ISM aids in problem-solving, decision-making,
and policy formulation. It is valuable for studying interconnected issues in
diverse fields, such as business, environment, engineering, healthcare, and
disaster risk assessment. ISM provides a visual representation of the system's
structure and helps identify critical factors, enabling decision-makers to devise
more effective strategies and interventions to improve system functioning.

K. How significant understanding research methodology in disaster risk reduction

management planning?
 It is significant to understand the research methodology because it allows you
to use the most accurate method in solving different problems. Just like in
disaster risk reduction management planning having a widen knowledge about
different methods it will serves as a tool to discover a lot of things that is
reliable and effective to use to lessen the errors or mistakes that will may
occur.

 Understanding research methodology in disaster risk reduction management

planning is highly significant for several reasons. Firstly, it allows planners
and policymakers to make informed decisions based on evidence and
reliable data. By employing appropriate research methods, they can assess
hazards, vulnerabilities, and the effectiveness of various risk reduction
strategies.
Secondly, a sound understanding of research methodology ensures
that data collection is rigorous and accurate. It helps in identifying gaps in
knowledge and areas that require further investigation, leading to more
comprehensive and effective disaster preparedness and response plans.
Thirdly, research methodology enables the evaluation of the impact of
existing disaster risk reduction measures. By analyzing data using
appropriate statistical techniques, planners can determine what works and
what needs improvement, thus refining their strategies over time.
Furthermore, research methodology fosters collaboration and
knowledge sharing among stakeholders, including researchers, communities,
 and government agencies. This collective approach enhances
communication, encourages participation, and empowers local communities
in disaster risk reduction planning.
Overall, a robust understanding of research methodology is vital in
disaster risk reduction management planning as it promotes evidence-based
decision-making, enhances the efficiency of interventions, and ultimately
leads to more resilient and sustainable communities in the face of disasters.

GIS DSS:

Objective ng DSS -

Organizational Management:
COMPPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION DAY 2:

DRR/CCA
I. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: The Hyogo Framework aimed to
reduce vulnerabilities to natural hazards and disasters globally. Adopted in 2005
for a 10-year period, it prioritized five areas of action: political commitment, risk
assessment and early warning systems, knowledge dissemination and awareness,
addressing underlying risk factors, and enhancing disaster preparedness and
response. Its primary goal was to strengthen disaster resilience through
international cooperation and improved disaster management strategies.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030: The Sendai

Framework, succeeding the Hyogo Framework, was adopted in 2015 and outlined
a 15-year plan for disaster risk reduction. It set out four priorities for action:
understanding disaster risk, strengthening disaster risk governance, investing in
disaster risk reduction, and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response
and recovery. Emphasizing a broader scope that includes both natural and human-
induced hazards, the framework aimed to create more resilient communities and
nations by integrating disaster risk reduction into development planning and
promoting international cooperation and capacity building. The framework also
established global targets to measure progress in reducing disaster risk, aiming for
reduced mortality, affected populations, economic losses, and damage to critical
infrastructure.

II. The Paris Climate Agreement's silent point is its lack of legally binding
enforcement mechanisms. Adopted in 2015, this historic accord brought together
nearly all nations to combat climate change by limiting global warming to well
below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. While the agreement marked a
significant milestone in international climate cooperation, it does not impose
mandatory penalties for countries that fail to meet their pledged emission reduction
targets. Instead, the agreement relies on voluntary contributions from each nation,
known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This absence of binding
enforcement has been a subject of criticism, as it may hinder the agreement's
effectiveness in ensuring ambitious and collective action to tackle the urgent global
challenge of climate change. Nevertheless, the Paris Agreement remains a crucial
framework for fostering dialogue and cooperation, encouraging countries to
enhance their climate efforts over time.

III. 5-Steps ng CDRA process

CP - CP content and process

Risk Management:

I. To be an effective risk manager, you must possess a combination of key skills

and qualities. Firstly, you need a thorough understanding of the risks associated
with your organization or project, requiring strong analytical and critical thinking
abilities. Effective risk managers are proactive, identifying potential hazards early
on and developing comprehensive risk assessment strategies. Communication
skills are essential to convey risk information clearly to stakeholders and foster a
risk-aware culture within the organization. Flexibility and adaptability enable you
to respond swiftly to changing risk landscapes. Furthermore, being well-versed in
risk management frameworks and industry best practices will enhance your
decision-making and risk mitigation capabilities. Continuous learning and staying
updated on emerging risks will further strengthen your effectiveness as a risk
manager.

II. Adopting different kinds of risk involves a deliberate and calculated approach to
dealing with uncertainties in various aspects of life or business. First and foremost,
it's crucial to understand the different types of risks you may encounter, such as
financial, operational, strategic, or reputational risks. Once you've identified the
specific risks, assess each one's potential impact and likelihood of occurrence.
Embrace a risk tolerance level that aligns with your goals and objectives,
considering both your risk appetite and capacity to handle potential losses.
Diversification can be a valuable strategy to spread risks across different areas,
reducing overall vulnerability. While taking on risks, ensure you have a well-
thought-out risk management plan that includes contingency measures and
response strategies. Regularly review and update your risk management approach,
adjusting it as circumstances change. Remember, adopting different kinds of risk
should involve careful consideration and a balanced approach, maximizing
opportunities while minimizing potential negative consequences.