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Integration-concepts (1)

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Integration-concepts (1)

Uploaded by

crabroses
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGRATION CONCEPTS/FORMULAS

INTEGRATION/ANTI-DIFFERENTIATION
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

• Anti-derivative or Integral
• Differentiation – given the function, to find its derivative
• Integration – given the derivative of a function (integrand), to find the function (integral).
• If 𝑓(𝑥) is a given function and 𝐹(𝑥) is a function whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥) , the relation between them is
expressed by writing

𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 ‫𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑛𝑖 = ׬‬, indicates that we are to perform the operation of integration
upon 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; that is, we are to find a function whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥) or whose differential 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
• Example (a). Evaluate ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑 𝑥 3 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 3
𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3

2
1 3
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
3

1 3
𝑑 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

න 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

න 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑑𝑢 + න 𝑑𝑣 + ⋯ + න 𝑑𝑧

න 𝑐 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐 න 𝑑𝑢

𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑢𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢

𝑢𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑢𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
THE POWER FORMULA

• In the formula
𝑑 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑢,
• Let us replace n by n + 1:
𝑑 𝑢𝑛+1 = (𝑛 + 1)𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢
• Divide by n + 1 (since this is impossible when n = -1, that value must be excluded), and
reverse the equation to obtain

𝑛
𝑑 𝑢𝑛+1
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑛+1
• Integrating, we obtain the general power-formula of integration:
𝑑 𝑢𝑛+1
න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

• Example (a).
1 1
න 3𝑥 3 + 1 + 2
𝑑𝑥 = 3 න 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2

3𝑥 4 1
= + 𝑥 − 𝑥 −1 + 𝐶
4 2
3𝑥 4 1
= +𝑥− +𝐶
4 2𝑥
• Example (b). Evaluate ‫𝑎(׬‬2 − 𝑦 2 )5 𝑦𝑑𝑦.

• This resembles (1) with 𝑢 = 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑛 = 5. Since 𝑑 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 = −2𝑦𝑑𝑦,


• We introduce the factor -2 under the integral sign, with its reciprocal in front:
2 2 4
1 𝑎 − 𝑦
න(𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 )5 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = − න 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 5 ( − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = − +𝐶
2 12
• Example (c). Evaluate ‫𝑎(׬‬2 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 2 2 4 2 2 4 4
2 2 3 1 5
න(𝑎 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑎 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 5

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