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Biology Reviewer

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Juliana Palisoc
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9 views4 pages

Biology Reviewer

Uploaded by

Juliana Palisoc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biology Reviewer

I. Introduction to Biology

 Definition: Study of life and living organisms.

 Branches of Biology:

o Botany: Study of plants.

o Zoology: Study of animals.

o Microbiology: Study of microorganisms.

 Characteristics of Life:

o Organization

o Growth and development

o Reproduction

o Response to stimuli

o Metabolism

o Homeostasis

o Adaptation and evolution

II. Cell Structure and Function

 Cell Theory:

o All living things are made of cells.

o Cells are the basic unit of life.

o All cells come from pre-existing cells.

 Types of Cells:

o Prokaryotic: No nucleus (e.g., bacteria).

o Eukaryotic: With nucleus (e.g., animal and plant cells).

 Cell Organelles and Functions:

o Nucleus: Control center.

o Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell.


o Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.

o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transport of materials.

o Golgi Apparatus: Packaging and secretion.

o Chloroplasts (plants): Photosynthesis.

o Cell Membrane: Regulates what enters/exits the cell.

III. Genetics

 DNA and RNA:

o DNA: Carrier of genetic information.

o RNA: Helps in protein synthesis.

 Mendelian Genetics:

o Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics.

o Laws of Inheritance: Dominance, Segregation, Independent


Assortment.

 Chromosomes:

o Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

o Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes.

IV. Evolution and Classification

 Evolution:

o Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection.

o Survival of the fittest.

o Evidence: Fossils, anatomy, molecular biology.

 Classification System:

o Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

o Binomial Nomenclature (e.g., Homo sapiens).


V. Human Anatomy and Physiology

 Major Organ Systems:

o Circulatory: Heart, blood, vessels.

o Respiratory: Lungs, trachea.

o Digestive: Stomach, intestines.

o Nervous: Brain, spinal cord.

o Skeletal: Bones, joints.

o Muscular: Muscles.

o Reproductive: Ovaries, testes.

 Homeostasis:

o Regulation of body conditions (e.g., temperature, pH).

VI. Ecology

 Ecosystems:

o Biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living) factors.

o Food Chain and Food Web.

o Energy Flow: Producers → Consumers → Decomposers.

 Biomes:

o Forest, desert, tundra, aquatic, grasslands.

 Environmental Issues:

o Pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss.

VII. Photosynthesis and Respiration

 Photosynthesis:

o Equation: 6CO2+6H2O+light→C6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O +


light → C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_26CO2+6H2O+light→C6H12O6
+6O2.
o Occurs in chloroplasts.

 Cellular Respiration:

o Equation:
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+energy(ATP)C_6H_{12}O_6 +
6O_2 → 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + energy (ATP)C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2
+6H2O+energy(ATP).

o Types: Aerobic and Anaerobic.

VIII. Reproduction

 Asexual:

o Binary Fission, Budding, Fragmentation.

 Sexual:

o Involves gametes (sperm and egg).

o Fertilization leads to zygote formation.

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