DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 2

104004
Final exam A

Winter 2022

Your ID Number:

Guidelines

1. Duration: 3 hours. Use of calculators, personal dictionaries, electronic devices,

reference materials, personal notes or any other extra material is not allowed.

2. Explain your solutions, quote theorems you are using. No credit will be given
for non-justified answers. Write clear and complete answers for each problem in
the same page. Use the other side of the page if necessary.
Problem 1 (15 points)

a Find parametric equations for the tangent line at (0, 1, 0) to the curve

x(t) = t, y(t) = e−t , z(t) = t − t2 .

b Find the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface

x2 + xy = 2z

at the point (1, 1, 1).

Solution to a. If
(0, 1, 0) = (t, e−t , t − t2 ),
it follows that t = 0. We have

(x0 (t), y 0 (t), z 0 (t)) = (1, −e−t , 1 − 2t),

so the vector
(x0 (0), y 0 (0), z 0 (0)) = (1, −1, 1)
is tangent to the curve at (0, 1, 0).
Therefore, the parametric equations for the required tangent line can be written as

(x, y, z) = (0, 1, 0) + (1, −1, 1)t

or
x = t, y = 1 − t, z = t.
Solution to b. The surface can be written as

f (x, y, z) = x2 + xy − 2z = 0.

We have
∇f (x, y, z) = (2x + y, x, −2),
and, therefore, ∇f (1, 1, 1) = (3, 1, −2). The tangent plane is then defined by the equation

(3, 1, −2) · ((x, y, z) − (1, 1, 1)) = 0,

or
3x + y − 2z − 2 = 0.

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Problem 2 (15 points)

Find the limit

xy
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y2
if it exists or show that it does not exist.
Solution. Taking the limit along the line y = 0 we get 0. Taking the limit along the line
y = x we get

x2 1
lim = .
x→0 2x2 2
Therefore, the limit
xy
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y2
does not exist.

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Problem 3 (15 points)

a Find the gradient ∇f , the second partial derivatives of f and the directional deriva-
tive ∂f
∂~v
at the point (1, 3) for the function

f (x, y) = x2 ln (x + y)

and the vector ~v = h2, −1i.

b Find the linear approximation of the function

f (x, y) = 1 − xy cos πy

at (1, 1) and use it to approximate f (1.02, 0.97). Estimate the error of the approxi-
mation.

Solution to b. We have fx (x, y) = −y cos πy and fy (x, y) = −x cos πy + πxy sin πy. The
linear approximation to f (x, y) is

l(x, y) = f (1, 1) + fx (1, 1)(x − 1) + fy (1, 1)(y − 1) = 2 + 1 · (x − 1) + 1 · (y − 1) = x + y.

Its value at (1.02, 0.97) is 1.02 + 0.97 = 1.99. The error of approximation can be bounded
by
(1/2) · M (|1.02 − 1| + |0.97 − 1|)2 ,
where M is an upper bound for |fxx |, |fxy |, |fyy | on the rectangle [1, 1.02] × [0.97, 1]. On
this rectangle we have fxx = 0, and

|fxy | = | − cos πy + πy sin πy| ≤ | cos πy| + |πy sin πy| ≤ 1 + π · sin(0.97π) < 1 + π/2 < π,

|fyy | = |2πx sin πy + π 2 xy cos πy| ≤ |2πx sin πy| + |π 2 xy cos πy|
≤ 2π · 1.02 · sin(0.97π) + π 2 · 1.02 < 2π 2 < 20.

So we can take M = 20 and this gives a bound of

10 · (0.02 + 0.03)2 = 0.0025.

(NOTE: It may be slightly easier to obtain bigger upper bounds, which are also accept-
able).

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Problem 4 (15 points)

a. Find and classify the critical points of the function

2 +y 2 )/2
f (x, y) = xye−(x .

b. Find the maximal and the minimal values of the function f (x, y) = 2x3 + y 4 over
the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ 1.
c. Find the points on the cone z 2 − x2 = y 2 that are closest to the point (4, 2, 0).

Solution to a. The first derivatives are

2 +y 2 )/2
fx = y(1 − x2 )e−(x
and
2 +y 2 )/2
fy = x(1 − y 2 )e−(x .
We have fx = fy = 0 in the points (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, −1), (−1, 1), (−1, −1). The second
dervatives are
2 2
fxx = xy(x2 − 3)e−(x +y )/2 ,
2 +y 2 )/2
fyy = xy(y 2 − 3)e−(x ,
−(x2 +y 2 )/2
fxy = (1 − x2 )(1 − y)2 e .
We have fxx (0, 0) = fyy (0, 0) = 0 and fxy (0, 0) = 1 so that the determinant of the Hessian
matrix is negative. The critical point is a saddle.
Now, fxx (1, 1) < 0 and fyy (1, 1) < 0 while fxy (0, 0) = 0. The determinant of the
Hessian matrix is positive and fxx < 0 so that (1, 1) is a maximium. The same holds in
the point (−1, −1).
We have fxx (1, −1) > 0 and fyy (1, 1) > 0 while fxy (0, 0) = 0. The determinant of the
Hessian matrix is positive and fxx > 0 so that (1, −1) is a minimum. The same holds in
the point (−1, 1).
Solution to b. We have fx = 6x2 and fy = 4y 3 ; inside the disk there exists only one
critical point (0, 0) and f (0, 0) = 0. The boundary is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1; it can be
parametrized by the angle x = cos φ, y = sin φ. Then f (φ) = 2 cos3 φ + sin4 φ and
df /dφ = −6 sin φ cos2 φ + 4 cos φ sin3 φ = 2 sin φ cos φ(−3 cos φ + 2 − 2 cos2 φ).
The critical points are sin φ = 0, cos φ√= 0 and cos φ = −1/2. On the circle, these are the
points (±1, 0), (0, ±1), and (−1/2, ± 3/2). The function there has values ±2, 1 − 1/8 ±
9/16. Therefore, the maximal value of f is 2 and the minimal value is −2. (NOTE: In
principle, one may use Lagrange multipliers here).

Solution to c.
Find the points on the cone z 2 − x2 = y 2 that are closest to the point (4, 2, 0).
The square of the distance from (x, y, z) to (4, 2, 0) is
d2 = (x − 4)2 + (y − 2)2 + z 2 .
On the cone, we have z 2 = x2 + y 2 so that
d2 = 2x2 − 8x + 2y 2 − 4y + 20 = 2(x − 2)2 + 2(y − 1)2 + 10.
The smallest value of this function
√ is when x = 2 and y √ = 1 and is equal√ to 10. The
corresponding value of z is ± 5. The final answer is (2, 1, 5) and (2, 1, − 5).

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Problem 5 (15 points)

1. Using polar coordinates, calculate

ZZ p
3x + 4y 2 dxdy,
R

where R is the region in the upper half-plane bounded by the circles x2 + y 2 = 1

and x2 + y 2 = 4.

2. Rewrite the iterated integral

Z 1 Z 1 Z 1−y
dx dy f (x, y, z)dz
0 x 0

in a different order, integrating first with respect to x, then z, and then y.

There is a mistake in part a.

Solution to b.
The best thing here is to draw a picture: the integration goes over a region bounded
by the planes z = 0, z = 1 − y, y = x, y = 1 and x = 0 and x = 1.
Given z and y, the variable x ranges from 0 to y. After integration by x, the variable
z ranges from 0 to 1 − y and y ranges from 0 to 1. Answer:
Z 1 Z 1−y Z y
dy dz f (x, y, z)dx.
0 0 0

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Problem 6 (15 points)

a. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the paraboloid z = 7 − 2x2 − 2y 2
and below by the paraboloid z = 5x2 + 5y 2 .
2
√ of the surface 2x − z = 0 that lies above the triangle
b. Find the area of the portion
bounded by the lines x = 3/2, y = 0, and y = 2x in the xy-plane.

Hints. For a, use cylindrical coordinates. For b, use the formula on the page 1006 of
Thomas.

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Problem 7 (15 points)

Let F~ (x, y) = h3x + y, −x + 2yi be a vector field in R2 and C be the ellipse

2x2 + y 2 = 2.

Using Green’s Theorem, calculate:

a. the circulation of F~ along C in the counterclockwise direction;

b. the outward flux of F~ across C.

Hints. The problem consists of 2 parts. The first part consists of applying the Green’s
theorem. The second part is the integration of a constant function over the ellipse 2x2 +
y 2 = 2. This is the same as finding the area of the ellipse.