Introductory

08 February 2023 07:35 PM

1. Communication : is a natural activity of all human beings which is carried out to convey feelings,
emotions , ideas , thoughts or information to others through words , signs signals, symbols or body
movements.
Keith Davis in his book ' Human Behaviour at work' defines "communication is the
transfer of information and understanding from one person to another."

2. Classification of communication
i. One way communication
ii. Two way communication.

A. One way communication: this type of communication can include the transmission of information,
opinions , thoughts or emotions to a person or group of people. The sender transmits a messgae
through words, signs, symbols, or body movements.
B. Two way communication: this type of communication involves the sending of a message and
receiving of its feedback. The sender transmits a message and the receiver conveys the feedback of
the messgae to the sender.

3. Uses of communication:
i. We converse with our friends, family members ,relatives, teachers and others
ii. Most time we share information through speech, writing or other sets of signs and symbols but
sometimes we communicate through body movements
iii. We meet our personal, social , emotional, educational, financial , professional, cultural and other
needs through communication
iv. Communications plays a major role not only in personal relations but also in professional relations.
Information is shared , distributed and disseminated within effective communication network.
v. Communication helps in shaping the organizational goals by putting fort the objectives to be
achieved and helps the employees to share the common goals.
vi. It not only facilities the organizational goals but also connects the organization to external people
like customers, suppliers, government, civic agencies, banks, and other financial institutions.

4. Cycle of communication
i. Sender : the process arts when an idea occurs in the sender mind which they want to convey to the
other party in order to achieve some objective. They decide the symbols, medium, time and channel
to send the messgae. The process starts with the sender and ends with them by the comprehension
of feedback.
ii. Message :message is the idea , emotion , opinion or information that is transmitted by the sender. It
can be verbal or non verbal. It exists I sender's mind.
iii. Encoding :encoding is the activity of converting the data or information into codes. It is the process
of translating the message into symbols which can be in the form of words, actions, signs ,signals,
pictures or audio visuals.
iv. Channel : channel is the path through which the messgae passes. It connects the sender and the
reciver.
" There is a difference between channel and medium. Channel is the path through which the message
passes whereas medium is the carrier of message."
V. Receiver: receiver is the party to whom the message is directed . Receiver can be a human being , a
non human being or a non living thing. The main function of reciever is to receive the message,
decode and understand its intended meaning and convey feedback to the sender.
VI. Decoding : decoding means' giving meaningful interpretation to the message'.it is the opposite
encoding. It is the act of translating codes into their ordinary meaning.
VII. Feedback : the reaction, response or reply of others is known as feedback. It s the receiver's
response to the message. It confirms that the receipt of a message. It is directed towards the sender
and completes the communication cycle.

4.1 Features of feedback

• both the sender and the reciver play reversible and reciprocal roles in the process.in case of
feedback , the receiver acts as the sender and the sender acts as the receiver.
• Feedback can be used as a tool to measure the effectiveness of communication. The sender can
determine the success or failure of their communication on the basis of received feedback.
• They can evaluate the outcome of their communication through feedback whether the message has
been received by the reciever in the intended way or some correction is required in the message or
the way of communication.
• It also allows the reciever to ask question in order to clear their doubts as well as develop
confidence.
4.2 Advantages of Feedback

• Feedback confirms the receipt of message

• It enables the receiver to clear their doubts
• It helps the sender to know receiver's interest.
• The sender can make necessary change in the message on the basis of received feedback.
• It encourages interactive communication
• To completes the cycle of communication

5. The Seven C’s of communication.

The seven C’s are:
i. clarity
:Firstly, it’s important to be clear about the purpose of the message you’re delivering. The recipient
should be made aware of why they are receiving the message and what you’re trying to achieve by
delivering it

ii. correct:
It’s essential that both the factual information and the language and grammar you use are correct. If
your audience spots errors in either, they will be distracted and your credibility will be greatly
reduced.

iii. complete:
Completeness is often one of the most important of the 7 Cs of communication. When creating a
message, it’s important to give the recipient all of the information they need to follow your line of
reasoning and to reach the same conclusions you have.

iv. concrete:
 When shaping your communication you must ensure that you are specific and that the logic and
messages that you’re using fit together, build on each other and support each other

v. concise:
When communicating messages of this nature it’s important to stick to the point and keep your
messages short and simple

vi. considered :
To help make sure your communications are considered and coherent you should have a logical flow
and your style, tone and language should be consistent throughout.

vii. and courteous :

You can increase the effectiveness of your communications by being polite and showing your
audience that you respect them. Your messages should be friendly, professional, considerate,
respectful, open and honest.

6. Barriers to communication:
i. Language Barriers
Diverse employees will have different linguistic skills even in the same
workplace, and as a result, communication channels that transcend the corporation will be
affected. Even when communicating in the same language, a message's terminology can be a
barrier if it is not fully understood by the receiver(s), who is unfamiliar with the terminology.
Regional idioms and expressions may be misinterpreted or even offensive to some people.

ii. Psychological Barriers

There are a variety of mental and psychological issues that can obstruct effective
communication, such as stage fright, speech disorders, phobias, depression, and so on. Anger,
fear, jealousy, insecurity, shyness, and close-mindedness are all psychological barriers that can
obstruct communication. All of these conditions are difficult to manage at times and will obstruct
communication.

iii. Emotional Barriers

, it is often
obvious that those who let their emotions to rule their lives will experience issues.
For efficient communication, a perfect blend of emotions and facts is required, and emotions
such as anger, irritation, and humour can cloud a person's decision-making abilities, limiting the
efficiency of their communication.

iv. Cultural Barriers

we must take into account these various cultures while communicating and
cultivating cross-cultural sensitivity in order to overcome such cultural obstacles. This is referred
to as being culturally acceptable, as people and businesses frequently miss out on these chances
owing to cultural obstacles.

v. Physical Barriers
They are the most evident impediments to successful communication, and they are usually easily
removed in concept at least, such as noise, closed doors, malfunctioning communication
 equipment, closed cabins, and so on.

vi. Attitude Barriers

Communication is also hampered by prejudice, distrust, emotional aggression, or discrimination
based on gender, ethnicity, or religion. They arise as a result of a lack of drive or a refusal to
adapt. Effective listening, criticism, problem-solving, and being open to change can all help you
break down communication barriers.

vii. Perception Barriers

Different people view the same things in different ways, which is something we must keep in
mind when communicating. Effective communication requires an understanding of the
audience's perception levels, and all messages or communications must be simple and
straightforward. There should be no place for a diverse set of interpretations.

viii. Physiological Barriers

Certain ailments, diseases, or other limits may also obstruct good communication between an
organization's multiple channels, with the shrillness of voice, dyslexia, and other physiological
barriers to successful communication being examples. These aren't critical, though, because they
can be readily adjusted for and deleted.

Levels of communication
1. Extra personal: communication between human being and a non living entity. For example affection shown to/by
Dogs. This is a type of non verbal communication
2. Intrapersonal: communication with oneself. for example : when we touch something hot the skin send signals to the
brain which orders the hand to get away from the object
3. Interpersonal: communication between two or more people. This can be both verbal and non verbal communication
in which emotions, feeling , thoughts, ideas and information is shared through words , signs , signal and body
movements.
a) One to one
b) Small group
c) Large group
d) Mass communication(tv, radio, newspaper, journal)

4. Organisational : formal communication that takes place at an organisational level is termed as organisational
communication.
i. Internal: communication within organisation
a) Vertical: different hierarchical level
i) Upward: principal to teacher
ii) Downward: teacher to principal
b) Horizontal: same level
c) Diagonal : if the employee communicates directly to the superior of other department
bypassing the superior of their department, it is termed as diagonal communication

i. External : outside organisation ( public, media and other agencies)

Unit 2 Listening Skills
17 February 2023 08:42 PM

1. Netiquette : Netiquette refers to your Internet etiquette, or the way you behave online and on social
media.
1. Represent yourself well
2. Respect other people’s privacy
3. If you wouldn't say it directly, don't say it online
4. Follow the rules
5. Fact check
6. Respect people's time and boundaries
7. Respond as promptly as you can
8. Keep your information up to date
9. Send files properly
10. Be forgiving
2. Note taking: note taking is an activity of writing down notes out of a lecture, speech, discussion or so
on. The note taker has to be quick in writing down the information
i. Information has to concise and must include all the points
ii. Key words and terms by the speaker
iii. Definitions, examples, quotes and sources
Unit 3 Oral Presentation
17 February 2023 08:56 PM

Group discussion: group discussion or gd is an activity in which small number of people exchange their ideas or views
on any topic.

Process :
• Initiation: as their is no leader in GD, one person has to initiate the discussion. They express their views on the topic
and then other carry forward the discussion
• Body: every member involves in this activity expressing their opinions without disturbing others.
• Summarizing : one member summarizes the discussion in a nut shell.

Characteristics :
i. Purposeful activity
ii. Interactive
iii. Democratic
iv. Equitable distribution of participation
v. Shared leadership
vi. Flexible