"Without data, you're just

another person with an

opinion."
- W. Edwards Deming
What is Data?
• Data encompasses a wide range of information, facts, or figures that
can be collected, stored, and analyzed for various purposes.
• This information can take many forms, including text, numbers,
images, audio, video, and more.
Types of Data
Structured Data Unstructured Data

• Data organized in a predefined • Data that does not have a

format, such as tables in a predefined structure, such as
spreadsheet or relational text documents, images, videos,
database. or social media posts.
What is Database?
• A database is an organized collection of data stored and managed
electronically in a structured format, typically using specialized
software called a Database Management System (DBMS)
Understanding Database Software
• also called a database management system (DBMS), is an application
used to create, store, manage, search, and analyze data in a database.
• Database software is like a digital filing cabinet or warehouse where
you can store and organize all sorts of information.
Database management system (DBMS), is an
application used to..
1. Create: Database software allows you to create structures to hold your data. These structures are
like tables with rows and columns, where each row represents a single record and each column
represents a different attribute or piece of information.
2. Store: Once you've created your data structures, the software stores your data securely. This
means your information is saved in a structured way that makes it easy to access and manage
later on.
3. Manage: With database software, you can easily manage your data. This includes adding new
records, updating existing ones, and deleting ones you no longer need. You can also define rules
and constraints to ensure the integrity and consistency of your data.
4. Search: Database software provides tools to search through your data quickly and efficiently. You
can run queries to find specific information or filter your data based on certain criteria. This
makes it easy to retrieve exactly what you need, even from large datasets.
5. Analyze: Finally, database software allows you to analyze your data to gain insights and make
informed decisions. You can perform calculations, generate reports, and visualize your data in
various ways to identify trends, patterns, and correlations.
Examples of Database software application

Microsoft SQL
MySQL Oracle Database Microsoft Access
Server
Characteristics and Benefits of a Database
1. Self-describing nature of a database system
2. Insulation between program and data
3. Support for multiple views of data
4. Sharing of data and multiuser system
5. Control of data redundancy
6. Data sharing
7. Enforcement of integrity constraints
8. Restriction of unauthorized access
9. Data independence
10. Transaction processing
11. Provision for multiple views of data
12. Backup and recovery facilities
Self-describing nature of a database system

• This means that a database contains metadata that describes the

structure of the data it holds. Essentially, the database itself provides
information about how the data is organized, making it easier for
users and applications to understand and work with the data.
Insulation between program and data

• In a database system, data is stored separately from the programs

that access it. This insulation ensures that changes to the structure or
organization of the data do not require corresponding changes to the
programs that use the data. It allows for greater flexibility and easier
maintenance of both the data and the applications that interact with
it.
Support for multiple views of data

• A database system allows different users or applications to have

different perspectives or views of the same data. This means that
users can access and manipulate the data in ways that are meaningful
to them without affecting how
Sharing of data and multiuser system

• A database system enables multiple users to access and modify the

data simultaneously. This allows for collaboration and concurrent use
of the data by different users or applications. It promotes efficiency
and teamwork in organizations.
Control of data redundancy

• Data redundancy refers to the storage of the same data in multiple

places. A database system helps control redundancy by storing data in
a centralized location and providing mechanisms to ensure that
changes to the data are propagated consistently throughout the
system. This helps maintain data integrity and saves storage space.
Data sharing

• Data sharing refers to the ability of multiple users or applications to

access and modify the same data simultaneously.
Enforcement of integrity constraints

• A database system enforces rules or constraints to ensure the

accuracy and consistency of the data. These constraints can include
rules for data validation, referential integrity, and business rules. By
enforcing these constraints, the database maintains data quality and
reliability.
Restriction of unauthorized access

• Database systems implement security measures to restrict access to

the data to authorized users only. This includes user authentication,
access control, and encryption to protect sensitive information from
unauthorized access or tampering.
Data independence

• Database systems provide a level of abstraction that separates the

physical storage of data from the way it is accessed and manipulated.
This means that changes to the physical storage structure do not
affect how users or applications interact with the data. It enhances
flexibility and reduces dependencies.
Transaction processing

• A database system supports transaction processing, which involves a

series of operations that must be completed as a single, indivisible
unit. Transactions ensure the consistency and integrity of the data
despite concurrent access and updates by multiple users or
applications.
Provision for multiple views of data

• involves presenting the same underlying data in different formats or

perspectives to meet the needs of different users or applications.
Backup and recovery facilities

• Database systems offer features for backing up data regularly and

recovering it in case of data loss or system failure. This ensures data
durability and business continuity by minimizing the risk of data loss
and facilitating recovery in the event of unforeseen incidents.
Types of databases
1. Centralized Database
2. Distributed Database
3. Personal Database
4. End-user Database
5. Commercial Database
6. NoSQL database
7. Operational Database
8. Relational Database
9. Cloud database
10. Object-oriented Database
11. Graph database
Centralized Database

• A centralized database stores all data in one location or on a single

server. It's like having a central storage unit where all information is
kept.
Example:
• A university database that stores all student records in a single server
located in the university's data center.
• A library catalog system. There is one central database that contains
the catalog records for all books in the library. Librarians update this
single database as new books are acquired or information needs to be
changed.
Distributed Database

• Unlike a centralized database, a distributed database spreads data

across multiple locations or servers. It's akin to having pieces of the
storage unit in different places, but they all work together seamlessly.
Example:
• A global e-commerce platform where product information is stored in
servers located in different regions to ensure faster access for
customers worldwide.
• A peer-to-peer file sharing network. There is no central server or
database. Instead, each computer in the network stores a portion of
the overall data (files) being shared. If one computer goes offline, the
overall network is not impacted.
Personal Database

• This refers to a database managed by an individual for personal use,

such as organizing contacts, personal finances, or a collection of
recipes. It's like having your own personal filing cabinet for
information that matters to you.
• Example: A smartphone contact list where an individual stores
names, phone numbers, and email addresses of friends and family.
End-user Database

• These are databases designed for direct use by end-users without requiring
assistance from IT specialists. Think of it as a user-friendly database system
accessible to non-technical individuals, like a simplified version of a
database that anyone can interact with.
Example:
• Microsoft Access, a database management system that allows users to
create and manage databases using a graphical interface.
• A contacts database in a smartphone. The contacts app allows end users to
store contact information like names, phone numbers, emails etc. of their
friends, family, colleagues etc. This contacts database is stored locally on
the phone and managed by the end user through the contacts app
interface.
Commercial Database

• Commercial databases are those provided by companies for business

purposes. These databases often offer advanced features, scalability,
and support for managing large volumes of data, suitable for
businesses of varying sizes and industries.

Example:
• The customer database of an ecommerce site like Amazon. This
database stores information about all of Amazon's customers like
name, shipping address, order history, payment information, etc.
NoSQL database

• NoSQL databases depart from the traditional relational model and are
designed for handling unstructured or semi-structured data.
• They are highly scalable and offer flexibility in data storage and
retrieval.
• Think of it as a database that doesn't strictly adhere to the tabular
structure of traditional databases.
• Example: MongoDB, a NoSQL database used for storing and retrieving
document-oriented data, commonly used in web applications.
Structured query language (SQL)
• is a programming language for storing and processing information in a
relational database. A relational database stores information in
tabular form, with rows and columns representing different data
attributes and the various relationships between the data values.
Operational Database

• An operational database is optimized for handling transactions and

day-to-day operations of an organization. It's like the engine that
powers real-time data processing, ensuring smooth and efficient
operations.
Operational Database
Imagine a company has an online shopping website. They will need a
database to support real-time transactions and queries as users browse and
purchase products:
• Users login to the website to place orders. The database stores user
accounts and login information.
• The product catalogue is stored in database tables. This enables real-time
queries to display products by category, search products, etc.
• When a user adds items to their shopping cart, the cart data is stored in
tables that link carts to users and products.
• To complete an order, the database processes the transaction - checking
product availability, computing totals, storing order details.
• Past order history and status is also stored and queried from the database.
Relational Database

• Relational databases organize data into tables with rows and columns
and establish relationships between them. Think of it as a structured
way of storing information, much like how you'd organize data in a
spreadsheet with different categories.
Cloud database

• Cloud databases are hosted on cloud computing platforms, allowing users

to access and manage data remotely over the internet. They offer
scalability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, akin to renting storage space
in the cloud for your data needs.
• Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service), a cloud-based service that
provides managed relational databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, and
SQL Server.
Example:
• Imagine you have a web application for an e-commerce site. Instead of
managing your own database server, you can use a database-as-a-service
from a cloud provider like Amazon AWS, Google Cloud, or Microsoft Azure.
Advantages: Admin tasks like monitoring, backups, security patches are all
handled by the cloud provider.
Object-oriented Database

• Object-oriented databases store data in the form of objects, similar to

how objects are used in object-oriented programming. It's like storing
data in reusable, self-contained units that can have their own
properties and behaviors.
Example:
• Imagine you want to model information about books in a library. In an
OODB, you would define a Book class with attributes like title, author,
pageCount, etc. Some example code:
Graph database
• Graph databases store data in nodes and edges, representing entities
and the relationships between them, respectively.
• They are especially useful for analyzing and traversing complex
relationships in data, such as social networks or network
infrastructure.
Example:
• Imagine you want to model a social network like Facebook. In a graph
database, you would store users as nodes (branch). Relationships
between users, like friend connections, would be stored as edges
between the nodes.
Thank you!!!