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3D notes

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7 views

3D notes

3d notes

Uploaded by

sivakunjumon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module -4

3D Objects
9. 3D Object Representations
Methods:
➢ Polygon and Quadric surfaces: For simple Euclidean objects
➢ Spline surfaces and construction: For curved surfaces
➢ Procedural methods: Eg. Fractals, Particle systems
➢ Physically based modeling methods
➢ Octree Encoding
➢ Isosurface displays, Volume rendering, etc.

9.1 Polygon Surfaces


This method simplifies and speeds up the surface rendering and display of objects.
For other 3D objection representations, they are often converted into polygon surfaces
before
rendering.
Polygon Mesh
- Using a set of connected polygonally bounded planar surfaces to represent an object,
which may
have curved surfaces or curved edges.
- The wireframe display of such object can be displayed quickly to give general indication
of the
surface structure.
- Common types of polygon meshes are triangle strip and quadrilateral mesh.

Polygon Tables
This is the specification of polygon surfaces using
vertex coordinates and other attributes:
1. Geometric data table: vertices, edges, and
polygon surfaces.
2. Attribute table: eg. Degree of transparency and
surface reflectivity etc.
Some consistency checks of the geometric data table:
Every vertex is listed as an endpoint for at least 2
edges
Every edge is part of at least one polygon
Every polygon is closed.

3. Plane equation and visible points


Consider a cube, each of the 6 planes has 2 sides: inside face and
outside face.
For each plane (in a right-handed coordinate system), if we look at
its surface and take 3 points in counter-clockwise direction: (x1,y1),
(x2,y2), and (x3,y3), we can compute 4 values: A,B,C,D as

1 y1 z1 x1 1 z1 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 z1

A= 1 y2 z2 B= x2 1 z2 C= x2 y2 1 D= x2 y2 z2

1 y3 z3 x3 1 z3 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 z3

Then, the plane equation at the form: Ax+By+Cz+D=0 has the property that:
If we substitute any arbitrary point (x,y) into this equation, then,
Ax + By + Cz + D < 0 implies that the point (x,y) is inside the surface, and
Ax + By + Cz + D < 1 implies that the point (x,y) is outside the surface.

9.2 Curved Surfaces

1. Regular curved surfaces can be generated as - Quadric Surfaces, eg. Sphere, Ellipsoid,
or - Superquadrics, eg. Superellipsoids

2. Irregular surfaces can also be generated using some special formulating approach, to
form a kind of blobby objects -- The shapes showing a certain degree of fluidity.
3. Spline Representations- Spline means a flexible strip used to produce a smooth curve
through a designated set of points.Several small weights are distributed along the length of
the strip to hold it in position on the drafting
table as the curve is drawn.
9.3 Sweep Representations

Sweep representations mean sweeping a 2D surface in 3D space to create an object.


However, the
objects created by this method are usually converted into polygon meshes and/or
parametric surfaces
before storing.

A Translational Sweep: A Rotational Sweep:

9.4 Constructive Solid-Geometry Methods

The Constructive Solid-Geometry Method (CSG) combines the volumes occupied by


overlapping 3D
objects using set operations:
- Union
- Intersection
- Difference

Object created by a union Object created by an Object created by a


operation: intersection operation: difference operation:

9.5 Voxel Representation

In voxel representation, an object is decomposed into identical cells arranged in a fixed


regular grid.
These cells are called voxels (volume elements), in analogy to pixels.

9.6 Octrees

Quadtrees are trees used to efficiently store data of points on a two-dimensional space. In
this tree, each node has at most four children .Octrees are hierarchical tree structures that
describe each region of 3D space as nodes. Octrees are most often used to partition a three-
dimensional space by recursively subdividing it into eight octants. Octrees are the three-
dimensional analog of quadtrees.
Octree encoding procedure is an extension of the quadtree encoding of 2D images:

9.7 Fractals
Fractal objects refer to those objects which are self-similar at all resolutions.
Most of the natural objects such as trees, mountains and coastlines are considered as fractal
objects
because no matter how far or how close one looks at them, they always appear to be
somewhat
similar.

Three-dimensional display methods


Three-dimensional objects are made using computer graphics. The technique used for two
Dimensional displays of three Dimensional objects is called projection. Several types of
projection are available, i.e.,
1. Parallel Projection

2. Perspective Projection
3. Orthographic Projection

1. Parallel Projection: In this projection point on the screen is identified within a point in
the three-dimensional object by a line perpendicular to the display screen. The architect
Drawing, i.e., plan, front view, side view, elevation are nothing but lines of parallel
projections.

2. Perspective Projection: This projection has a property that it provides idea about depth.
Farther the object from the viewer, smaller it will appear. All lines in perspective projection
converge at a center point called as the center of projection.

3. Orthographic Projection: It is simplest kind of projection. In this, we take a top,


bottom, side view of the object by extracting parallel lines from the object.

Differences between parallel and perspective projection:

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