Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

INTRODUCTION TO
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

ERLY OCCIANO-CELIZ, RCE

 OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES
Differential equations is the mathematics that is Upon completion of this chapter, the
very important in understanding sciences and students will be able to:
engineering in which many of the phenomena  Define the differential
in nature can be expressed in terms of the equations.
language of differential equations.  Identify the different types,
order and degree of a
differential equation.
OUTLINE  Differentiate general solution
from a particular solution.
1. Basic Definition  Show that the given solution is
2. Types of Differential Equations the solution to a differential
3. Order of Differential Equation equation.
4. Degree of Differential Equation  Find the differential equations of
5. Types of Solutions to a Differential Equation a given solution by elimination
6. Elimination of Arbitrary Constant of arbitrary constant.
 3

BASIC DEFINITION
A differential equation is an equation that contains derivatives or
differentials. It can contain one or more term involving derivatives of one
variable with respect to another variable.

Example are as follows:

1. ) 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 + 5
𝑑2 𝑥
2. ) 2 + 3𝑥𝑡 = 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
3. ) + = 𝑥𝑤 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤
 4
TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Ordinary Differential Equations. 2. Partial Differential Equations. It
It is an equation that contains is an equation that contains partial
ordinary derivatives. It involves derivatives. It involves two or more
only one independent variable. independent variables. For partial
derivatives, 𝑑 becomes a script
Examples: delta 𝜕.
𝑎. ) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 2 Examples:
𝑏. ) 𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑎. ) + =5
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤
𝑑𝑥
𝑐. ) + 3𝑥 + 𝑡 = 5 𝜕 2𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑥 𝜕 2𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑏. ) + =
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑤 2
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑. ) 2 = 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 2 𝜕 2𝑡 𝜕 2𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑐. ) + =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑤
𝑑 3 𝑥 𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒. ) 3 + 2 + =5 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑. ) + + =0
𝜕𝑥 ∂y 𝜕𝑧
 5

ORDER OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The order of differential equation is the highest derivative appearing on
the equation.
Examples:
1. ) 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 2 - First order
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. ) + = 𝑥𝑦 - Second order
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜕2 𝑡 𝜕𝑡
3. ) 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝑥𝑡 = 𝜕𝑦 - Second order
𝑑3 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ) 𝑑𝑡 3 + 𝑑𝑡 2 = 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑥2 - Third order
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
5. ) 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 = 0 - First order
 6

DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The degree of a differential equation is the power to which the highest
order derivative is raised.
Examples:
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. ) + 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 - Second degree
𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
2. ) 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 + 𝑦 - Second degree
𝑑𝑡 First degree
3. ) 𝑑𝑥
+ 5𝑥𝑡 = 0 -

4. ) 𝑦 ′′′ + (𝑦 ′′ )2 = 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 − 5 - First degree

5
5. ) (𝑦 )2 +(𝑦 3
)3 = 4𝑦′′ - Second degree
 7
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A differential equation can obtain two solutions; a general solution and a

particular solution.
A general solution is a premitive of a differential equation. It involves
an equation having an arbitrary constant (symbol, 𝑐).
Example:
𝑦′ = 𝑥2 + 3
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥2 + 3
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟑
𝒚= + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟑
 8
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
The particular solution of a differential equation can be obtained from the
general solution by assigning definite values to the arbitrary constants can
be obtained using a given initial conditions or boundary conditions.

An initial condition is a condition in which all are given at the same value
of the independent variable and the problem is called initial-value problem.
For example, the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 1 = 2, 𝑦 ′ 1 = −1, is
an initial value problem since the two conditions are given at 𝑥 = 1.

If the conditions are given at more than one value of the independent
variable, the problem is a boundary-value problem and the conditions are
boundary conditions. For example, the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 =
𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 0 = 2, 𝑦 ′ 1 = −1 , is a boundary-value problem since the two
conditions are given at two different values 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
 9
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
For a first order differential equation, the condition is either initial condition or
boundary condition or simply called as condition.
Example:
𝑥3
𝑦= + 3𝑥 + 𝑐 , given the condition 𝑦 3 = 1 , find the particular
3
solution.
Solution:
Substitute the values using 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 1 and find the value of 𝑐.
(3)3
1= 3
+3 3 +𝑐
𝑐 = −17
Thus, the particular solution is,
𝒙𝟑
𝒚= 𝟑
+ 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕
 10
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A solution of differential equation is any function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) that

satisfies the equation.

From the previous discussions, we obtained the general solution

and particular solution from a given differential equation. We can
verify if the given solution or the obtained solution is actually the
solution of a given differential equation.
 11
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example(a):
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 𝑒 𝑥 = 0.

Solution:
First, get the first and second derivatives of the given solution.
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥
Then, substitute the derivatives to the differential equation.
𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝟎=𝟎
Therefore, the particular solution is the solution to the differential equation.
 12
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example(b):
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 ′′′ + 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0.

Solution:
Get the first to third derivatives of the function.
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = − sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = − cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = sin 𝑥

Substitute to the differential equation.

𝑦 ′′′ + 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0
𝟎=𝟎
 13
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example(c):
−𝑡
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠 = 1 + 2𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 2 + 2 + 𝑠 = 1.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Solution:
Get the first to second derivatives of the function.
𝑠 = 1 + 2𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑠 −𝑡
= −2𝑒
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑠
= 2𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2

Substitute to the differential equation.

𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
+2 +𝑠 = 1
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
−𝑡 −𝑡
2𝑒 + 2 −2𝑒 + (1 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 ) = 1
𝟏=𝟏
 14
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example(d):
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 8𝑦 ′′′ + 6𝑦 ′′ − 15𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Get the first to third derivatives of the function.
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥

Substitute to the differential equation.

8𝑦 ′′′ + 6𝑦 ′′ − 15𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
8𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥 − 15𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝟎=𝟎
 15
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example(e):
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥.

Solution:
Get the first and second derivatives of the function.
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑦′ = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

Substitute to the differential equation.

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Since 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥, therefore
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
 16
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example(f):
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0.

Solution:
Get the first and second derivatives of the function.
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Substitute to the differential equation.

𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
−2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2 −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0
𝟎=𝟎
 17
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS TO A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example(g):
2
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥.

Solution:
Get the first derivative of the function.
2
𝑦 = 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝑦′ = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥

Substitute to the differential equation.

𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥
2 2
−2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 = 4𝑥
𝟒𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙
 18
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT
To find the differential equation given the general or particular solution, first
is to differentiate the general solution, again, differentiate the derived
solution, etc., until the number of the derived equation is equal to the number
of the independent arbitrary constants, and then eliminate the constants from
the derived equations.

Example(a):
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐.

Solution:
Differentiating the given solution, we have:
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
 19
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT
Example(b):
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 .

Solution:
Differentiate the solution twice since there are two arbitrary constants,
therefore,
𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 − 2𝑐2 sin 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −4𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 − 4𝑐2 cos 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −4(𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥)

Since 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥, thus the differential equation is,

𝒚′′ = −𝟒𝒚
 20
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT
Example(c):
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 .

Solution:
Differentiating the solution twice, we have,
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥  equation 1
𝑦′ = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑦′ = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥  equation 2
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥  equation 3
Subtracting equation (2) and (1),
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥  equation 4
Subtracting equation (3) and (2),
𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥  equation 5
 21
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT
Example(c):
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 .

Solution(continuation):
Subtracting equation (5) and (4),
𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0

The arbitrary constants had been eliminated; therefore the differential equation is
𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎
 22
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT
Example(d):
𝑐
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + .
sin 𝑥
Solution:
Isolating the arbitrary constant 𝑐 and differentiating, we have,
𝑐
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 +
sin 𝑥
2
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑦 ′ − 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥
The differential equation is,
𝒚′ + 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
 23
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT
Example(e):
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 2,5 .

Solution:
From geometry, the general equation of the line given a points and slope 𝑚, is,
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Substituting the points (2,5), we have,
𝑦 − 5 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 2)
Since 𝑚 is a constant, it should be eliminated. By isolating the constant and differentiating,
we have,
(𝑦−5)
𝑚 = (𝑥−2)
𝑥−2 𝑑𝑦− 𝑦−5 𝑑𝑥
0=
(𝑥−2)2
0 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 − 5 𝑑𝑥
Therefore, the differential equation is,
𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚 − 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
 24
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT
Example(f):
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 (ℎ, 𝑘).

Solution:
The general equation of a circle with center at (ℎ, 𝑘) is,
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

Differentiating the equation, we have,

2 𝑥 − ℎ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑦 − 𝑘 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 − ℎ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑘 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Therefore, the differential equation is,

𝒙 − 𝒉 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒌 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
 25
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT
Example(g):
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.

Solution:
The general equation of an ellipse having their vertices at the origin is,
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑏2 =1
𝑎2

Differentiating the equation, we have,

2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
2 + =0
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑏 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Therefore, the differential equation is,

𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
 26
CHAPTER EXERCISE
I. Show that the following solutions are the solutions to the differential equations indicated.
sin 𝑥
1. ) sin 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′ = −
cos 𝑦
𝑥 −𝑥 ′′
2. ) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑒 + 𝑒 ; 𝑦 − 𝑦 = −𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
3. ) 𝑦 = ; 1−𝑥 = 𝑦2
ln(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2
4. ) 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ; − =0
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
5. ) 𝑦 = sin 2𝑡 + cos 2𝑡 ; 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 0

II. Find the particular solutions of the given general solutions satisfying the given conditions.
1. ) 𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑦 2 = 𝑐 ; 𝑦(ln 2) = 1
2. ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 ; 𝑦(1) = 1
3. ) 𝑐𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ; 𝑦 2 = 1
4. ) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐 ; 𝑦 0 = 0
5. ) 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 𝑐 + 1 + 𝑦 2 2 ; 𝑦 0 = 1
 27
CHAPTER EXERCISE
III. Find the differential equations of the following general solutions.
1. ) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
2. ) 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 = 𝑐
3. ) (𝑦 − 𝑥)3 = 𝑐𝑥
1
4. ) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
5
5. ) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥

IV. Find the differential equations described by the following family of curves.
1. ) 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2 .
2. ) 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑐 cos 𝑥 .
3. ) 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙.
4. ) 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5. ) 𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 ℎ, 𝑘 .