Rectilinear Motion

j a t r o d u c t i o n :

tatics., the analysis of bodies considered are at rest. In dynamics, the analysis of
nsidered are in motion i.e., a body moves a certain distance in a given interval
hodie:

oftime.

Dynamics is divided into two parts

i) Kinematics and

ii) Kinetics
motion of bodies and its relationship with time
are
)Kinematics is the study of
deals with the study of
without considering the forces causing motion. It
Considered,
acceleration.
displacement, velocity and with time considering
of motion of bodies and its relationship
Kineties is the study the forces required
motion. It deals with the means of determining
the forces causing the

toproduce such motion.

Definitions with respect to

time from
the change in position of body
Displacement: It is
an measured
arbitrary fixed It is
point. displacement along a straight
line.

displacement: It is the
Lnear
in
metres and curved o r
circular path
kilometers. displacement along a

: It is the
3fae guiar
displacement
number of
revolutions or
radians.

df rotating bodies. It is measured in

direction,
hence it is
a vector quantity.
and with time
both magnitude
of its position
PdCement.has.

the rate of change

of a body is
4 Spee peed: The speed
a
scalar quantity.
is thus
lirespective
C of its direction and
 Distance moved Displacement
Speed
Time interval Time
Its unit is in m/sec. Km/hr etc.
5. Velocity:
vector quantity.
It is the rate of change of displacement in a
specific direction. Itt isi a

6. Uniform velocity: If a body moves at an uniform.rate in a definite

describes distance 's' in time interval of t .
at a directionand
as

S
Uniform velocity, V

7. Non-uniform velocity: If the body moves at anon-uniform rate in

direction and describes a distance of ds' in
an infinite small interval of
a
definita
that instant is V. time dt, the velocity
velocity at

Non-uniform velocity, V= ds
dt
8.
Average velocity : Consider a body moving a straight line OX as
fig. Let P' be the position of aparticle at time t and shown in
Let Q' be the corresponding displacement be's.
position of the particle after time (t + At) and the
(s+ A s) then corresponding displacement
As
Average velocity= At
(t+At)
P X
S Q
As
(s+As)
Fig
9.
Instanteneous velocity ofa particle at any instant 't' is obtained as
Instanteneous velocity V As ds
lim
At-0 At dt
10.
Acceleration : It is the rate of
change of velocity with respect to time.
Acceleration= Change of velocity
Time interval
 at
ain instant
certain the
instant the velocity ofbody is "V'. Let the
WpOse
alof t intervale of time dt seconds, then velocity change to (V+dV)
dV
= a =.dV
dt
A c c e l e r a t i o n

A c

L i n e a r
soleration is expressed in metre/sec/sec or metre/sec?. The angular acceleration
a c c e l e r a t i o n

ine revolutions/sec/sec (rev/sec?)or radians/sec?

cceleration or retardation: The acceleration associated with decreasing
I1. decceleration or retardation.
olvity
is
called
is
called

12. Uniform accelera ration: If a body moves in such a way that, its velocity changes
uniform acceleration.
in equal interval oftime, it is said to be moving with
magnitu

alin lfa body moves in such a way that, its velocity changes
Variable acceleration: variable acceleration.
in equal interval of time, it is said to be moving with a
in magnitude body is moving
moved a
traversed: lt is the total
distance by body. Ifa
14, Distance traversed mathematically is,
then it t ' secs distance
velocity (V)
sth an uniform
S VT

Newtons Laws of Motion:

of Motion or Law of Inertia: unless
Newton's First Law motion in a straight line,
of rest or of uniform
in its state
"Every body continues
external force".
IS acted upon by some

force and
Newton's Second Law of Motion proportional
to the impressed
momentum
is directly
of
The rate of change
"Th which the
force acts".
direction in
takes in the same

measure
the Force.
his law enables us to

Let m = Mass of body

ofthe body
Initial velocity
u
V =Final velocity of
the body
a Constant acceleration v
from u to
velocity
t Time to change
F = Force:
Initial momentum = mu
m u

mv

Final momentum
 momentum
of
of change
proportional to the rate
Force is
Fam-mu)

Fa
t

m(v-u
t

or F a ma
= a
constant of proportionality equal to one

F = Kma where K is

F = ma

Newton's Third Law of Motion:

an equal and opposite reaction".
"To every action there
is always
Motion:
Derivation of Equations of
Acceleration:
of Motion with Uniform
Equations
Let u = Initial velocity of body
v =Final velocity of body
t Time elapsed
Motion with uniform acceleration
is given by
dv
=
a
dt
dv adt

Integrating both sides,

dv a dt

V u at

or V u + at .. (1)

Equation for Distance Travelled

We know that velocity
dx
dt
dx vdt
 Substituting
from (1) V=u+at
dx (u +at)dt
Integrating both sides

dx -

(u+at) dt assuming that

0 at t =
0, x =
0

s = ut+at
2
.(2)
We know that acceleration
dv
a=V
dx
adr = vdv
Integrating both sides

adx = vdv

-
as

2as.v2 - u2
. (3)

or v2-u = 2as
:
Due to Gravity ence of the
influen
gravitational
earth's gravitational
Acceleration
move
entirely
under the vards the centre of the earth. This
the centre
toward
free to directed
A body whichi to an
acceleration
uniform acceleration its value is
For unifom
traction will be subjected dueto gravity.
acceleration

cceleration is called the under

d o w a w a r d s und
downwards gravity:
9.81 m/sec? vertically
falling vertically
Cnerally taken as g freely falling
=

freely
for body
motion

Equations of
quations

= u
t gt (4)
v

gt
u t+
s
in)
v
- u = 2gs
im)
 it is against gravity.
projected vertically 'g' of is negative
as
For bodies
=u g t

i) S ut .(5)
v2- u2=-2gs
Equations for bodies just dropped (u
=
0)
D V gt

S gt . (6)
ii)
i) v 2gs

Greatest height reached by a body and the time it takes.

Let u ' be the initial velocity with which the body is projected vertically up. When
nen it
reaches to the greatest height 'h' its final velocity v =0
From equation v =u - gt
B
0 =u gt -

or t (7)
From equation
y2 u2 =-2gs max
max

-u2=-2gh max

u
hmax
2g
(8)
7TN77TT
A
 Curvilinear Motion of Particles
Introduction :
A particle is said to possess a curvilinear motion when it traces a
curved nath
curved path may be a simple circular
path any
or other curve, like open curve
path. This
or
curve. Examples of curved
path are car moving along a curved road, shell dropDed osed
aircraft, joy- ride, motion of fan, shafts, pulleys etc. f
from
Circular motion: When a
particle moves in
motion is known as uniform circular motion.
a circle with constant
speed then the

Definition
Angular Displacement '0':
The total angle traced
by a particle with respect to its
path is called
angular
original position along circular
displacement (0), measured in radians.
Angular Velocity:
It is defined asthe rate of
(t). It is change of angular displacement (O) with respect to time
expressed by 'w' as radians/sec.
Let body at 'A' is
centre of circle displaced to B' by subtenting an
angular displacement
as shown in fig. "0' at
B
Angular velocity = Angular displacement
Time

o
or de

The relation mathematically.

dt
between angular
velocity 'o' and linear
V ra
velocity v is Fig.
Linear velocity= Radius x
Angular velocity
 T be
et'T he the time required for one revolution then angle traversed.

2T
21T 21Tr
T V

Angular Acceleration
It is defined as the rate of change of angular velocity. It is measured in radians/sec?. It
as 'a'.
expressed
is
a rate of change of angular velocity

do dde d6
=

dt dt
de

do d6
also
do dod X 0dtdt
dt de dt de

do is angular acceleration 'a

But
dt
do
dt
Acceleration
and Angular
Relation between
Linear Acceleration
acceleration
=Radius x Angular
acceleration
Linear
a = ra

circular path
a
Equations of motions along
motion v= u tat)
+at Clinear
1)
= 0
is initialangular
velocity
Where @ acceleration
a is angular
2) Angular displacement

2)
motion; S =
ut+
0=@t+at |Linear

(linear motion, v2
-
u? =
2as)
3) - o =200
 velocity ' o ' :
Relation between r.p.m. (N) and angular
Let 'N' be number of revolutions per minute.
second
Angle covered by a body in one

x No. of revolutions per second

Angle covered in one revolution
= 2TX- N
60
2nN
=

60
But angle covered per second is a angular velocity w
=
27TN
60
Linear speed = v = or=
27TN
r
60

Ifd' is diameter of path =

v=-
TtdN
60
 Superelevation
Introduction
Whenever there is a change in the direction of roadways or railways, then circular ew
are introduced to
get smooth change over of the direction. A person in moving vehicle alcno.
curved path experiences an outward pull by some unseen force,
provIdes a physical demonstratnga
of the existance of the Centrifugal Inertia Force.

To avoid undesirable conditions, such as skidding and overturning the outer edge of the
pavement on highway curves and outer rail on railway curves are elevated above the inner edoa
or inner rail. This
raising of outer edge or outer rail above the inner edge or inner rail by certain
amount is called super elevation. This term is also called as
Banking in roads and cant in
railways. The amount of super elevation should be given depending upon the speed of vehicle
and the radius of curvature.
The benefits of providing super elevation are:
Sliding, skidding and overturning avoided.
Higher speed can be permitted on curved path.
Lateral pressure may be reduced or eliminated
giving more comfort to passengers.
iv) Wear and tear of wheels is reduced.
Lntroduction:
Projectiles
When a particle is projected
upwards at a
Laicle traces some path in the air and falls on thecertain angle, 'a 'but not vertical, the
f nrojection. We find that the velocity 'u' with whichground at a point other than the point
the particle is
vertical (usin a ) and horizontal (ucosa) component as shown projected has both
in figure.
The function of vertical
component is to project the body vertically upwards, and that
of horizontal component is to move the
body horizontally in its direction.
A particle projected upwards at certain
a angle moving under the combined effect of
vertical and horizontal components of velocity is called a Projectile. The
path traced by the
particle is parabolic as shown in fig.
u sin a
Trajectory

a
-->
B
u cos a

Fig.

Important Terms:
1. Tfeetory : The path traced by the projectile in the space is known as traiectory
nature.
It is parabolic in
2. Velacityof projection: The velocity ' u with wbich a
projectile is proiected
pac is caed velocity of projection. It has both vertical
). component (u sin a ) an
horizontal component (u cosa
 3.
634
Angle of projection: It is the angle 'a
'
with the horizontal at which the projectile
is projected. proied
4. Time offlight: It is the total time T' taken from projection, to reach
maxim. each maximum
height and return back to the
ground is known as the time of flight.
5. Range The distance between the point
:
projectile strikes the ground is known as the of projection and the point where
range. The range of a projectile may be
or inclinded. horizontal
ontal
Motion of Body thrown
Horizontally into the Air from
Certain Heipht.
The velocity of
projection has both the vertical and horizontal component fig.
should be noted that, the vertical t
component of velocity is always subjected to gravitational
acceleration (g) which helps to calculate the time taken by the
particle to reach
the ground. The
horizontal component of velocity remains.constant which
horizontal range (R ut). = determines the
The velocity with which the
vertical velocity.
body strikes the ground will be resultant of horizontal
and

> u

B
Fig.
Equation to the Path of the. Projectile
u sin a

0
X
A u cos o
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)
 635

Consider
particle will have particle projected from
a

a The
i) trajectory
ectory path o Oat certain angle ' a ' with the horizontal.
a

i)Equation path OPA in air and strike the

to the
path
A
(a) & (b).
ground at fig
The
horizontal of projectile:
vertical component of velocity u, =
u
COs
The
distance
component of velocity
u,= u sina
directions are given by travelled in ' sec. after nroicction
x =
in horizontal (x) and
ut =
u cosa (t)
y ut e ()

u
sina () st -

.. (2)
From (1) t =-
u coso
(3)
Substituting (3) in (2)
gx
y x
tan d-costa
2u cos a .(4) (remember)
This represents equation of parabola.

Horizontal range: The horizontal distance travelled by the projectile.

Substituting y = 0 as the particle hits the ground and x =R

From equation (4)

gR2
= 0
R tan 2u cos aa

Usin2 . ( ) (remember)
or R=

or maximum range sin2a =

1
2a 90°
. (6)
a = 450
or
maximum range
for
bstituting a 4 5 ° in equation (5)

u
Max Range
 ii) Time of flight: The time required to hit the ground from its projection.
Substituting y = 0 in cquation (2)

y 0 u sina () - g t

usin a-5|=0
This is possible when t 0 at
=
beginning
or u sin a =0

2u sina
or t . (6) (remember)

iv) Maximum height of a projectile on a horizontal

plane
Let H' be the maximum height reached by the particle.
2u sino
The total time of flightt=2u
sind

Hence time taken by

flight to attain maximum height is t/2
Maximum height of the
projectile
H Vertical velocity x Time
usinaxs sino

H = - sina
2g .(7) (remember)