5 Design and set up the network for the following requirements.

Assume that you are a

network administrator at a XYZ company. Company have three departments connected with
wan links.
Development department have 74 computers.
Production department have 52 computers.
Administrative department have 28 computers.
All departments are connected with each other via wan link.
Each wan link requires two IP addresses.

Subnet
 Dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.
 When we perform Subnetting, all subnets have the same number of hosts, this is
known as FLSM ( Fixed length subnet mask). In FLSM all subnets use same subnet
mask, this lead to inefficiencies.
 VLSM(Variable Length Subnet Mask) is a process of dividing an IP network into the
subnets of different sizes without wasting IP addresses.
 In real life scenario, some subnets may require large number of host addresses while
other may require only few addresses as in the above example.
 Therefore we are using VLSM for the solution.

VLSM Subnetting

 In VLSM Subnetting, we do Subnetting of subnets according the network

requirement.
 Steps for VLSM Subnetting
 Find the largest segment. Segment which need largest number of hosts address.
 Do Subnetting to fulfill the requirement of largest segment.
 Assign the appropriate subnet mask for the largest segment.
 For second largest segments, take one of these newly created subnets and apply a
different, more appropriate, subnet mask to it.
 Assign the appropriate subnet mask for the second largest segment.
 Repeat this process until the last network.
Now we know the steps of VLSM Subnetting. Let's understand it with above example. Our
company requires 6 subnets and 160 hosts.

Step 1 :- Oder all segments according the hosts requirement (Largest to smallest).
 Subne Segment Hosts
t

1 Development 74

2 Production 52

3 Administrative 28

4 Wan link 1 2

5 Wan link 2 2

6 Wan link 3 2

Step 2 :- Do subnetting for largest segment.

Consider the IP address 192.168.1.0
Total 32 bits.
Last 8 bits used for hosts.(27 26252423222120)
Development department needs 74 host addresses.
We can use 128(27) addresses.
Total bits 32 - bits used for development department 7= /25

Number of subnets = 256/128=2 subnets.

Our largest segment needs 74 host addresses. /25 provide us two subnets with 126 hosts in
each subnet.
192.168.1.0/25

Subnet Subnet 1 Subnet 2

Network ID 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128

 First host address 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.129

Last host address 192.168.1.12 192.168.1.254

6

Broadcast ID 192.168.1.12 192.168.1.255

7

Step 3 :- Assign subnet mask to the largest segment. As you can see in above table, subnet 1
fulfill our largest segment requirement. Assign it to our segment.
Subnet mask 255.255.255.128(as leftmost 25 bits are 1)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Segment Development

Requirement 74

CIDR /25

Subnet mask 255.255.255.128

Network ID 192.168.1.0

First hosts 192.168.1.1

Last hosts 192.168.1.126

Broadcast ID 192.168.1.127

Step 4 :- Do subnetting for second largest segment from next available subnet. Next segment
requires 52 host addresses. Subnetting of /25 has given us two subnets with 126 hosts in each,
from that we have assigned first subnet to development segment. Second segment is
available, we would do subnetting of this.
Production department needs 52 host addresses.
We can use 64(26) addresses.
Total bits 32 - bits used for production department 6= /26
Number of subnets = 256/64=4 subnets.
/26 provide us 4 subnets with 62 hosts in each subnet.

Subnet Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet Subnet 4

3 192.168.1.0/26

Network ID 0 64 128 192

First address 1 65 129 193

Last address 62 126 190 254

Broadcast 63 127 191 255

ID

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet mask
255.255.255.(128+64)
255.255.255.192
We cannot use subnet 1 and subnet 2 ( address from 0 to 127 ) as they are already assigned to
development department. We can assign subnet 3 to our production department.

Segment Production

Requirement 52

CIDR /26

Subnet mask 255.255.255.192

Network ID 192.168.1.128

First hosts 192.168.1.129

 Last hosts 192.168.1.190

Broadcast ID 192.168.1.191

Step 5 :- Our next segment requires 28 hosts. From above subnetting we have subnet 3 and
subnet 4 available. Do subnetting for the requirement of 28 hosts.
Admin department needs 28 host addresses.
We can use 32(25) addresses.
Total bits 32 - bits used for Admin department 5= /27
Number of subnets = 256/32=8 subnets.
192.168.1.0/27

Subnet Sub 1 Sub 2 Sub 3 Sub Sub 5 Sub 6 Sub 7 Sub 8

4

Net ID 0 32 64 96 128 160 192 224

First Host 1 33 65 95 129 161 193 225

LastHost 30 62 94 126 158 190 222 254

Broadcast ID 31 63 95 127 159 191 223 255

Subnets 1 to 6 [ address from 0 to 191] are already occupied by previous segments. We can
assign subnet 7 to this segment.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet mask
255.255.255.(128+64+32)
255.255.255.224
 Segment Administrative

Requirement 28

CIDR /27

Subnet mask 255.255.255.224

Network ID 192.168.1.192

First hosts 192.168.1.193

Last hosts 192.168.1.222

Broadcast ID 192.168.1.223

Step 6 :- Our last three segments require 2 hosts per subnet. Do subnetting for these.
WAN links needs 2 host addresses.
We can use 4(22) addresses.[2 host addresses +1 broadcast IP + 1 network IP)
Total bits 32 - bits used for wan links 2= /30
Number of subnets = 256/4=64 subnets.
192.168.1.0/30
Valid subnets are:-
0,4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48,52,56,60,64,68,72,76,80,84,88,92,96,100,104,108,112,1
16,120,124,128,132,136,140,144,148,152,156,160,164,168,172,176,180,184,188,192,196,20
0,204,208,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,248,252,256
From these subnets, subnet 1 to subnet 56 ( Address from 0 - 220) are already assigned to
previous segments. We can use 224,228, and 232 for wan links.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Subnet mask
255.255.255.(128+64+32+16+8+4)
255.255.255.252
 Subnet Subnet 57 Subnet 58 Subnet 59

Network ID 224 228 232

First host 225 229 233

Last host 226 230 234

Broadcast 227 231 235

ID

Assign these subnets to wan links.

Wan Link 1

Segments Wan Link 1

Requirement 2

CIDR /30

Subnet mask 255.255.255.252

Network ID 192.168.1.224

First hosts 192.168.1.225

Last hosts 192.168.1.226

Broadcast ID 192.168.1.227

Wan Link 2

Segments Wan Link 2

 Requirement 2

CIDR /30

Subnet mask 255.255.255.252

Network ID 192.168.1.228

First hosts 192.168.1.229

Last hosts 192.168.1.230

Broadcast ID 192.168.1.231

Wan link 3

Segments Wan Link 3

Requirement 2

CIDR /30

Subnet mask 255.255.255.252

Network ID 192.168.1.232

First hosts 192.168.1.233

Last hosts 192.168.1.234

Broadcast ID 192.168.1.235

We have assigned IP addresses to all segments, still we have 20 addresses available. This is
the magic of VLSM.
Design Topology

Procedure for creating network topology:

1. Insert PCs , Switches and Routers as in the above design.
2. Connect the PC to switch using copper straight through cable by selecting fast
Ethernet ports.
3. Connect the switch to router using copper straight through cable by selecting fast
Ethernet ports.
4. Connect the router to router using Serial DCE cable by selecting serial ports in router.
Procedure for configuring IP addresses for the PC:

1. Click on the PC
2. Select Desktop and go to IP Configuration
3. Set IP address, subnet mask and gate way for the particular host.
 Same procedure is followed for all the PCs.

Host Name Network ID IP address Subnet mask Gateway

PC0 192.168.1.128/26 192.168.1.130/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.1.129/26
PC1 192.168.1.128/26 192.168.1.190/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.1.129/26
PC2 192.168.1.192/27 192.168.1.194/27 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.193/27
PC3 192.168.1.192/27 192.168.1.222/27 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.193/27
PC4 192.168.1.0/25 192.168.1.2/25 255.255.255.128 192.168.1.1/25
PC5 192.168.1.0/25 192.168.1.126/25 255.255.255.128 192.168.1.1/25

Procedure for configuring IP addresses on the Routers:

1. Click on the Router
2. Select config
3. In Interface select the particular port to set the IP addresses as below
Equivalent IOS Commands

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.128
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

Same procedure is followed for all the Routers.

Dynamic Routing Protocol

Dynamic routing use Routing Protocols that dynamically discover network destinations
and how to get to them. Dynamic routing allows routing tables in routers to change if a
router on the route goes down or if a new network is added.
Example: Routing Information Protocol
Procedure for configuring RIP Protocol on the Routers:
1. Click on the Router
2. Select config
3. Click on RIP
4. Add all the IP address of the interfaces that are directly connect with the router.

Equivalent Commands

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
Same procedure is followed for all the Routers.

Static Routing Protocol

Static routing is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a manually-configured
routing entry, rather than information from a dynamic routing traffic.
Procedure for configuring static routes for routes:
1. Click on the Router
2. Select config
3. Click on Static
4. Add all the network addresses which are not directly connected to the router and
mention the next hop IP addresses i.e. The next router from where it can connect
to other network.

Equivalent Commands

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.192 192.168.1.225

Same procedure is followed for all the Routers.

Verifying the connection using Ping Command:

Ping command is a network utility command. Ping tools use Internet Control message
Protocol (ICMP). Ping used to verify the connection between source PC to destination PC.
For example if you want to check the connection between PC4 and PC5, then follow the
below steps
Click on PC4
Select Desktop and go to command Prompt
ping 192.168.1.126
If you get the reply as shown below then connection is said to be successful.