IIT JEE

BEST STUDY
NOTES
JE
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TAKING FULL NOTES
JE

NOW!
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JUST PRINTOUT THESE

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AND USE THEM IN

YOUR LECTURES :-)
INDIA’S FIRST NOTES WITH MOST
IMPORTANT SUBTOPICS MARKED
ACCORDING TO JEE MAINS
JE

SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR

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UNDERSTANDING WHICH ARE

HIGHLY EXPECTED IN JEE MAINS
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EXAM
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 8
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
DEFINITION
Definite integral, which is used in various field of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Symbolically
b

 f ( x)dx is the integration of f(x) w.r.t. x with x = a as lower limit and x = b as upper limit.
a

8.1. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b
Let f(x) be a function defined on a closed interval [a, b]. Then  f ( x)dx represents the algebraic sum
a
JE

of the areas of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), x–axis and the lines x = a, x = b. Here
algebraic sum means that area which is above the x–axis will be added in this sum with + sign and
area which is below the x-axis will be added in this sum with – sign. So value of the definite integrals
ES

be positive, zero or negative.

an
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Sample Problem-1:
4

Evaluate :  (2 x  3)dx .
1

 3 3 
Solution: y = 2x – 3 is a straight line, which lie below the x-axis in  1,  and above in  , 4
 2 2 
1 5 25
Now area of ABC =  5 =
2 2 4
1 5 25
Area of CDE =  5 =
2 2 4
4

So  (2 x  3)dx =  254  254  0

1

- 8.1 -
 Definite Integrals

Sample Problem-2:
0

Evaluate :  4  x 2 dx .
2

Solution: y = 4  x 2 , x  [–2, 0]
Represents a quarter circle in 2nd quadrant,
which is above the x-axis radius of circle is 2.
0

so  4  x 2 dx = 1  (2)2  =  square unit

2 4 

8.2. BASIC RESULT

If F(x) is one of the antiderivatives of a function f (x) continuous on [a, b], then
b
b
 f ( x ) dx  F ( x ) | a = F(b) – F(a) is called the definite integral of f (x) w.r.t. x between the limits
JE

x = a and x = b. This formula is due to Newton and Leibnitz .

Sample Problem-3:
ES

/2 /2 
 cos xdx  sin x |  sin  sin 0  1  0  1
0 0 2

Sample Problem-4:
an

/2 /2
  
 sin xdx   cos x |    cos  cos 0   (0  1)  1
0 0  2 
ka

Sample Problem-5:
2 2

 sin xdx   cos x |    cos 2  cos 0    (1  1)  0

0 0
lp

Sample Problem-6:

1
dx
Evaluate :  2  x2
.
0

dx 1 x
Solution:  2 x 2 = sin
2
+c

1
dx x 1  1 
So  2 x 2
= sin  1 |  sin  1 
20
1
  sin (0)
0  2
 
= 0 =
4 4

- 8.2 -
Definite Integrals

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-8.1 & 8.2:


x 1
1. The value of the definite integral,  (e  e3 x ) 1 dx is
1

  1  1 
(a) (b) (c) 2 
 tan 1  (d)
4e 2 4e e 2 e 2e 2
 
dx e x dx
1

Hint (a): (e·e x  e3 ·e  x ) = 1
e ( e 2x
 e 2
) (multiply Nr and Dr by ex)

put ex = t  ex dx = dt
 
1 dt 1 1 t 1   
I= e 
e
t 2
 e 2 =
e 2
tan
ee
= 2   = 2
e 2 4 4e

 1 1
2. If f (x) = min  | x |,1 | x |,  , x  R then the value of  f ( x )dx is
JE

 4 1

(a) 1/8 (b) 1/6 (c) 3/8 (d) none of these

1
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Hint (c):  1
f ( x )dx  2 (area of trapezium OABC)
an
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4
d  esin x  3 sin x 3
3. Let
dx
F ( x )  
 x 
 , x > 0. If xe
1
dx  F ( k )  F (1) , then value of k is

(a) 4 (b) 16 (c) 64 (d) 24

Hint (c): Put x3 = t  3x2 dx = dt

when x = 1, t = 1; when x = 4, t = 64
4 64 64
3 sin x3 esin t d
 xe
1
 dx  
1
t
dt =  dt F (t )dt  F (64)  F (1)
1

1 e  x dx
4. If  1 e
0 x
 log e (1  e)  k , then value of k is

1 1 1 
(a)  log 2 (b)  log 2 (c)    log 2  (d) none of these
e e  e 

- 8.3 -
 Definite Integrals

dt
Hint (c): Put ex = t  exdx = dt  dx =
t

x dt 
5. The solution for x of the equation  2 2
t t 1

2 is, where x > 0

3
(a)  (b) (c) 2 2 (d) none of these
2

x dt 
Hint (d):   [sec 1 t ]x 2 
2
t t2 1 2

1/2 e x (2  x 2 )dx
6. 1
(1  x) 1  x 2
is equal to

e 3e e
(a) ( 3  1) (b) (c) 3e (d)
2 2 3
JE

1/2 e x (2  x 2 ) 1/ 2  1 x 1 
Hint (c):  dx =  ex    dx
(1  x ) 1  x 2  1  x (1  x) 1  x 
1 1 2
ES


x log x
7. The value of the integral  (1  x
0
2 2
)
dx is
an

(a) 0 (b) log 7 (c) 5 log 13 (d) none of these

1
Hint (a): Put x = ; when x = 0, t =  and when x = , t = 0
t
ka

log 5 e x ex  1
8. The value of the integral  0 ex  3
dx is
lp

(a) 3 + 2 (b) 4 –  (c) 2 +  (d) none of these

Hint (b): Put ex –1 = t2

when x = 0, t = 0
x = log 5, t = 2

100
9. Let f (x) = min ({x} , {– x}) x  R, where {n} denotes the fractional part of x, then 100
f ( x )dx is

equal to
(a) 50 (b) 100 (c) 200 (d) none of these
y
100
Hint (a):  100
f ( x)dx f (x) dx = area of 200 triangles
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
1 1
shown as solid dark lines in the diagram = 200 (1)    50
2  2

- 8.4 -
Definite Integrals

1 | x |, | x | 1 5
10. If f (x) = 
 0, | x | 1
and g (x) = f (x –1) + f (x + 1), then value of 
3
g ( x )dx is

(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) none of these

Hint (b): Use graph of f(x), f (x–1), f (x + 1).

8.3. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b g(b)
8.3.1. f(g(x))g(x)dx =
  f(t)dt
a g(a)

Sample Problem-7:
9
dx
Evaluate :  x 1  x  dx .
4

9
JE

dx
Solution: I =  x 1  x  dx
4

Put 1  x  t
ES

dx
 2 x = dt

dx
= 2dt
an

 x
Now when x = 4, t = 1  4 = 3
when x = 9, t = 1  9 = 4
ka

4
2dt  16 
So I =  4 ln
t = 2 | ln | t ||3 = 2(ln 4 – ln 3) =  9 
3
lp

b b b
8.3.2. f(x)dx ± g(x)dx =
   (f(x) ± g(x))dx .
a a a

Sample Problem-8:
3
 2x2 

Evaluate :  4
 x 3 x 2
 1
 dx .

2

3 3 3
 2x2  ( x 2  1) ( x 2  1) dx

Solution: I =  4  dx =
x  3x  1 
2  x 4  3x 2  1 dx +  x 4  3x 2  1
2 2 2

3 3
(1  (1 / x 2 )) dx (1  (1 / x 2 ))dx
=  ( x  (1 / x))2  5 +  ( x  (1 / x))2  1
2 2

- 8.5 -
 Definite Integrals

1 1
In 1st put x  = t, in 2nd put x  = y
x x
8/3 10/3
dt dy
I=  t2  5   2
y 1
3/2 5/2

1  1  8  1  3   1  10  1  5 
=  tan    tan    tan  3   tan  2 
5 3 5   2 5     

1 7 5  1  5 
= tan 1    tan  
5  54   56 
b b b

 
8.3.3. f(x)dx = f(t)dt = f(y)dy
a a

a

i.e. variable of integration in definite integral is a dummy variable.

Sample Problem-9:
JE

1
1  2 x, x  0
Evaluate  f ( x )dx , where f(x) =  .
1
1  2 x, x  0
ES

1 0 1 0 1

Solution: 
1
f ( x) dx  
1

f ( x) dx  f ( x) dx =
0

1
(1  2 x) dx   (1  2 x)
0
dx

= [ x  x 2 ]01  [ x  x 2 ]10 = 4
an

b a


8.3.4. f(x)dx = - f(x)dx 
ka
a b

Sample Problem-10:
3
lp

dx
Evaluate x 4 x2  1
.
2

3
dx
Solution: I = x 4 x2  1
2

1 dt
Put x =  dx =  2
t t
1/3 1/3
dt dt
So I =  1 4
=   4  t2
1/2 t 2  1/2
  2 1
t  t

1/2  3  17  1  

= ln t  4  t
2
| 1/3
= ln  2 
  37  1
 


- 8.6 -
Definite Integrals

b c1 c2 b


8.3.5. f(x)dx =  f(x)dx +  f(x)dx + ......... +  f(x)dx where f(x) may be piece wise continuous
a a c1 cn

function or its’s value be changeable over interval x  [ a, b] .

Sample Problem-11:
3
2
Evaluate |x  1| dx .
2

3 1 1 3

Solution:  | x 2  1| dx =  | x 2  1| dx  | x 2  1| dx  | x 2  1| dx
 
2 2 1 1

(Here modulus function will change at the points, when x2 – 1 = 0 i.e. at x = ± 1)

1 1 3

So I =  ( x 2  1) dx   (1  x 2 )dx  ( x 2  1)dx

2 1 1
JE

x3 1 x3 1 x3 3
= x |  x |  x|
3 2 3 1 3 1
ES

2 2 2 2 2 28
=    6 =
3 3 3 3 3 3
b b


8.3.6. f(x)dx =  f(a + b - x)dx .
an

a a

Sample Problem-12:
ka

7
x dx
Evaluate  x  9 x
.
2
lp
7
x dx
Solution:  x  9 x
......(i)
2

7
9x
I= 2
9  x  9  (9  x)
dx

7
9 x
I= 
2
9 x  x
dx .......(ii)

adding (i) and (ii), we get

7 7
 x 9 x  7
2I = 
2  x 
 9  x
  dx =
x  9  x   dx =
2
x| = 5
2

5
So I =
2

- 8.7 -
 Definite Integrals

a a


8.3.7. f(x)dx =  (f(x) + f(-x)dx .
-a 0

Sample Problem-13:
3
dx
Evaluate  (1  e ) (1  x 2 )
x .
 3

3
dx
Solution: I =  (1  e ) (1  x 2 )
x
 3

1
Here f(x) =
(1  e ) (1  x 2 )
x

1 ex
 f(–x) = (1  e  x ) (1  ( x) 2 ) = (1  e x )(1  x 2 )
JE

3
dx 1
3 
so I =  1  x2 = tan x |
0
=
3
0
ES

 a


a 2
8.3.8. f(x)dx =  0 f(x)dx if f(x) is an even function (f(-x) = f(x))
-a
 0 if f(x) is an odd function (f(-x) = - f(x))
an

Sample Problem-14:
a
ax
ka

Evaluate  ax
dx
a

a a a a
ax ax dx x dx
lp

Solution: I   ax
dx   a x2 2
dx = a  2
a x 2
  a2  x2
a a a a

a
dx x
= a.2   0 ( is an odd function)
0 a x 2 2
a  x2
2

a
 1 x   
= 2a sin   2a[sin–1(1) –sin–1(0)] = 2a   0  = a
 a 0 2 
2a a  a a

8.3.9.  f(x)dx = f(x)dx + 

f(2a - x)dx 2
=  0 f(x)dx if f(2a - x) = f(x)
0 0 0  0 if f(2a - x) = - f(x)
Sample Problem-15:

x dx
Evaluate  1  cos 2 x .
0

- 8.8 -
Definite Integrals


x dx
Solution: I =  1  cos 2 x
0

 
(  x ) dx (  x) dx
I=  1  cos2 (  x) =  1  cos 2 x
0 0
Addition both, we get
 
 dx  dx
2I =  1  cos 2 x  I = 2 
1  cos 2 x
0 0

  /2
 dx dx 
= 2 
 0 1  cos2 x
  
1  cos2 (   x) 
0

/2
sec 2 x dx
=   2  tan 2 x
put tan x = t
0
JE


dt
I =   t2  2
0
ES

  t  2
= tan 1  | =
2  2 0 2 2
an

Sample Problem-16:

dx

Evaluate 1  2sin 2 x
ka
0


dx
Solution:  1  2sin
0
2
x
lp

/ 2
dx  2a a

=2   f ( x) dx  2 f ( x) dx, if f  2a  x   f ( x ) 
 
1  2sin 2 x  
0 0 0 
 /2 / 2
sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx
=2 
0
sex 2 x  2 tan 2 x =2 
0
1  3tan 2 x

(Note that in the beginning we can not divide Nr. and Dr. by cos2x, as cos x = 0 at x = /2)

dt
=2  1  3t
0
2 , (tan x = t)

1  1  2  
=2 tan t 3  =  
3 0 3 2 3

- 8.9 -
 Definite Integrals

b 1
8.3.10.  f(x)dx = (b - a) f((b - a)x + a) dx 
a 0

Sample Problem-17:
4 2/3
( x  4) 2 2

Prove that e dx = 3 e9( x  2/3) dx .


5 1/3

2/3
2
9( x  2/3)
Solution: Let I = 3 e dx 
1/3

2
1  2 1  1 2
  2 1   9  3  3  x  3  3 
= 3     e
 3 3   0
 dx

2
1  x 1 1
9  
 3 3 ( x 1)2
=  e dx = e
0
dx
0
JE

4 1
( x  4) 2 ( x 1)2
Also e
5
dx = e
0
dx

Alternative : x + 4 = 3t – 2
ES

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-8.3:
1. Which one of the following functions is not continuous on (0,)?
x
1
an

(a) f(x)= cot x (b) g(x) =  t sin t dt

0

 3
 1 0x  
ka


4  x sin x, 0 x
2
(c) h (x) =  2 3 (d) l (x) = 
2sin x  x   sin( x  ), 
 9 4  x 
 2 2
lp

x
1
Hint (d): g (x) = t sin t dt
0

g (x) = x sin(1/x) which is diff  cont. in (0, )

 
 x sin x, 0 x
2

l (x) =   
sin( x  ),  x 
 2 2
obvious discontinuity at x = /2
 /2  /4
2. If I =  ln (sin x ) dx then 
  /4
ln (sin x  cos x ) dx =
0

I I I
(a) (b) (c) (d) I
2 4 2

- 8.10 -
Definite Integrals

/4 /4
Hint (a): I1 =  ln (sin x + cos x) dx =  ln (cos x  sin x) dx (using property 8.3.6)
 /4  /4

/4 / 4 / 2
 2 I1 =  ln cos 2x dx = 2  ln (cos 2x) =  ln (cos t) dt where 2x = t
 /4 0 0

 /2

 ln (sin t) dt = I  I1 = I/2
0


t sin t dt 
3. If f (x) = 
0
2
1  tan x sin t 2 for 0 < x <
2
(a) f (0+) = – 
2
  
(b) f   
4 8

 
JE

(c) f is continuous and differentiable in  0, 

 2

 
(d) f is continuous but not differentiable in  0, 
 2
ES


t sin t
Hint (c): f (x) = 
0 1  tan 2 x sin 2 t
dt
an

using property 8.3.6 and add.

  /2
 sin t sin t
f (x) = 2  2
1  tan x sin t 2
dt =   1  tan x (1  cos2 t )
2
dt
ka
0 0

 /2 1
sin t dy
=  2
sec x  tan x cos t 2 2
dt =   sec x  tan 2 x . y 2
2
lp
0 0

1 1
 dy   1 y   x
= tan x 2 2 = sin   sin 1 (sin x) 
0 cos ec x  y tan x  cos ecx 0 tan x tan x


4. The value of the integral  (cos px  sin qx)2 dx where p, q are integers, is equal to :


(a)   (b) 0 (c)  (d) 2 


2
Hint (d): I =  (cos px  sin qx)

dx


2
I=  (cos px  sin qx)

dx (using property 8.3.6)

- 8.11 -
 Definite Integrals


2
2I = 2  (cos px  sin 2 qx ) dx


 


2 2
I = (2cos px  2sin qx ) dx =  (1  cos 2 px)  (1  cos 2qx) dx
0
0

= 2
3
 2 x  5(4 x  5)  2 x  5(4 x  5)  dx =
5. The value of the definite integral 
2
 

7 33 5 4 7 72 5
(a) (b) 4 2 (c) 4 3 + (d)
3 2 3 3 2

Hint (d): Put 4x  5 = 5t2  4dx = 10t dt or better will be 5(4x – 5) = t2

7 7
5 3/2 5
JE

5 5 5 5
I=  (1  t 2 )  5t  (1  t 2 )  5t t dt =    | t 1|  | (t  1)| t dt
2 3
2 2 2 3
5 5
ES

 7 
3/ 2  1 5 
5
= 
 2


  (1  t )  (1  t )  t dt  
1
 (t 1)  (t  1)  t dt 

3
 5 
an

 7 
3/ 2  1 5 
5
=  2  t dt   t 2 dt 
ka

2  3 1 
 5 

1 dt  2 3 2
lp

6. If x satisfies the equation  2  x –  t sin 2t dt  x – 2 = 0 (0 <  < ), then the



 0 t  2t cos   1   t2 1
 3



value x is

 2sin   sin 
(a) ± (b) ± (c) ± (d) ± 2
2sin   sin  
3
t 2 sin 2t
Hint (d): 
3
t2 1
dt = 0 as the integrand is an odd function.

1 1
dt 1 1 t  cos  
0

also t 2  2t cos   1 =
sin 
tan
sin  0
=
2sin 
Thus the given equation reduces to

 sin 
x2 –2=0 x=± 2
2sin  

- 8.12 -
Definite Integrals

b c

7. 
ac
f ( x  c) dx =

b b b 2c b

(a)  f ( x ) dx (b)  f ( x  c) dx (c) 

a  2c
f ( x ) dx (d)  f ( x  2 c) dx
a a a

Hint (a): Put x + c = t

 / 2n
dx
8. 
0
1  tan n nx
=

 n 
(a) 0 (b) 4 n (c) (d) 2 n
4
2 2
1 dt 1 (cos t )n
Hint (b): nx = t; I= n  1  (tan t ) n =
n  (sin t ) n  (cos t ) n
dt
JE

0 0

9. 
a
f ( x) dx =
ES

a a

(a)   f ( x) 
0
f (  x)  dx (b)   f ( x)  f ( x) dx
0
an

(c) 2 
0
f ( x) dx (d) Zero
ka
a a
Hint (a): I =
 f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx
a
a
lp
a a
 2I =   f ( x)  f ( x)  dx = 2   f ( x)  f ( x)  dx ( as integral is even)
a 0

1
3
2
1 
10.   2 | x  3 |  |1  x |  4  dx equals:
1
2

3 9 1 3
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
2 8 4 2
Where {*} denotes the fractional part function.
1
3
2
1 
Hint (c):   2 | x  3 |  |1  x |  4  dx
1
2

- 8.13 -
 Definite Integrals

7
1 3
1  1  2
1 
  3  x  1  x  4   dx +   3  x  x  1  4   dx +
   2  x  3  x  1  4 dx
1
2  1
2 
3
2

7 7 7
1 2 1 2 1 2

= { x} dx  {x  4} dx = (1  x ) dx  {x} dx =

1
 
1
3
 (1  x) dx   ( x  3) dx ]
1
3 3
2 2 2

8.4. PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

a+np p

8.4.1. If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  

f(x)dx = n f(x)dx, n  I .
a 0

Sample Problem-18:
n v
Prove that  | sin x | dx  (2n  1)  cos v , where n  N and 0  v < .
JE

n v v n v
Solution: I =  
| sin x | dx = | sin x | dx   | sin x | dx  I1  I 2
ES

0 0 v

v v
I1 =  | sin x | dx   sin dx (as 0  v <  and sin x  0, when n  [0, ])
0 0
an

v
=  cos x | = – cos v + 1 = 1 – cos v
0

nv  
ka

I2 =  | (sin x ) | dx = n | (sin x ) | dx = n sin dx = n   cos x 0 = 2n
 
v 0 0
So I = 1 – cos v + 2n = (2n + 1) – cos v
lp

np p

8.4.2. If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  

f(x)dx = (n - m) f(x)dx, n, m  I .
0
mp

Sample Problem-19:
10
Evaluate
3/2
 {2 x}dx , where {.} denotes the fractional part of x.
Solution: f(x) = {2x}is a periodic function with period 1/2
10 20(1/2)

Let I =  {2 x}dx = 
3/ 2
{2 x}dx
3(1/2)
1/ 2


= 23 2x dx
0
(as {2x} = 2x – [2x] and when x  [0, 1/2), [2x] = 0)

1/2
2 23
= 23 x | =
0 4

- 8.14 -
Definite Integrals

b+np b

8.4.3. If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  f(x)dx =  f(x)dx,

a
n I .
a+np

Sample Problem-20:

10 
3
Evaluate  (sin x  cos x ) dx .

10 
6

Solution: f(x) = sin x + cos x is periodic with period 2


10 
3  /3  /3
Let I =  
(sin x  cos x ) dx =  (sin x  cos x) dx = (sin x  cos x) |
 /6
 /6
10 
6

 3 1 1 3
=  2  2  2  2  =  3 1
JE

   

Sample Problem-21:
ES
1
3 x4
Find  x .e
1
dx .

4 4 4
Solution: Let f(x) = x3 e x , then f(–x) = (–x)3. e(  x )   x 3e x = –f(x)
an

Hence f(x) is an odd function.

1 1
4
3
  f ( x ) dx = 0 ; or
x e x dx  0
1
ka
1

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-8.4:
lp

20 
1. If I = | sin x | [sin x ]dx (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function), then the value of I is

20 

(a) – 40 (b) 40 (c) 20 (d) –20

20  20 

Hint (a):  | sin x | [sin x ]dx =  | sin x | ([sin x]  [ sin x])dx

0
20 


= –20 sin xdx = – 40
0

x   
2. The value of  [cos t ]dt , x  (4n  1) 2 ,(4n  3) 2 
0
and n  N is equal to

- 8.15 -
 Definite Integrals

   
(a) (2n  1)  2 x (b) (2n  1)  x (c) (2n  1)  x (d) (2n  1)  x
2 2 2 2

2 2 n /2 x

Hint (c): I = n [cos t ]dt  

0

2 n
[cos t ]dt  
2 n (  /2)
[cos t ]dt

3
3. The valueof the definite integral 0
| sin x | dx is

(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8

Hint (b): Period of |sin x| is .

13
4. The value of the definite integral  | sin x | dx is
JE

(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 12

1 3 3 
Hint (a):  | sin x | dx   
| sin x | dx  3 | sin x | dx  6
ES

1 0 0

1 3T

5. If f is odd and periodic function with period T then value of definite integral 
1 3T
f ( x )dx is
an

(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) none of these

Hint (c): Put y = x – 3 T

ka

1 3T  1

1 3T
 f ( x )dx  
1
f ( y  3T ) dy   f ( y)dy  0
1
lp

16  / 3

6. If 0
| sin x | dx 
2 , then the value of  is

(a) 9 (b) 21 (c) 18 (d) none of these

16  /3 5 5  (  /3)

Hint (b): 0

| sin x | dx  | sin x | dx 
0 5
 | sin x | dx

n
 [ x]dx
0
7. Value of D.I. n (where [x] and {x} are integral and fractional parts of x and n  N) is
 {x}dx
0

n 1
(a) n + 1 (b) n –1 (c) (d) none of these
n 1

- 8.16 -
Definite Integrals

Hint (b): Period of {x} is 1.

n (  /4)

8. The value of D.I. 

 /4
| sin x  cos x | dx is

(a) 2n (b) 2n (c) 2 2n (d) none of these

Hint (c): |sin x + cos x| = 2 | sin (x + /4)|

and |sin (x + /4)| is periodic with period .

9. Let f be a real, valued function satisfying f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6). Then graph of

x 8
x
f (t )dt is

(a) a line parallel to x-axis (b) a line parallel to y-axis

(c) a line parallel to y = x (d) none of these
JE

Hint (b): f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) ...(i)

Replacing x by x + 2
f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) = f (x + 4) + f (x +8) ....(ii)
ES

From equation (i) and (ii), we get f (x) = f (x + 8)

so, period of f (x) is 8
x 8 8
 f ( x) dx   f ( x )dx
an
x 0

which is clearly a constant function.

10. A periodic function with period 1 is integrable over any finite interval. Also for two real numbers a, b
ka

an b m
and for two unequal non-zero positive integers m and n,  a
f ( x) dx  
b
f ( x )dx . Then the value of

n
lp

m
f ( x) dx is

(a) m – n (b) m + n (c) 0 (d) noen of these

Hint (c): Given f (1 +x) = f (x)

an 1
so  f ( x) dx  n  f ( x) dx ( f (x) is periodic)
a 0

bm 1
and b
f ( x) dx  m 
0
f ( x )dx

1 1
so (n – m)  f ( x )dx  0   f ( x )dx  0 ( n – m  0)
0 0

m n m 1
n
f ( x )dx   0
f ( m  x )dx  ( n  m) 0
f ( x) dx  0

- 8.17 -
 Definite Integrals

8.5. DIFFERENTIATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL (LEIBNITZ RULE)

f2 (x)

8.5.1. If F(x) =  g(t)dt then F(x) = g(f (x))f  (x) - g(f (x))f  (x)
2 2 1 1
f1 (x)

Sample Problem-22:
If a, b are variable real numbers such that a + b = 4, a < 2 and f ( x )  0  x  R , then prove that

a b

 f ( x) dx  f ( x )dx  will increase as (b – a) increases.
 
 
0 0 
Solution: Let (b – a) = t
b+a=4
4t 4t
 b ,a
2 2
4 t 4 t
JE
2 2
Let g(t) =

0
f ( x) dx  
0
f ( x) dx

 4  t  1   4  t  1 
ES

So, g(t) = f      f  
 2  2   2  2 

1  4t   4  t 
=  f  f  
2  2   2 
an

Now a < 2 and a + b = 4

 a<b
4t   4t 
ka

 f  2  f  2  ( as f ´(x) > 0  f (x) is increasing)

   
 g(t) > 0
lp

 g(t) will increases as t increases

a b

 
0
f ( x) dx   f ( x)dx will increases as (b – a) increases
0

Sample Problem-23:
4

Find the value of  | sin x | dx

0

4  
Solution: We know that |sin x| is a periodic function of . Hence   
| sin x | dx  4 | sin x | dx  4 sin xdx
0 0 0


= 4   cos x 0  8

- 8.18 -
Definite Integrals

b b
dI
8.5.2. If I(t) = f(x, t)dx , then = f (x, t)dx , wheree f (x, t) denotes the derivative of f w.r.t. ‘t’

 dt
a
a
keeping x constant.

Sample Problem-24:
1
 xt  1 
Evaluate :    dx (t  0) .
ln x 
0

1 1
 xt  1  dI  xt ln x 
Solution: Let I(t) =  
 dx
ln x 

dt
  
 ln x 
dx
0 0 

1 t 1 1
= x
t
dx = x | = 1  dI 
dt
0 t 10 t 1 t 1
JE

dt
  dI   t  1
 I = ln |t + 1| + c
ES

but at t = 0, I(t) = 0
So c = 0
Hence I = ln |t + 1|
an

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-8.5:

1. A continuous and differentiable function ' f ' satisfies the condition ,

ka


0
f (t) d t = f 2 (x)  1 for all real ' x ' and f ( x )  0 . Then :
lp

(a) ' f ' is monotonic increasing  x  R

(b) ' f ' is monotonic decreasing  x  R
(c) ' f ' is non monotonic
(d) the graph of y = f (x) is a parabola.

1
Hint (a): Differentiating f (x) = 2 f (x). f  (x)  f  (x) = (f (x))  0)
2
Hence f (x) = (x/2) + c. Put x = 0 ; f (0) = c ; but f 2 (0) = 1
 f (0) = ± 1
Hence f (x) = (x/2) ± 1

- 8.19 -
 Definite Integrals

/ 2
ln (1  x sin 2 )
2. If f (x) = 
0
sin 2  d  , x  0 then :


(a) f (t) =   t 1 1  (b) f  (t) =
t 1
(c) f (x) cannot be determined (d) none of these.
/ 2 / 2
dI sin 2  dI d
Hint (a): dx  
0
2 2
sin (1  x sin )
d =
dx
  1  x sin
0
2


Multiply Nr. and Dr. by sec2 and proceed

x
sin t
3. Let f (x) = 
0
t
dt (x > 0) then f (x) has :

(a) Maxima if x = n  where n = 1, 3, 5,..... (b) Minima if x = n  where n = 2, 4, 6,......

(c) Maxima if x = n  where n = 2, 4, 6,...... (d) The function is monotonic
JE

sin x x cos x  sin x

Hint (a,b): f  (x) = ; f  (x) =
x x2
Now f  (2 m ) we have f  (x) > 0 & f  ((2 m  1) ) we have f  (x) < 0
ES

x2
sin x ·sin   
4. If f  x    .d  then the value of f '   , is
2 /16
1  cos 2
 2
an

(a)  (b) –  (c) 2 (d) 0

x2  x2 
sin   sin x   sin   cos x
Hint (a): f ( x)  sin x  1  cos .d  ; f ' (x) = sin x  ·2 x  0 
   d 
ka
2 2
2 /16
 1  cos x  2 16 1  cos 2  
 

 
f '   
lp

2

x3
S  ( x)
5. Let S (x) =  ln t d t (x > 0) and H (x) =
x
. Then H(x) is :
x2

(a) continuous but not derivable in its domain

(b) derivable and continuous in its domain
(c) neither derivable nor continuous in its domain
(d) derivable but not continuous in its domain.
Hint (b): S  (x) = l n x3. 3 x2  l n x2. 2 x = 9 x2 l n x  4 x l n x
S  ( x)
= x ln x (9 x  4). Hence = l n x (9 x  4).
x
S  ( x)
Now it is obvious that is continuous and derivable in its domain.
x

- 8.20 -
Definite Integrals

x
t dt
6. If f (x) = eg(x) and g(x) =  1 t
2
4 then f  (2) has the value equal to :

(a) 2/17 (b) 0

(c) 1 (d) cannot be determined
x
Hint (a): f  (x) = eg (x). g  (x) ; g  (x) =
1  x4

2 2
hence f  (2) = eg (2). g  (2) = e0. =
17 17
n
n
7. lim
n 
n
k 1
2
 k 2 x2
, x > 0 is equal to

tan 1 ( x ) tan 1 ( x)
(a) x tan–1(x) (b) tan–1(x) (c) (d)
x x2
Hint (c): Use limits sum property.
2x x
dt 1
JE

8. Let l = xlim
 
x
t and m = lim
x  x ln x 1 
ln t dt then the correct statement is

(a) l m = l (b) l m = m (c) l = m (d) l > m

ES
x

 ln t ln x ln x
lim (ln 2x – ln x) = ln 2 ; m =
Hint (a): l = x 1
= xlim = lim =1
x ln x  1 x  1  ln x
x ·  ln x
x
Hence l × m = ln 2 · 1 = ln 2 = l
an

x2
9. If x · sin x =  f (t ) dt
0
where f is continuous functions then the value of f (4) is
ka


(a) (b) 1
2
1
lp

(c) (d) can not be determined

2
Hint (a): differentiate w.r.t. x, 2x f (x2) = sin x + x cos x
 
put x = 2, 4· f (4) = 0 + 2  f (4) = ; when x = – 2, (–4) · f (4) = – 2, f (4) =
2 2
x
x
lim
10. x  x1 x  x
1
 f (t )dt is equal to :
x1

f  x1 
(a) (b) x1 f (x1) (c) f (x1) (d) does not exist
x1

 f (t ) dt
x1 f ( x ). x 2
Hint (b): lim = lim (using Lopital's rule) = x1 f (x1)
x  x1  x  x1  x  x1 x1
 
 x 

- 8.21 -
 Definite Integrals

8.6. APPROXIMATION IN DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b b b
8.6.1. If f1 (x)  f(x)  f 2 (x)  x  [a, b] , then  f1 (x)dx   f(x)dx   f2 (x)dx .
a a a

Sample Problem-25:
1
dx 
Prove that  4 x  x 2 3

4 2
.
0

Solution: 0  x  1
0x3  x2  1  – x2  – x2  0
 4 x2 – x2  4 – x2 – x3  4 – x2
1 1 1
  
4  x2 4  x 2  x3 4  2x2
1 1 1
JE
dx dx dx
  4 x 2
  4 x  x 2 3
  4  2 x2
0 0 0

1
 dx 
ES

 6   4 x  x 2 3

4 2
0

8.6.2. If absolute maximum and minimum value of f(x), when x  [a, b] is M and m respectively,
b


then m(b - a)  f(x)dx  M(b - a) .
an

Sample Problem-26:
ka


 dx 
Prove that 3
  10  5
  x3  10 x  9sin x  5  5 .
0
lp

Solution: Let f(x) = x3 + 10 x + 9 sin x + 5

f ( x ) = 3x2 + 10 + 9 cos x > 0  x  R

 f(x) is entirely increasing

1

f ( x) is decreasing in (0, )

1 1
 Absolute maximum of f(x) in [0, ] is and absolute minimum is 3
5   10  5


 dx 
so 3
  10  5
  x3  10 x  9sin x  5  5
0

- 8.22 -
Definite Integrals

8.7. Evaluation of limit of a sum

Let f (x) be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b], then
n 1 b

h 0
Lt h  f (a  rh) =  f ( x)dx
n  r 0 a
nh b  a

For the case when a = 0 and b = 1, this formula gives

n 1 1
1 r
Lt
n  n
 f 
n
=  f ( x)dx
r 0 0

Sample Problem-27:
 1 1 1 
Evaluate I = Lt    ......... .
n   n  1 n2 nn 

1  1 1 1 

Solution: I = Lt   .........
JE

n  1 2
1  nn 
n 
 1 n 1 n 
n
1 1
= Lt
n n
 1 r
r 1 n
ES

1
1
=  1  x dx
0

= log |1 + x|01
an

= log 2

Sample Problem-28:
ka

 1 1 1 1 
lim
Evaluate n      ..... .
 4n  1 4n  4 4n   9 3n 
lp

 1 1 1 1 
lim
Solution: L = n      ..... 
 4n  1 4n  4 4n   9 3n 
n
1
= nlim 

r 1 4n2  r 2

n
(1  0) 1
= nlim

 n 2
r 1  1 0 
40 r 
  n 
Which is of the form
n
ba   b  a 
lim
n 
 n
f a  r
  n 

r 1

- 8.23 -
 Definite Integrals

1
Here b = 1, a = 0 and f(x) =
4  x2
1
dx 1 x
1

So L =  4  x2
= sin | =
20 6
0

Sample Problem-29:
 n2 n2 1 
lim
Evaluate n     .........  
 (n  1)
3
(n  2) 3 64n  .

 n2 n2 1 
lim
Solution: L = n   3
 3
 .........  
 (n  1) (n  2) 64n 

3n
n2
= nlim

 (n  r )3
r 1
JE

Put 3n = m, we get
m
m2 / 9
L = lim
n 
 m 
3
r 1
ES

  r
3 

3
 
m 
3 1 
an

Lim 
= n m   3r  

r 1
 1  m  
 
ka
3 3
dx 1
=  (1  x)3 = 2
| = 15
0
2(1  x ) 0 32
lp

Sample Problem-30:

 1 1 1 
Show that Lim    ...   = ln6
n 
 n 1 n  2 6n 

 1 1 1   1 1 1 
Solution: lim    ...   = lim    ...  
n   n  1 n  2 6n  n  n  1 n  2 n  5n 

 
5n  1 
5n
 1  1
 lim  
lim
 = n  n  
r 1  1 

r
r 1  n  r 
n 
 n
 Lower limit of r = 1
1
 Lower limit of integration = nlim  0
 n

- 8.24 -
Definite Integrals

 Upper limit of r = 5n.

5n
 Upper limit of integration = lim 5
n  n
5
1 5
from (1) 1 x
0
dx  ln (1  x ) 0

= ln6 – ln1 = ln6

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-8.6 & 8.7:

2 2 2
 x2  x2  x2
1. Let I1 = e 0
sin( x )dx ; I =
2 e
0
dx ; I =
3 e
0
(1  x ) dx and consider the statements

I I1 < I2 II I2 < I3 III I1 = I3

Which of the following is(are) true?
(a) I only (b) II only
JE

(c) Neither I nor II nor III (d) Both I and II

Hint (d): since 0 < sin x < 1 and 1 + x > 1 in (0, /2)
ES
hence I3 > I2 > I1

  2       4
2. lim  sec    sec 2  2·   .....  sec 2 (n  1)   has the value equal to
n  6n   6n   6n  6n 3 
an

3 2
(a) (b) 3 (c) 2 (d)
3 3

 r
ka

Hint (a): Tr = sec 2

6n 6n
n 1 1
 r
2  2 x x 1 3
S=  Tr   sec 
= 6 sec 6 dx = tan = =
lp

6n r 1 6n 0 6 0 3 3

1
1 
3. lim  (1  x )  dx 
 is equal to
 0  
0 
4 4
(a) 2 ln 2 (b) (c) ln (d) 4
e e
1 1 1
1   (1  x)1   2 1  1 
1

 (1  x )  dx  = lim
 
Hint (b): lim
 0 
0
 

0   1 
lim
=  0 
  1 
 (1 form)
 0

1  21 11   21 2    2(2 1)   4

lim   lim   lim   1 ln  
0   1 
e
0 
  ( 1) 
e
0 
    e 4
= e = e2 ln 2 – 1 = e =
e

- 8.25 -
 Definite Integrals

1  n n n n 
4. lim 1     .......  
n n  n 1 n2 n3 n  3 ( n  1)  has the value equal to

(a) 2 2 (b) 2 2  1 (c) 2 (d) 4

3n  3 3
1 n 1 n 1
Hint (c): Tr = n nr  S=n

r 0 nr =0  1 x
dx

19
sin x
5. The absolute value of
10
 1  x8 is less than :

(a) 10 10 (b) 10 11 (c) 10 7 (d) 10 9

19 19 19 19 19
sin x sin x dx dx  x 7 
Hint (c): 
10
1  x8   1  x8 dx     
1  x8 < 10 x8 =   7 10
10 10

1 1
JE

= [19 7  10 7] = [10 7  19 7] < 10 7 ]

7 7
2 n
1  t 
6.  dt is equal to
lim 
1 
ES
n  n  1  n  1 
0

(a) 0 (b) e 2 (c) e2 – 1 (d) does not exist

2 n n 1 2
 n 1
1  t  t    2 
Hint (c): nlim 
1   dt = nlim  1    = nlim 1    1 = e2 – 1
an

 n  1 
0
n  1   

 n  1  
0
  n  1 

 t  
 1  n  1  is a linear function 
  
ka

x h
1 dt
7. Let f (x) = lim
h0 h x t  1 t2
, then xlim

x · f ( x) is
lp

1
(a) equal to 0 (b) equal to (c) equal to 1 (d) non existent
2

Hint (d): f (x) = 1  x2  x ; lim x

x 
 1  x2  x  –

   2 (n 1)  
8. lim 1  cos  cos  .....  cos 
n 2n  2n 2n 2 n  equal to

1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d) none of these
2

 r
Hint (a): Tr = cos
2n 2n
1
 1 n 1  r  x
S= ·
2 n r 0
cos · =
2 n 20
cos
2
dx = 1 

- 8.26 -
Definite Integrals

k 1
1
9. lim (1  sin 2 x ) x dx
k 0 k0

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) e 2 (d) non existent

k 1

 (1  sin 2 x) x dx
Hint (c): l = 0
lim
k 0 k
differentiating
1 1
lim (sin 2 k )
Using L'opital rule l = lim (1  sin 2k ) k = e k 0 k = e2
k 0

r 4n
n
10. The value of
lim  2
is equal to
n 
r 1 
r 3 r 4 n 
JE

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
35 14 10 5

1
Hint (c): Tr =
ES

2
r  r 
·n  3  4
n  n 

4
4n dx
an
1 1
S=
n
 2
=  x (3 x  4) 2
1 r  r 0
3 4 ·
 n  n
ka

3 1
put 3 x  4 = t  dx  dt
2 x
lp
10 4
2 dt 2  1 2 1 1 
= 3  2 =  
    = 2· 6  1
4
t 3  t  10 3  4 10  3 40 10

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Sample Problem-31:
Evaluate :
a a
dx ax
(i)  ax  x 2
(ii)  ax
dx.
0 a

a
dx
Solution: (i)  2
0 a2  a
 x 
4  2

- 8.27 -
 Definite Integrals

a a
 1 x  ( a / 2 ) 
=  sin  =  sin 1 2 x  a 
 (a / 2) 0  a 0

= [sin–1 1 – sin–1 (–1)] = 2 sin–1 (1) = 2   = 

2
(ii) Put x = a cos  :  [0, ]; then, dx = –a sin d. Hence,
a 0
ax 1  cos 
 dx
a
a x =  1  cos 
( a sin ) d



2 sin 2 (  / 2 )  
= a 2
. 2 sin cos d
 2 cos  / 2 ) 2 2



=a  2 sin 2 d
2



JE

=a  (1  cos ) d


= a   sin  0 = a() = a

ES

Sample Problem-32:
/ 2 / 2 1
sin x 1 
Evaluate : (i)  sin x  cos x
dx (ii)  log sin x dx (iii)  log   1 dx
 x 
an
  

/ 2
sin x
Solution: (i) I =  dx
0
sin x  cos x
ka

 
/ 2 sin   x 
 2 
=     
dx
lp
 sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 
/ 2
cos x
=  cos x  sin x
dx .


/ 2 /2
sin x  cos x 
 2I =  sin x  cos x
dx =  dx =
2
 


 I =
4
/ 2
(ii) I =  log sin x dx


/ 2
 
=  log sin   x  dx
2 


- 8.28 -
Definite Integrals

/ 2

=  log cos x dx


/ 2
 2I =
 (log sin x  log cos x) dx


/ 2

=  log (sin x cos x ) dx


/ 2 / 2 / 2
 sin 2 x 
=  log 
 2 
 dx =  log sin 2 x dx –  log 2 dx
  

/ 2

=–
2
log 2 +  log sin 2 x dx (Put 2x = t)
 
 1
=–
2
log 2 +
2  log sin t dt

JE

/ 2
 1
=–
2
log 2 +
2
(2)  log sin t dt . [As sin (– t) = sin t]



ES

 2I =– log 2 + I
2

or I =– log 2
2
an
/ 2 / 2 / 2

Note:  log sin 2 x dx =  log (sin x) dx =  log (cos x) dx =–
2
log 2.
0
 
(iii) (Put x = cos2 t : cos t > 0 ; then, dx = –2 cos t sin t dt)
ka

1
1 
I =  log   1 dx
x 

lp

0
=–  log (sec 2 t  1). 2 cos t sin t dt
/ 2

/ 2
=
 log (tan 2 t ) . sin 2t dt
0

/ 2
= 2  sin 2 t . log (tan t ) dt
0
/ 2

= 2  log(cot t ). sin 2 t dt
0

/ 2
 2I = 2  log(tan t . cot t )  sin 2 t dt
0

=0

- 8.29 -
 Definite Integrals

Sample Problem-33:
 1
Evaluate : (i) I=  | cos x | dx (ii) I=  | 2 x  1 | dx
0 2
4
 4x  3 , 1 x  2
(iii) I=  f ( x ) dx , where f ( x )  
1  3x  5 , 2  x  4

Solution: (i) I =2  | cos x | dx ( | cos( – x) | = | cos x |)
0


=2  cos x dx = 2 (sin x) 0 = 2(1) = 2.
0

(ii) I =  | 2 x  1 | dx (put 2x + 1 = z)
2

1 3
= 2  | z | dz
JE

3

=  | z | dz
0
ES

9
= .
2
2 4 2 4
(iii) I =  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x) dx =  (4x  3) dx +  (3 x  5) dx
an

1 2 1 2

4
 3x 2 
= (2x 2  3x ) 12    5 x  = 9 + 28 = 37.
ka

 2 2

Sample Problem-34:
lp

3 b
Evaluate: (i) I =  ( x 2  x) dx (ii) I =  sin x dx as limit of a sum
1 a
Solution: (i) f (x) = x2 + x, a = 1, b = 3, nh = 3 – 1 = 2.
n

I = nlim h  f ( a  rh )

r 1

= nlim h  (( a  rh ) 2  ( a  rh ))

r 1

 n 
= nlim h   r 2 h 2  rh ( 2 a  1)  ( a 2  a ) 
  
 r 1 

 3 n ( n  1)( 2 n  1) n ( n  1) 
= nlim h .  ( 2 a  1) h 2  n(a 2  a)h 
 6 2 

- 8.30 -
Definite Integrals

 2(2  h)(4  h ) 2(2  h ) 

= lim   (2 a  1)  2( a 2  a ) 
h 0
 6 2 
8
= 64
3
38
=
3
b

(ii) I =  sin x dx
a

 n 
 
= h  0   sin( a  rh ) 
lim h
 r 1 
h
 n 
lim 2   2 sin h sin( a  rh ) 
= h 0 h  2 
sin  r 1 
2
JE

h
 n 
lim 2   cos  a  hr  h   cos  a  hr  h  
= h0 h  2 2  
sin  r 1  
ES

2
h
 2  h  h 
lim  cos  a    cos  a  nh   
= h 0 h  2  2 
sin 
an

2
= cos a – cos b

Sample Problem-35:
ka

x2
t 2  5t  4
If F(x) =  4  e 2t
dt , find critical points of F(x).
0
lp

Solution: By Leibnitz Rule,

( x2 ) 2  5x2  4
F (x) = 2
. ( 2 x)
4  e2x
F (x) = 0
 (x4 – 5x2 + 4)x = 0
 (x2 – 4)(x2 – 1 )x = 0
 x = 0, ±1, ±2
These are the critical points of F(x).

Sample Problem-36:

x log x
Show that I =  dx  0 .
(1  x 2 ) 2
0

- 8.31 -
 Definite Integrals

 1 
x log x x log x x log x
Solution:  (1  x 2 ) 2
dx =  (1  x 2 ) 2
dx   (1  x 2 ) 2 dx
0 0 1

Put x = 1/ y in the second integral

 0
x log x y 4 log y
  (1  x 2 ) 2
dx =  y 3 (1  y 2 ) 2
dy
1 1

1
y log y
= 
 (1  y 2 ) 2
dy
0
1 1
x log x y log y
Thus I =  dx   dy
(1  x 2 ) 2 (1  y 2 ) 2
0 0
= 0.

Sample Problem-37:
JE
1
2
Show that 1 <  ex dx < e.
0

2 2
Solution: e x is an increasing function in [0, 1]. Further, e0  e x  e1  x  [0, 1]
ES

1 1 1 1
2

 1 dx   e x2
dx  e dx or 1 <
  ex dx < e.
0 0 0 0
an

Sample Problem-38:
3

Evaluate I=  ( | x  2| 2 [ x ] ) dx , where [x] is the greatest integer function.

ka
1

Solution: I1 =  | x  2 | dx ; Put x – 2 = y
1
lp

=  | y | dy
3

1 1

=   y dy  2  y dy
3 0

1 2 1
=– [ y ] 3  [ y 2 ]10
2
=4+1=5
3

I2 =  [ x ] dx
1

0 1 2 3

=   dx   0 dx   dx   2 dx
1 0 1 2

=–1+0+1+2=2

- 8.32 -
Definite Integrals

 I = I1 + 2 I2
=9

Sample Problem-39:
1 .7
Evaluate I =  [ x 2 ] dx , where [x] is the greatest integer function.
0

Solution: As [x2] takes constant values 0, 1, 2 in intervals (0, 1), (1, 2 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) respectively,,
1 2 1.7
2 2
I =  [x ]dx   [x ] dx   [ x 2 ] dx
0 1 2

1 2 1.7
=  0 dx   1 dx   2 dx
0 1 2

= 0 + ( 2 – 1) + 2(1.7 – 2)
JE

= 2.4 – 2.

Sample Problem-40:
ES
3
4

Evaluate: I =  d .
1  sin 

4

3
an

4

Solution: I =  d
1  sin 
4
ka

3
4

=  d
1  sin 
lp
4

3
4 
d
2I =   ; Put  = y
1  sin  2
4


4
dy
=  1  cos y

4


4
dy
= 2 
0
1  cos y

- 8.33 -
 Definite Integrals


4
 y
I =  sec 2 dy
2 0 2

/ 4
 y
=   tan 
 2 0


=  tan
8
= ( 2  1) 

Sample Problem-41:
1
3
x4 1  2x 
If I= 1 1  x 4 cos   dx , find its value.
1 x2 

3
JE

1
3
x4 1  2x 
Solution: I = 1 1  x 4 cos   dx
1 x2 

3
ES

1
3
x4 1   2x 
= 1 1  x 4 cos   dx
1 x2 

3
an

1
3
x4  1 2x 
= 1 4
   cos  dx
1 x  1 x 2 

ka

1
3
x4
2I =  1 1  x 4 dx
lp


3

1
3
x4
= 2  1  x 4 dx
0

1
3
 1 
I =  ( 1)  1  dx
0  1 x4 
1
3
  1 1
=     dx
2
3 2 0 1 x 1 x 2

- 8.34 -
Definite Integrals

1
3
    1 1
=   .   1  x  1  x dx
3 2 6 4 0

1
 2   |1 x |  3
=     log 
3 12 4  |1  x | 0

2    3  1 
=   log 
12 3 4  3  1 


Sample Problem-42:
x
Let f (x) be an odd function in the interval  T , T  with period T. Prove that F(x) =  f (t ) dt
 2 2
  a
is periodic function with period T.
x T
JE

Solution: F(x + T ) =  f (t ) dt
a

x x T

=  f (t ) dt +  f (t ) dt
ES

a x
= F(x) + I(x)
x T
where I(x) =  f (t ) dt
an

T
2
= T f ( t ) dt = 0 (since f is an odd function)
ka


2
lp

- 8.35 -
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

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ADD NOTES HERE :-)

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ADD NOTES HERE :-)

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ADD NOTES HERE :-)

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ADD NOTES HERE :-)

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ADD NOTES HERE :-)

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ADD NOTES HERE :-)

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ADD NOTES HERE :-)

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