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Abstract_Algebra_Worksheet2

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8 views

Abstract_Algebra_Worksheet2

Uploaded by

anna tran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Worksheet 2

Groups

Motivation
One of the ultimate goals of Algebra is to solve equation. Let’s explore the
properties needed to solve an equation created by a binary operation.

1. Consider Z with the usual addition. Look at the following equation and
its solution. Which property that was used in each step?

5+ x=2
−5+ ( 5+ x )=−5+2.
(−5+5 )+ x =−3
0+ x=−3
x=−3
2. Could we solve the equation with less than 3 properties?

Group
We want to define the simplest structure (set & operation) so that we can
solve equation on it.

Definition: A group ¿ is a set that is closed under the binary operation ¿ ,


such that
 ¿ is associative
 There exists identity element e
 For each a ∈ G there exists inverse element a ' ∈ G
These conditions are called the group axioms.

Abelian group: If ¿ is commutative then G is called abelian group.

3. Check if the following sets are groups or not? If so are they abelian?
a. Z under addition

b. Z under multiplication

c. Q under multiplication
d. ¿

e. A real vector space V under vector addition

f. M m ×n ( R ) under matrix addition

g. M n ( R ) under matrix multiplication

4. For the sets in question 2 that are not groups, find extra conditions to
make them into groups.
5. Cancelation law: Prove that if ¿ is a group then if a∗b=a∗c then b=c .

6. Uniquely solvability: Prove that if ¿ is a group and a , b ∈ Gthen the


linear equation a∗x=b has unique solution in G .
Group table
For finite group it is possible to describe a binary operation using a square
table (matrix) as follows:
 The rows and columns are labeled by the group’s elements in the
same order
 The entry of the table on row corresponding to a and column
corresponding to b has value a∗b
7. Construct the group table for ¿.

8. Prove that each group element must appear exactly once on each row
and each column.
Group isomorphism
One of the biggest questions in group theory is classifying groups by distinct
structures. Two groups might look different but possess the same operation
after the elements are re-labeled. We’ll start by looking at groups with small
number of elements.

9. Describe the group which has only one element?

10. Let G=\{ 1 ,−1 \}. Show that G is a group under usual
multiplication. Write down the group table of G .

11. Let H=\{ e , a \}. Use a table of value to define ¿ on H so that ¿ is a


group.
12. Compare the group tables of G and H and show that there is a
one-to-one mapping ϕ :G → H that preserves the operation, i.e.
ϕ ( x ⋅ y ) =ϕ ( x )∗ϕ ( y ) for x , y ∈G . From there conclude that G and H are
basically the same group.

Definition
Let ( G1 , ¿1 ) and ( G2 , ¿2 ) be groups and f :G1 →G2 . f is called a group
homomorphism if

f ( a ¿1 b )=f ( a ) ¿2 f ( b ) for all a , b ∈ G1

If f is a bijection then it is called a group isomorphism.

13. Contruct the group table for a general group of 3 elements. How
many ways to construct such a group? From there deduce the number
of groups of 3 elements up to isomorphism.
14. Let n Z=\{ nx∨x ∈ Z \} . Show that ¿ is a group and is isomorphic to ¿
Practice
(3) Check if ¿ is a group where a∗b=√ ab

(12) Check if the set of all n × nreal diagonal matrices is a group under matrix
multiplication
(18) Prove that the following set is a group under matrix multiplication and is
isomorphic to ¿:
G=\{ e , a ,b \}
where

( )( )
−1 −√ 3 −1 √3
e=( )
1 0
0 1
, a=
2
√3 −1
2
, b=
2 2
−√ 3 −1
2 2 2 2
(29) Show that if G is a finite group with identity e and with an even number
of elements, then there is a ≠ e in G such that a∗a=e .

(31) On ¿ an element x is called idempotent if x∗x=x . Prove that if S is a group


then it has exactly one idempotent element.
∈ G, there exists n ∈ Z+ such that a n=e .
(36) Let G be a group with a finite number of elements. Show that for any a

(42) Suppose that G is a group with n elements and A ⊆ G has more than n/2
elements. Prove that for every g ∈ G, there exists a, b ∈ A such that a ∗ b =
g.

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