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Unit 2 All notes

Uploaded by

Abdullah zahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 1: Understanding the Functionality of HTML

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language for creating web
pages. It provides the structure and layout of a webpage, allowing for the embedding of images,
videos, and other media. HTML uses elements (tags) to delineate different parts of content,
such as headings, paragraphs, links, and lists.

1.1 HTML Structure


Basic Structure: Every HTML document consists of a <!DOCTYPE html> declaration,
followed by <html>, <head>, and <body> tags.
html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Document Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

●
● Head Element: Contains metadata, including the document title, character set, links to
stylesheets, and scripts.
● Body Element: Contains the content displayed in the browser, including text, images,
and other media.

1.2 HTML Elements

● Tags: The basic building blocks of HTML, written in angle brackets (e.g., <h1>, <p>).
● Attributes: Additional information about elements, defined within the opening tag (e.g.,
<a href="https://www.example.com">Link</a>).
● Nesting: Elements can be nested within one another to create a hierarchical structure.

Topic 2: Understanding the Functionality of CSS

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation of
HTML documents. CSS enhances the aesthetic appearance of web pages by controlling layout,
colors, fonts, and other visual elements.
2.1 Writing CSS
CSS Syntax: Consists of selectors, properties, and values.
css
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h1 {
color: blue;
font-size: 24px;
}

2.2 CSS Selectors

● Type Selector: Targets elements by tag name.


● Class Selector: Targets elements with a specific class.
● ID Selector: Targets a unique element with a specific ID.

2.3 CSS Box Model

● Content: The actual content of the box, where text and images appear.
● Padding: The space between the content and the border, providing internal spacing.
● Border: A boundary surrounding the padding and content.
● Margin: The space outside the border, providing external spacing between elements.

Topic 3: Understanding the Functions of JavaScript

JavaScript is a programming language that adds interactivity to web pages. It allows for
dynamic content updates, event handling, and manipulation of the DOM.

3.1 Document Object Model (DOM)

● DOM Structure: Represents the structure of a document as a tree of objects.


● DOM Manipulation: JavaScript can access and update the DOM, allowing for dynamic
changes to the web page.

3.2 Regular Expressions

● Pattern Matching: Used for searching and validating strings, such as email addresses
and phone numbers.

3.3 Programmed Functionality

● Variables and Data Types: Understanding how to declare variables and work with
different data types (e.g., strings, numbers, arrays).
● Control Structures: Using if statements, loops, and functions to control the flow of
execution.

Topic 4: Designing Web Pages

4.1 Principles of Design

● Wireframes and Mock-ups: Techniques for planning the layout and functionality of web
pages before implementation.
● Typography: Choosing appropriate fonts and styles for text content.

4.2 Principles of Accessibility

● Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG): Standards for making web content
more accessible to people with disabilities.

4.3 Principles of Usability

● Intuitive Navigation: Designing navigation systems that are easy to use and
understand.

Topic 5: The Semantic Web

Semantic HTML involves using HTML markup that provides meaning and structure to the
content, rather than just presentation. This enhances search engine optimization (SEO) and
accessibility.

5.1 Writing Semantic Code

● Semantic Elements: Using elements like <header>, <footer>, <nav>, and


<article> to define different sections of a web page.

Topic 6: Understanding CSS Functionality

6.1 Writing CSS

● Purpose of CSS: To control layout and ensure consistent design across pages.

6.2 Styling Web Pages

● Colors and Lengths: Using color names, hexadecimal notation, and relative lengths to
style elements.

6.3 Positioning Content


● Element Positioning: Understanding normal flow, relative, absolute, and fixed
positioning.

6.4 CSS Animations

● Transitions and Transforms: Using CSS to create smooth animations and effects.

Topic 7: JavaScript Functions

7.1 Adding JavaScript to Web Pages

● Script Tags: How to include JavaScript in HTML documents using <script> tags.

7.2 Event Handling

● User Interaction: Responding to events such as clicks, keyboard inputs, and form
submissions.

7.3 Debugging

● Error Handling: Techniques for debugging JavaScript code and improving reliability.

Topic 8: Understanding the Functionality of CSS (Detailed Version)

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is essential for web development, enabling the control of layout
and design across various screen sizes.

8.1 Writing CSS

8.1.1 Purpose of CSS:

● Control Page Layout: Use CSS for flexible layouts that adapt to different devices.
● Consistent Design: Apply styles uniformly across all pages.

8.1.2 Reference CSS in HTML:

● Inline Styles: Applied directly to HTML elements.


● Internal Style Sheets: Defined within the <head> section.
● External Style Sheets: Linked through <link> tags, enhancing maintainability.

8.1.3 Writing CSS Rules:

● Selectors: Identify HTML elements to apply styles.


● Properties: Define what style attributes to apply.
● Values: Specify the values for each property.

8.1.4 CSS Selectors:

● Type, Class, ID, and Universal Selectors: Different methods for targeting elements.
● Attribute Selectors: Target elements based on specific attributes.

8.1.5 Efficient Style Sheets:

● Cascade and Inheritance: Understand how styles can be applied globally and locally.

8.1.6 CSS Box Model:

● Structure: Content, padding, border, and margin, determining element spacing and
layout.

8.1.7 Attribute Selectors:

● Existence, Equality, Prefix, and Substring: Using attribute selectors to apply styles
based on specific criteria.

8.2 Styling Web Pages

8.2.1 Specifying Colors:

● Color Names, Hexadecimal Notation, RGB Values: Various methods to define colors
in CSS.

8.2.2 Manipulating Color:

● Opacity, Gradients, and HSL Values: Techniques for enhancing color presentation.

8.2.3 Specifying Length Values:

● Absolute and Relative Lengths: Units of measurement for sizing elements.

8.2.4 Adding Styles to Elements:

● Text Layout, Fonts, Links, and Lists: Applying CSS to different types of content.

8.2.5 Using the Box Model for Backgrounds:

● Backgrounds and Borders: Techniques for enhancing the visual appeal of elements.

8.3 Positioning Content

8.3.1 Element Positioning:


● Normal Flow, Relative, Absolute, and Fixed Positioning: Various methods to control
the layout of elements.

8.3.2 Box Model Control:

● Display, Width, Height, Borders, Margins, and Padding: Adjusting element


appearance using the box model.

8.3.3 Designing for Different Screen Sizes:

● Fixed Width, Liquid Layouts, and CSS Frameworks: Techniques for responsive
design.

8.3.4 Responsive Design Techniques:

● Media Queries and Flexible Layouts: Creating designs that adapt to various devices.

8.4 CSS Animations

8.4.1 CSS Transitions and Transforms:

● Transition Properties, Transform Properties, 3D Transforms: Techniques for creating


smooth animations and effects.

Topic 9: Understanding the Functions of JavaScript (Detailed Version)

JavaScript adds dynamic interactivity to web pages, allowing for enhanced user experiences.

9.1 Document Object Model (DOM)

9.1.1 Understanding DOM:

● Accessing and Updating Content: JavaScript interacts with the DOM to manipulate
web page content dynamically.

9.2 Regular Expressions

9.2.1 Understanding Regular Expressions:

● Pattern Matching for Validation Checks: Using regex for validating inputs (e.g., email
addresses, phone numbers).

9.3 Programmed Functionality

9.3.1 Adding JavaScript to Web Pages:


● Including Script Tags: How to insert JavaScript into HTML documents effectively.

9.3.2 Programming Functionality:

● Variables, Data Structures, and Control Flow: Understanding fundamental


programming concepts in JavaScript.

9.3.3 Event Handling:

● Triggering Functions with Events: How to respond to user actions through event
listeners.

**9.3.4 Combining JavaScript

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You said:
continye from cobining java
2/2

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Here's the continuation from "Combining JavaScript":

9.3.4 Combining JavaScript with HTML and CSS:

Dynamic Content Updates: Use JavaScript to change the HTML and CSS properties in
response to user actions.
javascript
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document.getElementById("myButton").onclick = function() {
document.getElementById("myDiv").style.backgroundColor = "blue";
};

Event Listeners: Attach event listeners to elements to execute JavaScript functions when
events occur, such as clicks, mouse movements, or keyboard inputs.
javascript
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document.addEventListener("click", function() {
alert("Element clicked!");
});
●

9.3.5 Debugging JavaScript Code:

Using Console: The console in web browsers can be used to log information, test code
snippets, and debug JavaScript.
javascript
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console.log("This is a log message.");

●
● Breakpoints: Setting breakpoints in developer tools to pause code execution and
inspect variable states.

Topic 10: Designing Web Pages (Detailed Version)

Web Design focuses on the aesthetics and functionality of web pages, ensuring a pleasant user
experience.

10.1 Principles of Design

10.1.1 Wireframes and Mock-ups:

● Creating Wireframes: Outline the basic structure and layout of a webpage without
focusing on aesthetics.
● Mock-ups: Detailed visual representations of a design, showcasing colors, fonts, and
images.

10.1.2 Typography:

● Choosing Fonts: Selecting appropriate fonts to match the website's theme and
enhance readability.
● Font Pairing: Combining different fonts for headings and body text to create visual
hierarchy.

10.1.3 Color Theory:

● Color Schemes: Understanding color harmonies (complementary, analogous) to create


visually appealing designs.
● Accessibility Considerations: Ensuring sufficient contrast between text and
background for readability.

10.2 Principles of Accessibility


10.2.1 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG):

● Understanding WCAG Standards: Guidelines for making web content accessible to


people with disabilities, including visual, auditory, and cognitive impairments.

10.2.2 Semantic HTML:

● Using Semantic Elements: Implementing <header>, <nav>, <article>,


<section>, and <footer> for better accessibility and SEO.

10.2.3 Alt Text for Images:

Providing Descriptions: Using the alt attribute in <img> tags to describe images for screen
readers.
html
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<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of the image">

10.3 Principles of Usability

10.3.1 Intuitive Navigation:

● Creating Clear Navigation Menus: Designing menus that are easy to understand and
use, ensuring users can find information quickly.

10.3.2 Consistent Layout:

● Uniform Design Elements: Maintaining consistency in layouts, colors, and typography


across all pages to enhance user familiarity.

10.3.3 Feedback Mechanisms:

● User Interaction Feedback: Providing visual or auditory feedback when users interact
with elements (e.g., button hover effects).

Topic 11: The Semantic Web (Detailed Version)

The Semantic Web aims to enhance the meaning and context of web data, allowing machines
to understand and interpret web content more effectively.

11.1 Writing Semantic Code


11.1.1 Importance of Semantic HTML:

● Meaningful Markup: Using elements that convey the structure and purpose of content,
improving accessibility and SEO.
● Improved Search Engine Ranking: Search engines favor well-structured, semantic
content.

11.1.2 Semantic Elements:

● Header and Footer: Using <header> for introductory content and <footer> for
concluding information.
● Navigation Menus: Employing <nav> to wrap navigation links for clarity.

11.1.3 Benefits of Semantic HTML:

● Enhanced Accessibility: Screen readers can better interpret content.


● Future-Proofing: Adhering to semantic practices ensures compatibility with future web
technologies.

11.1 Writing Semantic Code (Continued)

11.1.3 Grouping Elements:

● Using Non-Semantic Tags: While semantic HTML is preferred, non-semantic elements


like <div> and <span> can still be used for grouping content when no semantic tags
are applicable.

Example:
html
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<div class="content-section">
<h2>Section Title</h2>
<p>Some important information goes here.</p>
</div>

○
● Maintaining Structure: Even with non-semantic elements, it's important to maintain a
clear structure for CSS styling and JavaScript functionality.

11.1.4 Semantic Code and SEO:

● Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Semantic markup helps search engines index
pages more effectively by providing context about the content.
○ Descriptive Tags: Using tags like <article> and <section> informs search
engines about the type of content present.
● Improved Crawling: Semantic HTML allows search engines to navigate and interpret
website content more accurately, enhancing search rankings.

11.1.5 Using Semantic Markup for Textual Meaning:

● Importance and Emphasis:

<strong> and <em>: Use these tags to denote important or emphasized text, improving
accessibility for screen readers.
html
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<p>This is <strong>important</strong> and this is <em>emphasized</em>
text.</p>

○
● Quotations and Citations:

Blockquotes: Use <blockquote> for longer quotations.


html
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<blockquote cite="source_url">This is a quote from a
source.</blockquote>

Citations: Use <cite> to reference the title of a work.


html
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<p>According to <cite>The Great Gatsby</cite>,...</p>

Abbreviations and Acronyms: Use <abbr> to indicate abbreviations and <acronym>


(deprecated in HTML5, use <abbr> instead).
html
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<p>HTML stands for <abbr title="HyperText Markup
Language">HTML</abbr>.</p>

11.1.6 Self-Contained Content:

● Figure and Caption:


Using <figure> and <figcaption>: These tags are used to group images and their
captions, making it easier for assistive technologies to understand their relationship.
html
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<figure>
<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of the image">
<figcaption>This is an image caption.</figcaption>
</figure>

○
● Semantic Grouping: This practice improves the clarity and accessibility of multimedia
content.

11.1.7 Web Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA):

● Understanding WAI-ARIA: WAI-ARIA provides additional semantics to HTML elements


to enhance accessibility for users with disabilities.

Roles: Assign roles to elements to define their purpose.


html
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<div role="navigation">...</div>

States and Properties: Use ARIA attributes to convey dynamic changes in the interface (e.g.,
aria-expanded, aria-hidden).
html
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<button aria-expanded="false">Menu</button>

Live Regions: Use aria-live to notify screen readers of dynamic content changes without a
page refresh.
html
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<div aria-live="polite">This content will update.</div>

●
● Enhanced Keyboard Navigation: Ensure that all interactive elements are accessible
via keyboard navigation, improving usability for all users.

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