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12-Propositional Logic

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12-Propositional Logic

Uploaded by

Sieele
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Propositional

Logic
Competency: Solve problems in
propositional logic using truth tables
and rules of logic
What is a Proposition?
• Statement that is either True or False
(but not both)
• Basic building block of logic
• Join statements together to form more
complicated propositions using AND,
OR, NOT
• Example: It is raining

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Propositional Logic
• Branch of logic that studies ways to join
and/or modify propositions to form more
complicated propositions

Connective Symbol Statement


AND ^ Conjunction
OR V Disjunction
NOT ~ Negation
If…then → Implication
If and only if Biconditional

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Rules of Logic
There are three laws (attributed to
Aristotle) upon which logic and rational
thinking are based:
1. Law of Identity
2. Law of Non-Contradiction
3. Law of Excluded Middle

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1. Law of Identity
If a statement is determined to be True,
then the statement is True.

TRUE = ?

TRUE

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2. Law of Non-Contradiction
A single propositional statement that is
either True or False cannot be both True
and False.

TRUE ≠ ?

FALSE

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2. Law of Excluded Middle
For every proposition, either the
proposition or its negation is True.
(There is no maybe…)

TRUE V ~TRUE = ?
TRUE

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Truth Tables
Uses columns for each input variable with
columns using connectives (^, V, ~)
showing results.
Propositions: p, q (2 different statements)
T = True; F = False
p q p^q pVq
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F F
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Problem – Find Symbols
Let p be “Marc is rich” and q be “Marc is happy”.

Denote the following sentences in symbolic form:


a) Marc is poor but happy
b) Marc is neither rich nor happy
c) Marc is either rich or unhappy
d) Marc is poor or he is both rich and unhappy

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Solution – Find Symbols
Let p be “Marc is rich” and q be “Marc is happy”.

Denote the following sentences in symbolic form:


a) Marc is poor but happy → ~p ^ q
b) Marc is neither rich nor happy → ~p ^ ~q
c) Marc is either rich or unhappy → p V ~q
d) Marc is poor or he is both rich and unhappy →
~p V (p ^ ~q)

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Problem – Find Statements
Let p be “Marc is rich” and q be “Marc is happy”.

Use the following symbols to write the sentences:


a) p ^ ~q
b) ~p V ~q
c) ~~p ^ ~q
d) q V (p ^ ~q)

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Solution – Find Statements
Let p be “Marc is rich” and q be “Marc is happy”.

Use the following symbols to write the sentences:


a) p ^ ~q → Marc is rich and unhappy
b) ~p V ~q → Marc is poor or unhappy
c) ~~p ^ ~q → Marc is rich and unhappy
d) q V (p ^ ~q) → Marc is happy or he is both
rich and unhappy

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Problem – Truth Tables
Create one truth table for p, q, p ^ q, p V q,
p ^ ~ q, ~q V (p ^ q). Start with:

p q
T T
T F
F T
F F

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Solution – Truth Tables
Create one truth table for p, q, p ^ q, p V q,
p ^ ~ q, ~q V (p ^ q). (Add ~q as a column)

p q p^q pVq ~q p ^ ~q ~q V (p ^ q)
T T T T F F T
T F F T T T T
F T F T F F F
F F F F T F F

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