SIMATS SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES

CHENNAI-602105

MASTER RECORD

EEA01 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
 DO’S AND DON’T’S

DO’S
1. Follow the dress code strictly.
2. Be thorough with the experiment procedure. Identify the different leads or terminals or
pins of the component before making connections
3. Know the biasing voltage required for different families of components and connect the
power supply voltage and ground terminals to the respective pins.
4. Come with the completed observation and record notebook.
5. Maintain discipline in the lab at all times.
6. Enter the details in the components register before the start of the lab exercise.
7. Students should handle all the equipment carefully.
8. Report any breakage or damage to the Lab –in-charge immediately.
9. Get the signature in the observation from the faculty before proceeding to the experiment
10. Return the components after the completion of the experiments before leaving the lab.
11. Keep the lab neat and switch off the fans and lights when not in use.
12. Do not eat food in the laboratory.
13. Be present in the lab at the scheduled time.

DONT’S
1. Avoid loose connections and short circuits
2. Do not exceed the voltage rating of component
3. Don’t move inside the lab without permission and interchange the equipment.
4. Don’t cut and throw connecting wires and waste papers in the lab unnecessarily.
5. Don’t leave the lab without arranging the chairs and cleaning the work station.
6. Don’t manipulate the readings.
7. Protect yourself from getting electric shock.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Verification of Ohm’s law & Kirchhoff’s law.

2. Calculate the individual branch currents and total current drawn from the power
supply for the following set of resistors connected together in a parallel using current
and voltage division rules.
3. Verification of star-delta transformation using resistance reduction technique.
4. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems.
5. Verification of Superposition and Maximum power transfer Theorems.
6. Load test on Single Phase Transformer.
7. To obtain equivalent circuit, efficiency and voltage regulation of a single phase
transformer using O.C. and S.C. tests.
8. Calculation of Secondary turns and Current in a transformer.
9. Load test on Single phase Induction Motor.
10. To determine the output characteristics of LVDT and calibrate the measuring
instruments.
11. Power measurement using two wattmeter methods.
12. Calculate the energy consumption using the Energy meter.
13. Load test on DC shunt Motor.
14. Staircase Wiring & Fluorescent tube wiring
15. Find Stability of a System Using Routh Hurwitz Criterion.
16. Investigating the Performance of Three-Phase Induction Motor Drive Systems in
Electric Vehicle Applications.
17. Write SCILAB program to generate the following signals:
(a) Unit step signal
(b) Unit Impulse signal
(c) Unit ramp signal
(d) Sinusoidal signal
(e) Exponential signal
18. Write a SCILAB program to obtain the following:
(a) DIT-FFT Algorithm
(b) DIF-FFT Algorithm
19. Design a filter using the Transformation Method.
 (a) Bilinear Transformation
(b) Impulse Invariant Transformation
20. Write the SCILAB program to design the following Butterworth filters
(a)Low pass filter
(b)High pass filter
(c)Band pass filter
(d)Band reject filter.
Expt. No.1 Verification of Ohm’s law & Kirchhoff’s law

1. (a) Verification of Ohm’s law

AIM:
To verify Ohm’s law for a given resistive network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Name Range Quantity

1 RPS (0-30)V 1
2 Ammeter (0-200)mA 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V 1
4 Resistor 1KΩ 1
5 Rheostat 300Ω/2A 1
6 Bread board & Connecting wires -- Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply to RPS and apply a voltage (say 10V) and take the reading of
voltmeter and ammeter.
3. Adjust the rheostat in steps and take down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
4. Plot a graph with V along x-axis and I along y-axis.
5. The graph will be a straight line which verifies Ohm's law.
6. Determine the slope of the V-I graph. The reciprocal of the slope gives resistance of the
wire.

1
OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Voltage (V) Current (mA) Experimental Theoretical

Value Value
R = V/I in Ω R = V/I in Ω
1. 1 5 200 220
2. 2 10 200 220
3. 3 16 187.5 220
4. 4 20 200 220
5. 5 24 208.3 220

6. 6 28 214.28 220
7. 7 32 218.75 220

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS

1. V=IR
V 1
I=   4.5454mA
R 220
V 1
R   220
I 4.5454  10 3
V 2
2. I=   9.0909mA
R 220
V 2
R   220
I 9.0909  10 3
V 3
3. I=   13.6363mA
R 220
V 3
R   220
I 13.6363  10 3
V 4
4. I=   18.1818mA
R 220
V 4
R   220
I 18.1818  10 3
V 5
5. I=   22.7272mA
R 220
V 5
R   220
I 22.7272  10 3
V 6
6. I=   27.2727 mA
R 220
V 6
R   220
I 27.2727  10 3
V 7
7. I=   31.8181mA
R 220
V 7
R   220
I 31.8181 10 3

2
MODEL GRAPH:

3
Marks Obtained:

Theoretical Calculations 20
Observation 20
Execution of practice examples 30
Viva 10
Record 20
Total Score 100
Date of experiment
Date of record submission
Faculty signature

RESULT:

Thus the Ohm’s law is verified for the given circuit.

4
Test case 1:

Conduct a simulation to verify Ohm’s law with a relevant circuit using matlab
Simulink.

Tabulations:

S.No. Voltage (V) Current (mA) Simulation Theoretical

Value Value
R = V/I in Ω R = V/I in Ω
1. 1 3.0303 330 330
2. 2 6.0606 330 330
3. 3 9.0909 330 330
4. 4 12.1212 330 330
5. 5 15.1515 330 330

6. 6 18.1818 330 330

7. 7 21.2121 330 330

5
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS

1. V=IR
V 1
I=   3.0303mA
R 330
V 1
R   330
I 3.0303  103
V 2
2. I=   6.0606mA
R 330
V 2
R   330
I 6.0606  10 3
V 3
3. I=   9.0909mA
R 330
V 3
R   330
I 9.0909  103
V 4
4. I=   12.1212mA
R 330
V 4
R   330
I 12.1212  103
V 5
5. I=   15.1515mA
R 330
V 5
R   330
I 15.1515  103
V 6
6. I=   18.1818mA
R 330
V 6
R   330
I 18.1818  103
V 7
7. I=   21.2121mA
R 330
V 7
R   330
I 21.2121 10 3

6
Test case 2:

Conduct a simulation to verify Ohm’s law with a relevant circuit using matlab Simulink.

Tabulations:

7
S.No. Voltage (V) Current (mA) Simulation Value Theoretical Value
R = V/I in Ω R = V/I in Ω
1. 1 1.7857 560 560
2. 2 3.5714 560 560
3. 3 5.3571 560 560
4. 4 7.1429 560 560
5. 5 8.9286 560 560
6. 6 10.7143 560 560
7. 7 12.5 560 560
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS
1. V=IR
V 1
I=   1.7857 mA
R 560
V 1
R    560
I 1.7857  10 3
V 2
2. I=   3.5714 mA
R 560
V 2
R    560
I 3.5714  10 3
V 3
3. I=   5.3571mA
R 560
V 3
R    560
I 5.3571 10 3
V 4
4. I=   7.1428mA
R 560
V 4
R    560
I 7.1428  10 3
V 5
5. I=   8.9286 mA
R 560
V 5
R    560
I 8.9286  10 3
V 6
6. I=   10.7143mA
R 560
V 6
R    560
I 10.7143  10 3
V 7
7. I=   12.5mA
R 560
V 7
R    560
I 12.5  10 3

8
Test case 3:

Conduct a simulation to verify Ohm’s law with a relevant circuit using matlab
Simulink.

9
Tabulations:

S.No. Voltage (V) Current (mA) Simulation Value Theoretical Value

R = V/I in Ω R = V/I in Ω
1. 1 1 1000 1000
2. 2 2 1000 1000
3. 3 3 1000 1000
4. 4 4 1000 1000
5. 5 5 1000 1000
6. 6 6 1000 1000
7. 7 7 1000 1000

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS

10
1. V=IR
V 1
I=   1mA
R 1000
V 1
R   1000
I 1 10 3
V 2
2. I=   2mA
R 1000
V 2
R   1000
I 2  10 3
V 3
3. I=   3mA
R 1000
V 3
R   1000
I 3  10 3
V 4
4. I=   4mA
R 1000
V 4
R   1000
I 4  10 3
V 5
5. I=   5mA
R 1000
V 5
R   1000
I 5  10 3
V 6
6. I=   6mA
R 1000
V 6
R   1000
I 6  10 3
V 7
7. I=   7 mA
R 1000
V 7
R   1000
I 7  10 3

11
Test case 4:

Conduct a simulation to verify Ohm’s law with a relevant circuit using matlab
Simscape.

Tabulations:

S.No. Voltage (V) Current (mA) Simulation Value Theoretical Value

R = V/I in Ω R = V/I in Ω
1. 1 0.05 20000 20000
2. 2 0.1 20000 20000
3. 3 0.15 20000 20000

12
 4. 4 0.2 20000 20000
5. 5 0.25 20000 20000
6. 6 0.3 20000 20000
7. 7 0.35 20000 20000

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS

1. V=IR
V 1
I=   0.05mA
R 20000
V 1
R   20000
I 0.05  103
V 2
2. I=   0.1mA
R 20000
V 2
R   20000
I 0.1 103
V 3
3. I=   0.15mA
R 20000
V 3
R   20000
I 0.15  103
V 4
4. I=   0.2mA
R 20000
V 4
R   20000
I 0.2  103
V 5
5. I=   0.25mA
R 20000
V 5
R   20000
I 0.25  103
V 6
6. I=   0.3mA
R 20000
V 6
R   20000
I 0.3  103
V 7
7. I=   0.35mA
R 20000
V 7
R   20000
I 0.35  103

13
14
Exp. No. 1b VERIFICATIONS OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

15
Tabulation for KVL:

Parameter Experimental Value Theoretical Value

Supply Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
voltage Across Across Across Loop Across Across Across Loop
R1 R2 R3 Current(mA) R1 R2 R3 Current(mA)
20V 7.2 7.3 4.5 21 7.5V 7.5V 5V 22.73
Theoretical Calculation:
V  20V
R=R 1 +R 2 +R 3
R  330  330  220  880
V 20
I   0.02273 A  22.73mA
R 880
V1  IR1  0.02273  330  7.5V
V2  IR2  0.02273  330  7.5V
V3  IR3  0.02273  220  5V
V  V1  V2  V3
V  7.5  7.5  5  20V

16
 1. (b) Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Tabulation for KCL:

Parameter Experimental Value Theoretical Value

Supply Current Current Current I2 + I3 Current Current Current I2 + I3
voltage I1 (mA) I2(mA) I3(mA) (mA) I1(mA) I2(mA) I3(mA)
10V 19.5 11.5 8 19.5 21.64 12.98 8.6575 21.64

Theoretical Calculation:

To Find R eq :
R eq =R1 +R 2 ||R 3
R eq =330+220||330
 220  330 
R eq =330     462
 220  330 
V  10V
V 10
I   0.02164 A  21.64mA
R 462
V1  I1 R1  0.02164  330  7.14V
V  V1  V2
10  7.14  V2
V2  2.857V
V2 2.857
I2    0.01298  12.98mA
R2 220
V3 2.857
I3    8.6575mA
R3 330
sum of incoming current = sum of outgoing current
I1 =I 2 +I3
I1 =12.98  8.657  21.64mA

17
Marks Obtained:

Theoretical Calculations 20
Observation 20
Execution of practice examples 30
Viva 10
Record 20
Total Score 100
Date of experiment
Date of record submission
Faculty signature

RESULT:

Thus the Kirchhoff’s voltage and current law is verified for the given circuit.

18
Kirchhoffs Voltage law

Test Case 1:

Design a circuit to verify Kirchoff’s voltage law for input voltages 100 V which
uses three resistors R1= 1 ohm, R2= 2 ohm and R3=3ohm connected in series
and this combination is connected across a constant DC source. Also, verify the
results by Matlab simulink

Tabulation:

Parameter Simulation Value Theoretical Value

Supply Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
voltage Across Across Across Loop Across Across Across Loop
R1 R2 R3 Current R1 R2 R3 Current
100V 16.67V 33.33V 50 V 16.67A 16.67V 33.33V 50 V 16.67A

Theoretical Calculation:

Supply voltage V=100V

Total Resistance R= R1 +R2 + R3 = 1+2+3=6Ω

V 100
Current I= = =16.67A
R 6

V1=IR1 = 16.67x1=16.67V

V2=IR2 = 16.67x2=33.33V

V3=IR3 = 16.67x3=50V

19
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states:

"The sum of all voltage drops around a closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero."

V= V1 + V2 + V3 = 16.67+33.33+50 =100V

Test Case 2:

Design a circuit to verify Kirchoff’s Voltage law for input voltages V=8V. The circuit uses
R1= 1kΩ and R2= 2 kΩ. This setup is connected across a constant voltage source. Also,
verify the results by Matlab simulink

Tabulation:

Parameter Simulation Value Theoretical Value

Supply Voltage Voltage Loop Voltage Voltage Loop
voltage Across Across Current Across Across Current
R1 R2 R1 R2
8V 2.667V 5.333V 2.667mA 2.667V 5.333V 2.667mA

Theoretical Calculation:

Supply voltage V=100V

Total Resistance R= R1 +R2 = 1000+2000=3000Ω

V 8
Current I= = =2.667mA
R 3000

V1=IR1 = 2.667x10-3x1000=2.667V

V2=IR2 = 2.667x10-3 x 2000=5.333V

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states:

20
"The sum of all voltage drops around a closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero."

V= V1 + V2 = 2.667+5.333 =8V

Test Case 3:

Design a circuit to verify Kirchoff’s Voltage law for input voltages V=5V. The circuit uses
R1= 1kΩ connected in series and three resistor R2, R3 and R4 are 2 kΩ connected in parallel.
This setup is connected across a constant voltage source. Also, verify the results by Matlab
simulink

Tabulation:

Parameter Simulation Value Theoretical Value

Supply Voltage Voltage Loop Voltage Voltage Loop
voltage Across Across Current Across Across Current
R1 R2 R1 R2
5V 3V 2V 3mA 3V 2V 3mA

Theoretical Calculation:

Supply voltage V=5V

Total Resistance R= R1 +R2 || R3 ||R4= 1000+666.667=1666.667Ω

V 5
Current I= = =3mA
R 1666.667

V1=IR1 = 3x10-3x1000=3V

21
V=V1+V2

5=3+V2

V2=2V

V2=I2R2

V2 2
i2 = = =1mA
R 2 2000

V3 2
i3 = = =1mA
R 3 2000

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states:

"The sum of all voltage drops around a closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero."

V= V1 + V2 = 3+2=5V

Test Case 4:

In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of EMF and voltage drops is zero. Prove this
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law simulated for the below circuit.

22
Tabulation:

Parameter Simulation Value Theoretical Value

Supply Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
voltage Across Across Across Across Across Across Across Across Across Across R6
R1 R3 R4 R5 R6 R1 R3 R4 R5
12V 5.152 1.384V 2.414V 1.668V 1.382V 5.152 1.384V 2.414V 1.668V 1.382V
V V

Theoretical Calculation:

V=IR

 3040 2000   i1  12 

 2000 3540  i    0 
  2  
  6761600
12 2000 
1  
0 3540 
1  42480
 3040 12 
2  
 2000 0 
 2  24000

23
 1 42480
i1    6.2825 mA
 6761600
 24000
i2  2   3.5494 mA
 6761600
V1 =I1R1  6.2825 103  820  5.1516V
V2 =  I1  I 2  R 2  2.733110 3  2000  5.466V
V3 =I 2 R 3  3.5494  103  390  1.3843V
V4 =I 2 R 4  3.5494 103  680  2.4135V
V5 =I 2 R 5  3.5494  103  470  1.6682V
V6 =I1R 6  6.2825  103  220  1.3822V

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states:

"The sum of all voltage drops around a closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero."

V= V1 + V3 + V4 + V5 + V6 = 5.152 +1.3843+2.4135+1.6682+1.3822 =12V

Kirchhoffs Current law

Test Case 1:
Solve the currents in the circuit shown in Fig. 1. And verify the result using matlab Simulink.

24
Tabulation for KCL:

Paramet Simulation Value Theoretical Value

er
Supply Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
voltage I1 (mA) I2(mA) I3(mA) I4(mA) I1(mA) I2(mA) I3(mA) I4(mA)
12V 19.08 3.987 13.16 1.935 19.08 3.987 13.16 1.935

Theoretical Calculation:

To find equivalent resistance:

R e q  R1  R2 || R3 || R4
R e q  560  330 ||100 || 680
330  100
R e q  560  || 680
330  100
R eq  560  76.7442 || 680
76.7442  680
R e q  560 
76.7442  680
R eq  628.96

V  I1 R
V 12
I1    19.0791mA
R 628.9613
V1  I1 R 1  0.019079  560  10.68V
V  V1  V2
12  10.68  V2
V2  1.3157V

25
V2  I 2 R2
1.3157  I 2  330
I 2  3.9870mA
V3  I 3 R3
V3 1.3157
I3    13.157 mA
R3 100
V4  I 4 R4
V4 1.3157
I4    1.9348mA
R4 680

Test Case 2:
Solve the currents in the circuit shown in Fig. And verify the result using matlab Simulink.

26
Tabulation for KCL:

Param Simulation Value Theoretical Value

eter
Supply Curre Curre Curre Curr Curre Curr Current Curre Curr Curre Curr Cu
voltag nt IT nt nt ent nt ent I1(A) nt ent nt ent rre
e (A) I1(A) I2(A) I3(A) I4(A) I5(A) I2(A) I3(A I4(A) I5(A) nt
) I1(
A)
132V 12.01 4.978 7.028 2 6 4 12.01 4.978 7.02 2 6 4
8

Theoretical Calculation:

1 1 1 1 1
   
RT R1 R2 2.4 1.7
RT  0.995  1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
     
RT R1 R2 R3 60 20 30
RT  10
R e q  1  10  11
132
IT   12 A
11
V1  IT  R1  12  1  12V
V  V1  V2
V2  V  V1  132  12  120V
V1 12
I1    5A
R1 2.4
V1 12
I2    7A
R2 2.4
V2 120
I3    2A
R3 60
V2 120
I4    6A
R4 20
V2 120
I5    4A
R5 30

Test Case 3:
In the circuit shown in Fig., find the current I by mesh method and the power supplied by
each battery to the 1.25 Ω resistor. Verify the result using matlab Simulink.

27
Tabulation for KCL:

Parameter Simulation Value Theoretical Value

Supply Current Curren Curren Current Current Current
voltage IT (A) t I1(A) t I2(A) Pow Pow I1(A) I2(A) I3(A) Po Powe
er er wer r P20
V1 V2 P10 P20 P10
10 20 2.5 1.375 1.125 13.7 22.5 2.5 1.375 1.125 13. 22.5
5 75

Theoretical Calculation:

28
29
Test Case 4:

Solve the mesh currents in the circuit shown in Fig. 1. And verify the result using matlab
Simulink.

Tabulation for KCL:

Parameter Simulation Value Theoretical Value

Supply Current I1 Current Current I3(A) Current Current I2(A) Current

voltage (A) I2(A) I1(A) I3(A)

10,5,8,20 0.2026 -0.439 0.8886 0.2026 -0.439 0.8886

Theoretical Calculation:

30
31
 Expt. No. 02
Verification of current and voltage division rules
AIM:
To calculate the individual branch currents and total current drawn from the power supply
using current and voltage division rules.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Name Range Quantity

1 DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 1
2 Ammeter (0-200)mA 4
3 Resistor 1kΩ, 220Ω Each two
4 Bread board & Connecting wires -- Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CURRENT DIVISION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Voltage Division Circuit Diagram:

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set a particular value in RPS.
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter reading
4. Repeat the same for different voltages
 OBSERVATIONS:

CURRENT DIVISION RULE:

Current (mA)
S. No. Voltage (V)
I1 I2 I3 I4
1 1 5 10.64 15.15 8.93
2 2 10 21.28 30.3 17.86
3 3 15 31.91 45.45 26.79
4 4 20 42.55 60.61 35.71
5 5 25 53.19 75.76 44.64

VOLTAGE DIVISION RULE:

RPS Voltage Voltage across Resistors (V) V1+V2+V3

S. No.
(V) V1 V2 V3 (V)
1 5 1.16 1.42 2.41 5
2 10 2.32 2.84 4.83 10
3 15 3.49 4.26 7.24 15
4 20 4.65 5.68 9.66 20
5 25 5.81 7.1 12.07 25

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

CURRENT DIVISION RULE:

For Voltage (V) = 5V:
Resistor R1 = 470 Ω:
I1 = V / R1= 5V / 470Ω = 10.64 mA
Resistor R2 = 330 Ω:
I2 = V / R2= 5V / 330Ω = 15.15 mA
Resistor R3 = 560 Ω:
I3 = V / R3 = 5V / 560Ω = 8.93 mA
Resistor R4 = 690 Ω:
I4 = V / R4 = 5V / 690Ω = 7.25 mA

For Voltage (V) = 10V:

Resistor R1 = 470 Ω:
I1 = V / R1= 10V / 470Ω = 21.28 mA
Resistor R2 = 330 Ω:
I2 = V / R2= 10V / 330Ω = 30.30 mA
Resistor R3 = 560 Ω:
I3 = V / R3 = 10V / 560Ω = 17.86 mA
Resistor R4 = 690 Ω:
I4 = V / R4 = 10V / 690Ω = 14.49 mA

For Voltage (V) = 15V:

Resistor R1 = 470 Ω:
I1 = V / R1= 15V / 470Ω = 31.91 mA
Resistor R2 = 330 Ω:
I2 = V / R2= 15V / 330Ω = 45.45 mA
Resistor R3 = 560 Ω:
I3 = V / R3 = 15V / 560Ω = 26.79 mA
Resistor R4 = 690 Ω:
I4 = V / R4 = 15V / 690Ω = 21.74 mA

For Voltage (V) = 20V:

Resistor R1 = 470 Ω:
I1 = V / R1= 20V / 470Ω = 42.55 mA
Resistor R2 = 330 Ω:
I2 = V / R2= 20V / 330Ω = 60.61 mA
Resistor R3 = 560 Ω:
I3 = V / R3 = 20V / 560Ω = 35.71 mA
Resistor R4 = 690 Ω:
I4 = V / R4 = 20V / 690Ω = 28.99 mA

For Voltage (V) = 25V:

Resistor R1 = 470 Ω:
I1 = V / R1= 25V / 470Ω = 53.19 mA
Resistor R2 = 330 Ω:
I2 = V / R2= 25V / 330Ω = 75.76 mA
Resistor R3 = 560 Ω:
I3 = V / R3 = 25V / 560Ω = 44.64 mA
Resistor R4 = 690 Ω:
I4 = V / R4 = 25V / 690Ω = 36.23 mA

VOLTAGE DIVISION RULE:

For RPS Voltage (V) = 5V:
Voltage across Resistor R1 (270 Ω):
V1 = 5 * (270 / 1160) = 1.16 V
Voltage across Resistor R2 (330 Ω):
V2 = 5 * (330 / 1160) = 1.42 V
Voltage across Resistor R3 (560 Ω):
V3 = 5 * (560 / 1160) = 2.41 V

Check: V1 + V2 + V3 = 1.16 + 1.42 + 2.41 = 5.00 V

For RPS Voltage (V) = 10V:

Voltage across Resistor R1 (270 Ω):
V1 = 10 * (270 / 1160) = 2.33 V
Voltage across Resistor R2 (330 Ω):
V2 = 10 * (330 / 1160) = 2.84 V
Voltage across Resistor R3 (560 Ω):
V3 = 10 * (560 / 1160) = 4.83 V

Check: V1 + V2 + V3 = 2.33 + 2.84 + 4.83 = 10.00 V

For RPS Voltage (V) = 15V:

Voltage across Resistor R1 (270 Ω):
V1 = 15 * (270 / 1160) = 3.49 V
Voltage across Resistor R2 (330 Ω):
V2 = 15 * (330 / 1160) = 4.27 V
Voltage across Resistor R3 (560 Ω):
V3 = 15 * (560 / 1160) = 7.24 V

Check: V1 + V2 + V3 = 3.49 + 4.27 + 7.24 = 15.00 V

For RPS Voltage (V) = 20V:

Voltage across Resistor R1 (270 Ω):
V1 = 20 * (270 / 1160) = 4.66 V
Voltage across Resistor R2 (330 Ω):
V2 = 20 * (330 / 1160) = 5.69 V
Voltage across Resistor R3 (560 Ω):
V3 = 20 * (560 / 1160) = 9.66 V

Check: V1 + V2 + V3 = 4.66 + 5.69 + 9.66 = 20.00 V

For RPS Voltage (V) = 25V:

Voltage across Resistor R1 (270 Ω):
V1 = 25 * (270 / 1160) = 5.82 V
Voltage across Resistor R2 (330 Ω):
V2 = 25 * (330 / 1160) = 7.11 V
Voltage across Resistor R3 (560 Ω):
V3 = 25 * (560 / 1160) = 12.07 V

Check: V1 + V2 + V3 = 5.82 + 7.11 + 12.07 = 25.00 V

RESULT:

Thus, the individual branch currents and total current drawn from the power supply are
calculated using current and voltage division rules.

9
 EXP 02: VOLTAGE DIVISION AND CURRENT DIVISION
Case 01:
Analyze the given circuit where a resistor R1=5 kΩ, R2=10kΩ, and R3=7.5 kΩ are
connected in a series circuit powered by a 45V DC source.
Instructions:
 Simulate the circuit on MATLAB/Simulink or NI Multisim to verify your calculated
values.
 Report the simulated current and voltage drops across each resistor and compare them
with your calculated values.
NI Multisim Simulation Result: Voltage Division

NI Multisim Simulation Result: Current Division

Simulation Results Theoretical Values

Total Total
Component R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
Voltage/Current Voltage/Current
Voltage (V) 10 V 20 V 15 V 45 V 10 V 20 V 15 V 45 V
Current
2 mA 2 mA 2 mA 2 mA 2 mA 2 mA 2 mA 2 mA
(mA)
Case 02:
Analyze the given circuit where resistors R1=1kΩ, R2=3kΩ, and R3=2kΩ are connected in
parallel to a 6V DC source.
Instructions:
 Simulate the circuit on MATLAB/Simulink or NI Multisim to verify your calculated
values.
 Report the simulated equivalent resistance, currents through each resistor, and total
current, then compare them with your calculated values.
 NI Multisim Simulation Result: Voltage Division

NI Multisim Simulation Result: Current Division

Simulation Results Theoretical Calculation Results

Component R1 R2 R3 Vsource R1 R2 R3 Vsource

Voltage (V) 6V 6V 6V 6V 6V 6V 6V 6V
Current 3 Itotal=IR1+IR2+IR3
6 mA 2 mA 3 mA =11 mA 6 mA 2 mA
(mA) mA =11 mA
Case 03:
Analyze the given circuit where resistors RA=7 Ω, RB=2 Ω, and RC=13 Ω are connected as
shown in the circuit with a 10.5V DC source.
Instructions:
 Simulate the circuit on MATLAB/Simulink or NI Multisim to verify your calculated
values.
 Report the simulated equivalent resistance, currents through each resistor, and total
current, then compare them with your calculated values.
NI Multisim Simulation Result: Voltage Division
NI Multisim Simulation Result: Current Division

Simulation Results Theoretical Calculation Results

Component RA RB RC Vsource RA RB RC Vsource

8.414 2.086 2.086 8.414 2.086 2.086

Voltage (V) 10.5 V 10.5 V
V V V V V V
1.202 1.040 0.162 1.202 1.040 0.162
Current (A) 1.202 A 1.202 A
A A A A A A
Case 04:
Analyze the complex resistive circuit, resistors RA=2 Ω, RB=3 Ω, RC=5 Ω, RD=1 Ω, RE=8 Ω,
RF=4 Ω, RG=7 Ω, RH=9 Ω, and RI=1 Ω are arranged as shown, with a 25V DC power
supply.
Instructions:
 Simulate the circuit on MATLAB/Simulink or NI Multisim to verify your calculated
values.
 Report the simulated equivalent resistance, currents through each resistor, and total
current, then compare them with your calculated values.
Ni Multisim Simulation Results: KVL

Ni Multisim Simulation Results: KVL

 Simulation Results Theoretical Calculation Results

RA RB RI RC||RDE||RFGH Vsource RA RB RC RC||RDE||RFGH Vsource

5.702V 8.553V 2.851V 7.895V 25 5.644V 8.466V 2.822V 8.068 25

IRC IRDE IRFGH I Total IRC IRDE IRFGH I Total

1.579A 0.8772A 0.395A 2.851A 1.614A 0.896A 0.403A 2.913A

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

Expt. No. 03
Verification of star delta transformation Using
Resistance Reduction Technique

AIM:
To calculate the equivalent circuit resistance using star delta transformation
technique.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Name Range Quantity

1 Resistor
2 Bread board & Connecting wires -- Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit
between P and Q using star – deltatransformation
technique
3. Verify the same by connecting Multimeter across PQ

OBSERVATIONS:
Theoretical value
S.No. Measured value(RPQ)
(RPQ) inohm
in ohm

1 1204 1200
Theoretical Calculations:

RESULT:

Thus the equivalent circuit resistance is obtained using star delta transformation technique.
Test Case 1: Design a MATLAB Simulink model to find the effective
resistance between A&B using star delta transformation.

Simulink Model:

Theoretical Calculations:
OBSERVATIONS:
Theoretical value Measured valuein
S.No. (RPQ) inohm
MATLAB(RPQ) in ohm

1 2.4 2

Test Case 2: Design a circuit to verify star delta reduction technique for the
bridge circuit shown below. Calculate the effective resistance between the
terminals A & B theoretically and practically.

Circuit Diagram

Theoretical Calculations:
OBSERVATIONS:
Theoretical value
Measured value(RPQ)
S.No. (RPQ) inohm
in ohm

1 201.85 198

Test Case 3: Design a circuit to verify star delta reduction technique for the
circuit shown below. Calculate the effective resistance between the terminals A
& B theoretically and practically.

Circuit Diagram

Theoretical Calculations:

OBSERVATIONS:
Theoretical value
S.No. Measured value(RPQ)
(RPQ) inohm
in ohm

1 323.9 315
Test Case 4: Design a circuit to verify star delta reduction technique for the
circuit shown below. Calculate the effective resistance between the terminals A
& B theoretically and practically.

Circuit Diagram

Theoretical Calculations:

OBSERVATIONS:
Theoretical value
Measured value(RPQ)
S.No. (RPQ) inohm
in ohm

1 421 412
 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

Expt. No. 04
Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems

AIM:
To verify the equivalent circuit parameters of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Name Range Quantity

1 DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-30)V 1
3 Ammeter (0-200)mA 1
4 Resistor 330Ω, 220Ω, 470 Ω, As required
560 Ω,100 Ω
5 Multimeter - 1
6 Bread board & Connecting wires -- As Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE FOR THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Measure Rth using a multimeter by killing sources (O.C the current source and S.C the
voltage source) and open circuit RL.
3. Measure Vth across A & B (open circuit RL)
4. Measure load current IL through RL.

5. Draw the Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit.

 MODEL CALCULATION: THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(mA) Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(mA)

1 20 642.5 3.5 4.06 640 3.5 4.0

PROCEDURE FOR NORTON’S THEOREM:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Measure Rth using a multimeter by killing sources (O.C the current source and S.C the
voltage source) and open circuit RL.
3. Measure IN through A & B (Short circuit RL)
4. Measure load current IL through RL.
5. Draw the Norton’s Equivalent Circuit.
MODEL CALCULATION: NORTON’S THEOREM:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) ISC(mA) IL(mA) Rth(Ω) ISC(mA) IL(mA)

1 20 642.5 5.455 4.063 640 5.5 4.0

RESULT:

Thus the equivalent circuit parameters are obtained using Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem.
Test Case 1: A 12V voltage source is connected in series with two resistors,
R1=4 Ω and R2=6 Ω. The load resistor RL=8 Ω is connected across the
terminals where Thevenin’s equivalent is to be found. Verify the results
using MATLAB SIMULINK.

MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL(THEVENIN’S):

To find IL:

To find Vth:

To find Rth:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(A) Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(A)

1 12 2.4 7.2 0.72 2.4 7.2 0.6923

 MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL (NORTON’S):
To find IL:

To find ISC:

To find Rth:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) ISC(A) IL(A) Rth(Ω) ISC(A) IL(A)

1 12 2.4 1.2 0.692 2.4 3 0.6923

MODEL CALCULATION:
Test Case 2: Determine the current flows through 330 Ω resistor by
applying Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorem theoretically and Verify the
results using MATLAB SIMULINK. Assume 12V supply.

MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL(THEVENIN’S):

To find IL:

To find Vth:

To find Rth:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(A) Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(A)

1 12 82.46 9.87 0.024 82.46 9.895 0.02399

 MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL (NORTON’S):
To find IL:

To find ISC:

To find Rth:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) ISC(A) IL(A) Rth(Ω) ISC(A) IL(A)

1 12 82.46 0.12 0.024 82.46 0.12 0.02399

MODEL CALCULATION:
Test Case 3: Determine the current flows through 3 Ω resistor by applying
Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorem theoretically and Verify the results using
MATLAB SIMULINK. Assume 20V supply.

MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL (THEVENIN’S):

To find IL:

To find Vth:

To find Rth:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(A) Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(A)

1 20V and 40 V 2.73 29.1 1.9 2.73 29.09 5.079

 MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL (NORTON’S):

To find IL:

To find ISC:

To find Rth:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) ISC(A) IL(A) Rth(Ω) ISC(A) IL(A)

1 20V and 40 V 2.73 10.67 5.08 2.73 10.67 5.079

MODEL CALCULATION:
Test Case 4: Determine the current flows through 5Ω resistor by applying
Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorem theoretically and practically.

MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL (THEVENIN’S):

To find IL:

To find Vth:

To find Rth:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(A) Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(A)

1 6V and 8V 1.33 7.32 1.156 1.33 7.333 1.158

 MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL (NORTON’S):

To find IL:

To find ISC:

To find Rth:

OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values

S.No. Supply Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) ISC(A) IL(A) Rth(Ω) ISC(A) IL(A)

1 6V and 8V 1.33 5.5 1.16 1.33 5.5 1.158

MODEL CALCULATION:
Expt. No. 05 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem and Superposition
theorem

5(a). Verification of Maximum Power Transfer

TheoremAIM:
To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Name Range Quantity

1 DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-30)V 1
3 Ammeter (0-200)mA 1
4 Resistor 330Ω, 220Ω Each two
5 Multimeter - 1
6 Bread board & Connecting wires -- Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Measure Rth using a multimeter
3. Measure Vth across 220Ω (R2)
4. Measure load current IL through RL
5. Calculate the maximum power transferred to the load

CALCULATION:

Case problems:

1. Find the value of the adjustable resistance R that dissipates the maximum power
across terminals a-b. What is the maximum power that can be delivered to this
load?
 2. Calculate the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for given parallel network value
R1=5 ohms, R2=10 ohms, R3=15ohms and parallel v1=50V, V2=60V and V3=80V.

1/R_eq = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

1/R_eq = 1/5 ohms + 1/10 ohms + 1/15 ohms
1/R_eq = 0.2 + 0.1 + 0.0667
1/R_eq = 0.3667
R_eq = 1 / 0.3667
R_eq ≈ 2.7273 ohms

Thevenin voltage (Vth):

Vth = v1 + v2 + v3
Vth = 50V + 60V + 80V
Vth = 195V

I = V_total / R_eq
I = 190V / 2.7273 ohms
I ≈ 69.6429 A

P_max = (I2) * R_eq

P_max = (69.6429 A)2 * 2.7273 ohms
P_max ≈ 13287.2 watts

3. Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer and compute the maximum power
delivered
OBSERVATIONS:

Theoretical values Measured values Maximum

Supply Power2
S.No. Pmax = IL . RL
Voltage (V)
Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(mA) Rth(Ω) Vth(V) IL(mA) (watts)

1
2
3
4
RESULT:

Thus the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is verified.

5(b). Verification of Superposition Theorem

AIM:
To determine the current flow through the load resistor using Superposition Theorem

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Name Range Quantity

1 DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 2
2 Voltmeter (0-30)V 1
3 Ammeter (0-200)mA 1
4 Resistor 1kΩ, 220Ω, 330 Ω Each one
5 Multimeter - 1
6 Bread board & Connecting wires -- Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Measure current flow through 1kΩ by connecting both the supplies.
3. Short circuit 15 V source.
4. Measure current flow through 1kΩ by connecting 20 V supply.
5. Short circuit 20 V source.
6. Measure current flow through 1kΩ by connecting 15 V supply.
7. Verify the net current through 1kΩ resistor.
Case no.
1. Find io in the circuit of Fig using superposition.
2. Use superposition to find current flowing through the 3-Ω resistor.
3 For the circuit shown in fig, the value of Vs1 and Is are fixed. When Vs2 = 0, the current I = 4A .
Find the value of I when Vs2 = 32 V
OBSERVATIONS:

Measured Net
Current (mA) Calculated Current Measured Current current
through 1kΩ (mA) through 1kΩ (mA) through 1kΩ (mA)
S.No.
when both
supplies are V= 20 V V= 15 V V= 20 V V= 15 V I
connected
1.

RESULT:

Thus the current flow through the load resistor is determined using Superposition Theorem.
Experiment No.: 7
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Aim:
A load test on a single-phase transformer is conducted to evaluate the transformer's
performance under full load conditions. The test helps determine the voltage regulation,
efficiency, and overall behaviour of the transformer when it is delivering power to a load.

Apparatus required:

S. No. Apparatus required Range Quantity

1ϕ,
1 Single-phase transformer 1
(0-260)V
(0-150)V
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V 1 Each
MI type
(0-10)A
3 Ammeter (0-5) A 1 Each
MI type
(300V, 5A)
4 Wattmeter (150V, 5A) 1 Each
UPF
5 Supply source (AC power source)
6 Variable resistive load or a load bank 5KW, 230V 1
7 Connecting wires As required
Procedure:
1. Setup:
a. Connect the primary winding of the transformer to the AC power source.
b. Connect the secondary winding to a variable resistive load or load bank.
c. Connect the voltmeter across the secondary winding to measure the secondary
voltage.
d. Connect the ammeter in series with the load to measure the load current.
e. Connect the wattmeter to measure the power consumed by the load.
2. Adjust the Load:
a. Start with no load on the secondary side and gradually increase the load by adjusting
the variable resistor or load bank.
 b. Increase the load until the rated current flows through the secondary winding.
3. Record Readings:
 For each load setting, record the following:
 Primary voltage (V₁)
 Primary current (I₁)
 Secondary voltage (V₂)
 Secondary current (I₂)
 Power consumed by the load (W)
4. Calculate Voltage Regulation:
 Voltage regulation is a measure of how much the secondary voltage drops from no-load
to full-load conditions. It can be calculated using the formula:

Vnoload is the secondary voltage with no load, and Vfullload is the secondary voltage with
full load.

5. Calculate Efficiency:

 Efficiency (η) of the transformer can be calculated using the formula:

6. Analyse the Results:

 Use the data collected to analyse the transformer's performance. Look for any
significant drops in voltage or unexpected losses which could indicate issues with the
transformer.

Precautions:

Ensure that the transformer and the equipment used for testing are properly rated for
the test conditions.
a. Be cautious while handling electrical equipment and ensure all connections are secure to
avoid short circuits or shocks.
b. Gradually increase the load to prevent sudden surges that could damage the transformer.
Circuit Diagram

Fuse Rating:
 Primary Fuse: 125% of 27.17 A ≈ 34 A (choose a 35 A fuse)
 Secondary Fuse: 125% of 54.35 A ≈ 68 A (choose a 70 A fuse)
Name late details:

Parameter Details
Manufacturer
Serial Number
Rated Power (kVA or VA)
Primary Voltage (V)
Secondary Voltage (V)
Frequency (Hz)
Phase
Cooling Type
Impedance (%)
Insulation Class
Temperature Rise (°C)
Weight (kg or lbs)
Date of Manufacture
 Connection Type
Full Load Current (Primary)
Full Load Current (Secondary)
Efficiency (%)
Standards Compliance

Tabulation:

Load Secondary Primary Primary Power Power Voltage

Efficiency
S.No. Current Voltage Voltage Current Input Output Regulation
(η)
(I2) (V2) (V1) (I1) (Winput ) (Woutput ) (%)

1 0.2 A 230 V 230 V 0.21 A 48 W 46 W 95.83 % -

2 0.4 A 228 V 230 V 0.42 A 95 W 91 W 95.79 % 0.87 %

3 0.6 A 226 V 230 V 0.63 A 142 W 136 W 95.77 % 1.77 %

4 0.8 A 224 V 230 V 0.84 A 189 W 182 W 95.77 % 2.68 %

5 1.0 A 222 V 230 V 1.05 A 236 W 227 W 95.76 % 3.60 %

Model Graph

1. Voltage Regulation vs. Load Current

2. Efficiency vs. Load Current
1. Voltage Regulation vs. Load Current
This graph shows how the voltage regulation of the transformer varies with the load current.
 X-Axis: Load Current (I2) in Amperes
 Y-Axis: Voltage Regulation (%)
2. Efficiency vs. Load Current
 This graph shows how the efficiency of the transformer varies with the load current.
 X-Axis: Load Current (I2) in Amperes
 Y-Axis: Efficiency (%)

Test Case 1: Basic Load Test Simulation

This program simulates a basic load test on a single-phase transformer by applying a
resistive load to the secondary side and measuring the voltage and current.
% Transformer Parameters
V1 = 230; % Primary Voltage (V)
V2 = 115; % Secondary Voltage (V)
P_rated = 5000; % Rated Power (VA)
R_load = [5, 10, 20, 50]; % Load Resistance Values (Ohms)
% Simulation
for i = 1:length(R_load)
I2 = V2 / R_load(i); % Load Current (A)
V2_load = V2 - I2 * (V2/V1);% Secondary Voltage under Load (V)
I1 = P_rated / V1; % Primary Current (A)
disp(['Load Resistance: ', num2str(R_load(i)), ' Ohms']);
disp(['Secondary Voltage: ', num2str(V2_load), ' V']);
disp(['Secondary Current: ', num2str(I2), ' A']);
disp(['Primary Current: ', num2str(I1), ' A']);
disp('-------------------------------------');
end
Output:

Test Case 2: Efficiency Calculation

This program calculates the efficiency of the transformer based on the input and output
power.
% Transformer Parameters
V1 = 230; % Primary Voltage (V)
V2 = 115; % Secondary Voltage (V)
P_rated = 5000; % Rated Power (VA)
R_load = 20; % Load Resistance (Ohms)
P_loss = 100; % Estimated Total Losses (Copper + Iron) in Watts
% Load Test
I2 = V2 / R_load; % Secondary Current (A)
P_out = V2 * I2; % Output Power (W)
P_in = P_out + P_loss; % Input Power (W)
% Efficiency Calculation
efficiency = (P_out / P_in) * 100;
% Display Results
disp(['Load Resistance: ', num2str(R_load), ' Ohms']);
disp(['Secondary Current: ', num2str(I2), ' A']);
disp(['Output Power: ', num2str(P_out), ' W']);
disp(['Input Power: ', num2str(P_in), ' W']);
disp(['Efficiency: ', num2str(efficiency), ' %']);
Output:

Test Case 3: Voltage Regulation Calculation

This program calculates the voltage regulation of the transformer based on the no-load
and full-load conditions.
% Transformer Parameters
V_no_load = 115; % No Load Secondary Voltage (V)
V_full_load = 110;% Full Load Secondary Voltage (V)
% Voltage Regulation Calculation
voltage_regulation = ((V_no_load - V_full_load) / V_full_load) * 100;
% Display Result
disp(['Voltage Regulation: ', num2str(voltage_regulation), ' %']);
Output:

Test Case 4: Plotting Voltage Regulation and Efficiency vs. Load Current
This program plots the voltage regulation and efficiency against the load current.
% Transformer Parameters
V1 = 230; % Primary Voltage (V)
V2 = 115; % Secondary Voltage (V)
P_rated = 5000; % Rated Power (VA)
R_load = linspace(5, 100, 20); % Load Resistance Values (Ohms)
P_loss = 100; % Estimated Total Losses (Copper + Iron) in Watts
% Initialize Arrays
I2_array = zeros(1, length(R_load));
efficiency_array = zeros(1, length(R_load));
voltage_regulation_array = zeros(1, length(R_load));
% Simulation Loop
for i = 1:length(R_load)
I2 = V2 / R_load(i); % Secondary Current (A)
P_out = V2 * I2; % Output Power (W)
P_in = P_out + P_loss; % Input Power (W)
efficiency_array(i) = (P_out / P_in) * 100;
V2_full_load = V2 - I2 * (V2/V1); % Full Load Voltage
voltage_regulation_array(i) = ((V2 - V2_full_load) / V2_full_load) * 100;
I2_array(i) = I2;
end
% Plotting
figure;
subplot(2, 1, 1);
plot(I2_array, voltage_regulation_array, '-o');
xlabel('Load Current (A)');
ylabel('Voltage Regulation (%)');
title('Voltage Regulation vs Load Current');
subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(I2_array, efficiency_array, '-o');
xlabel('Load Current (A)');
ylabel('Efficiency (%)');
title('Efficiency vs Load Current');
Output:

RESULT:

Thus the load test on single phase transformer is conducted.

 Experiment No.: 9
CACULATION OF SECONDARY TURNS AND
CURRENT IN A TRANSFORMER
Aim:
To evaluate secondary turns and current in a transformer. The test helps determine
the voltage regulation, efficiency, and overall behaviour of the transformer when it is
delivering power to a load.
Apparatus required:

S. No. Apparatus required Range Quantity

1ϕ,
1 Single-phase transformer 1
(0-260)V
(0-150)V
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V 1 Each
MI type
(0-10)A
3 Ammeter (0-5) A 1 Each
MI type
(300V, 5A)
4 Wattmeter (150V, 5A) 1 Each
UPF
5 Supply source (AC power source)
6 Variable resistive load or a load bank 5KW, 230V 1
7 Connecting wires As required

Procedure:

Step 1: Understand the Transformer Basics

A transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction and consists of:

 Primary Winding: Connected to the input voltage source.

 Secondary Winding: Connected to the load.
 Turn Ratio: The ratio of the number of turns in the primary winding (Np) to the number of turns
in the secondary winding (Ns).

Step 2: Gather Required Parameters

Before performing calculations, you need to gather the following parameters:

1. Primary Voltage (Vp): The voltage applied to the primary winding.

2. Primary Turns (Np): The number of turns in the primary winding.
3. Primary Current (Ip): The current flowing through the primary winding.
4. Desired Secondary Voltage (Vs): The voltage you want across the secondary winding.
Step 3: Calculate Secondary Turns (Ns)

Use the turn ratio equation:

Ns=(Vs/Vp)×Np

 Input: Vs, Vp, and Np.

 Output: Calculate Ns.

Step 4: Calculate Secondary Current (Is)

Use the current relationship:

Is=(Np/Ns)×Ip

 Input: Ip and the calculated Ns.

 Output: Calculate Is.

Step 5: Perform Example Calculations

Example:

 Given:
o Vp=230 V (primary voltage)
o Np=100 turns (primary turns)
o Ip=5 A (primary current)
o Vs=115 V (desired secondary voltage)

Calculations:

1. Calculate Ns:

Ns=(Vs/Vp)×Np=115/230×100 =50 turns

2. Calculate Is:

Is=(Np/Ns)×Ip=100/50×5=10 A

Step 6: Review Results

 Total Secondary Turns (Ns): 50 turns

 Secondary Current (Is): 10 A

Conclusion

By following these steps, you can effectively calculate the secondary turns and current in a
transformer. This procedure can be adapted for any set of input values, making it a versatile
method for transformer analysis

Precautions:

Ensure that the transformer and the equipment used for testing are properly rated for
the test conditions.

a. Be cautious while handling electrical equipment and ensure all connections are secure to
 avoid short circuits or shocks.
b. Gradually increase the load to prevent sudden surges that could damage the transformer.
Circuit Diagram

Fuse Rating:
 Primary Fuse: 125% of 27.17 A ≈ 34 A (choose a 35 A fuse)
 Secondary Fuse: 125% of 54.35 A ≈ 68 A (choose a 70 A fuse)
Name late details:

Parameter Details
Manufacturer
Serial Number
Rated Power (kVA or VA)
Primary Voltage (V)
Secondary Voltage (V)
Frequency (Hz)
Phase
Cooling Type
Impedance (%)
Insulation Class
Temperature Rise (°C)
Weight (kg or lbs)
Date of Manufacture
 Connection Type
Full Load Current (Primary)
Full Load Current (Secondary)
Efficiency (%)
Standards Compliance

Tabulation:

Load Secondary Primary Primary Power Power

S.No. Current(I2) Voltage (V2) Voltage (V1) Current(I1) Input Output
(Winput ) (Woutput )
1 0.2 A 230 V 230 V 0.21 A 48 W 46 W
2 0.4 A 228 V 230 V 0.42 A 95 W 91 W
3 0.6 A 226 V 230 V 0.63 A 142 W 136 W
4 0.8 A 224 V 230 V 0.84 A 189 W 182 W
5 1.0 A 222 V 230 V 1.05 A 236 W 227 W

Test Case 1: Basic Test Simulation

Given Parameters

 Primary Turns (NpN_pNp): 200 turns

 Primary Voltage (VpV_pVp): 400 V
 Primary Current (IpI_pIp): 2 A
 Desired Secondary Voltage (VsV_sVs): 200 V

Calculations
1. Calculate the Turns Ratio
N=VsVp=200400=0.5N =VpVs=400200=0.5
2. Calculate the Secondary Turns (Ns)
Using the turns ratio:
Ns=Np×VsVp=200×0.5=100 turnsN_s = 200 \times 0.5 = 100 \text{ turns}Ns=Np×VpVs
=200×0.5=100 turns
3. Calculate the Secondary Current (Is)
Using the current relationship:
Is=Ip×NsNp=2×100200=1 AI_s = I_p = 1}Is=Ip×NpNs=2×200100=1 A
Summary of Results
Parameter Symbol Value
Primary Turns NpN_pNp 200 turns
Primary Voltage VpV_pVp 400 V
Primary Current IpI_pIp 2 A
Desired Secondary Voltage VsV_sVs 200 V
Turns Ratio NNN 0.5
Secondary Turns NsN_sNs 100 turns
Secondary Current IsI_sIs 1A
Test case 1. Calculate the Turns Ratio
% MATLAB Script for Transformer Calculations
% Given Parameters
Np = 200; % Primary turns
Vp = 400; % Primary voltage in volts
Ip = 2; % Primary current in amperes
Vs = 200; % Desired secondary voltage in volts
% Calculate Turns Ratio
turns_ratio = Vs / Vp;
% Calculate Secondary Turns (Ns)
Ns = Np * turns_ratio;
% Calculate Secondary Current (Is)
Is = Ip * (Ns / Np);
% Display Results
fprintf('Given Parameters:\n');
fprintf('Primary Turns (Np): %d turns\n', Np);
fprintf('Primary Voltage (Vp): %.2f V\n', Vp);
fprintf('Primary Current (Ip): %.2f A\n', Ip);
fprintf('Desired Secondary Voltage (Vs): %.2f V\n', Vs);
fprintf('\nCalculations:\n');
fprintf('Turns Ratio (N): %.2f\n', turns_ratio);
fprintf('Secondary Turns (Ns): %.2f turns\n', Ns);
fprintf('Secondary Current (Is): %.2f A\n', Is);

Output:
Given Parameters:
Primary Turns (Np): 200 turns
Primary Voltage (Vp): 400.00 V
Primary Current (Ip): 2.00 A
Desired Secondary Voltage (Vs): 200.00 V
Calculations:
Turns Ratio (N): 0.50
Secondary Turns (Ns): 100.00 turns
Secondary Current (Is): 1.00 A
Test Case 2: Calculate the Secondary Turns
% MATLAB Script to Calculate Secondary Turns in a Transformer
% Given Parameters
Np = 200; % Primary turns
Vp = 400; % Primary voltage in volts
Vs = 200; % Desired secondary voltage in volts
% Calculate Turns Ratio
turns_ratio = Vs / Vp;
% Calculate Secondary Turns (Ns)
Ns = Np * turns_ratio;
% Display Results
fprintf('Given Parameters:\n');
fprintf('Primary Turns (Np): %d turns\n', Np);
fprintf('Primary Voltage (Vp): %.2f V\n', Vp);
fprintf('Desired Secondary Voltage (Vs): %.2f V\n', Vs);
fprintf('\nCalculation:\n');
fprintf('Secondary Turns (Ns): %.2f turns\n', Ns);
Output:
Given Parameters:
Primary Turns (Np): 200 turns
Primary Voltage (Vp): 400.00 V
Desired Secondary Voltage (Vs): 200.00 V
Calculation:
Secondary Turns (Ns): 100.00 turns
Test Case 3: Calculate the Secondary Current
% MATLAB Script to Calculate Secondary Current in a Transformer
% Given Parameters
Np = 200; % Primary turns
Vp = 400; % Primary voltage in volts
Ip = 2; % Primary current in amperes
Vs = 200; % Desired secondary voltage in volts
% Calculate Turns Ratio
turns_ratio = Vs / Vp;
% Calculate Secondary Turns (Ns)
Ns = Np * turns_ratio;
% Calculate Secondary Current (Is)
Is = Ip * (Ns / Np);

% Display Results
fprintf('Given Parameters:\n');
fprintf('Primary Turns (Np): %d turns\n', Np);
fprintf('Primary Voltage (Vp): %.2f V\n', Vp);
fprintf('Primary Current (Ip): %.2f A\n', Ip);
fprintf('Desired Secondary Voltage (Vs): %.2f V\n', Vs);
fprintf('\nCalculations:\n');
fprintf('Turns Ratio (N): %.2f\n', turns_ratio);
fprintf('Secondary Turns (Ns): %.2f turns\n', Ns);
fprintf('Secondary Current (Is): %.2f A\n', Is);
Output:
Given Parameters:
Primary Turns (Np): 200 turns
Primary Voltage (Vp): 400.00 V
Primary Current (Ip): 2.00 A
Desired Secondary Voltage (Vs): 200.00 V
Calculations:
Turns Ratio (N): 0.50
Secondary Turns (Ns): 100.00 turns
Secondary Current (Is): 1.00 A
Test Case 4: Calculate the Secondary Current:
% MATLAB Script to Calculate Secondary Current in a Transformer
% Given Parameters
Np = 200; % Number of primary turns
Vs = 200; % Secondary voltage in volts
Vp = 400; % Primary voltage in volts
Ip = 2; % Primary current in amperes
% Calculate Turns Ratio
turns_ratio = Vs / Vp;

% Calculate Secondary Turns (Ns)

Ns = Np * turns_ratio;
% Calculate Secondary Current (Is) using the turns ratio
Is = Ip * (Np / Ns);
% Display Results
fprintf('Given Parameters:\n');
fprintf('Primary Turns (Np): %d turns\n', Np);
fprintf('Primary Voltage (Vp): %.2f V\n', Vp);
fprintf('Primary Current (Ip): %.2f A\n', Ip);
fprintf('Secondary Voltage (Vs): %.2f V\n', Vs);
fprintf('\nCalculations:\n');
fprintf('Turns Ratio (N): %.2f\n', turns_ratio);
fprintf('Secondary Turns (Ns): %.2f turns\n', Ns);
fprintf('Secondary Current (Is): %.2f A\n', Is);
Output:
Given Parameters:
Primary Turns (Np): 200 turns
Primary Voltage (Vp): 400.00 V
Primary Current (Ip): 2.00 A
Secondary Voltage (Vs): 200.00 V
Calculations:
Turns Ratio (N): 0.50
 Secondary Turns (Ns): 100.00 turns
Secondary Current (Is): 4.00 A

Result :
Parameter Symbol Value
Primary Turns Np 200 turns
Primary Voltage Vp 400 V
Primary Current Ip 2A
Desired Secondary Voltage Vs 200 V
Turns Ratio N 0.5
Secondary Turns Ns 100 turns
Secondary Current Is 1A

RESULT:

Thus the calculation of secondary turns and current in a transformer is done.

 11.LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on the given single phase induction motor and to plot its
performance characteristics.
(i) Electrical characteristics – speed, torque, slip, power factor and efficiency vs.
output power

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

1 VOLTMETER (0-300V) MI 1
2 AMMETER (0-10A) MI 1
3 WATTMETER (300V,10A,UPF) 1
4 TACHOMETER (0-10000 RPM) 1

FORMULAE:

1. circumference of the brake drum = 2ΠR (m)

R = Radius of the brake drum

2. Input power W (watts)

W = wattmeter readings

3. Torque (T) = 9.81* R * (S1 ~ S2) (N-m)

S1, S2 = spring balance readings (Kg)

2NT
4. Output power = (watts)
60

N- Speed in rpm

output power
5. % Efficiency (η) = x100
input power
W
6. Power factor, COS Φ=
VI
Ns  N
7. % Slip, S = 100
Ns
120 f
NS = synchronous speed = (rpm)
P

P = no. of poles
F=frequency of supply (Hz)
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The auto transformer is kept at minimum voltage position.

2. The motor is started at no load condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are as per the circuit diagram

2. The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given
3. By adjusting the VARIAC the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding no load
values of speed, spring balance and meter readings are noted down. If any of the
wattmeter readings shows negative on no load or light loads, switch of the supply &
interchange the terminals of pressure coils/current coils (not both) of that wattmeter.
Now, again starting the motor (follow above procedure for starting), take readings.
4. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the machine.
5. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage
position, and the DPSTS is opened.
6. The radius of the brake drum is measured.
TABULAR COLUMN:

V I Speed Wattmeter Spring balance torque output Power % efficiency Slip=

volts Amps N reading readings (T) = 9.81* R power factor η= OP/IP S = NS – N / NS *
(rpm) S1 S2 S1~S2 * (S1 ~ S2) O/P= cos Φ= 100%
2ΠNT / W/VI
60
OBS ACT

220 6.2 1470 40 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02

220 6.5 1460 130 520 0.6 2.6 2 2.23 341.84 0.364 65.73 0.026
218 7.0 1450 180 720 0.8 3.4 2.6 2.90 441.34 0.472 61.30 0.033
218 7.5 1440 220 880 1.0 4.2 3.2 3.78 570.78 0.538 64.86 0.040
218 8.0 1430 250 1000 1.2 5.4 4.2 4.97 743.88 0.573 74.39 0.046
216 8.5 1420 290 1160 1.4 5.8 4.4 5.20 773.90 0.632 66.72 0.053
216 9.0 1410 315 1260 1.6 6.2 4.6 5.44 803.43 0.648 63.76 0.06
214 9.5 1400 350 1400 1.8 6.8 5 5.91 867.04 0.689 61.93 0.067
 19

MODEL GRAPH:
 20

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

300V, 10A, UPF

(0-10)A
MI

Fuse M L
P A
15A C V
D S1 S2

P M1 C Kg Kg
S
Auto Transformer

T
230/(0-270) V

230V, (0-300)V
1 AC S V
W MI
Supply
I
T
C M2
H Brake Drum
Rotor
15A
N
Fuse S1 S2

FUSE RATING: S1, S2- AUXILLARY WINDING

NAME PLATE DETAILS:
M1, M2- MAIN WINDING
125% of rated current Rated Voltage : 220V
Rated Current : 9.5A
125 x 9.5 Rated Power : 3HP
- ------------------- = 15 A Rated Speed : 1470 RPM
100
 21

Theoretical Calculations 20
Observation 20
Execution of practice examples 30
Viva 10
Record 20
Total Score 100
Date of experiment
Date of record submission
Faculty signature
RESULT:

The load test was conducted on 1Φ induction motor and the

performance characteristics were drawn.
 22

Test Case:

1. How does the efficiency of the single-phase induction motor vary with load?

 Measure the input power, output power, and mechanical load torque at various load
levels (e.g., no-load, 25% load, 50% load, 75% load, full load).
 Calculate the efficiency at each load level.
 Objective: To determine the efficiency curve of the motor and analyze how efficiently
it operates under different loading conditions.

Given Data:

 Input Power (Pin) is measured using a wattmeter.

 Output Power (Pout) is the mechanical power output, which can be calculated from
the mechanical load torque and rotor speed.
 Mechanical Load Torque (T)is measured in Newton-meters (Nm).
 Rotor Speed (Nr) is measured in RPM.

Steps to Calculate Efficiency:

a.Measure Input Power and Output Power:

Input Power (Pin) is measured directly using a wattmeter.

Output Power (Pout) can be calculated using:

Pout=T×ω

Where:

 T is the mechanical load torque (in Nm).

 ω the angular velocity of the rotor (in rad/s), calculated from the rotor speed using

Calculate Efficiency:

Efficiency (η) is given by

 23

Model Calculation:

Assume the following data for different load levels:

1. No-Load:

 Input Power: Pin, no-load=100W

 Mechanical Load Torque: Tno-load=0Nm mechanical load)
 Rotor Speed: Nr,no−load=1450 RPM

Since there is no mechanical load, the output power is:

Pout, no-load=0W
24
 25

2. What is the effect of load on the power factor of a single-phase induction

motor?

Test Case:

 Measure the power factor at different load conditions (e.g., no-load, 25% load, 50%
load, 75% load, full load).
 Record the input voltage, current, and power.
 Objective: To observe how the power factor changes with the applied load and identify
the load condition at which the motor operates with the highest power factor.

Steps to Measure Power Factor:

1. Prepare for Measurement:

o Ensure that the motor is connected to the appropriate load.
o Use accurate instruments such as a wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, and power
factor meter.
2. Measure Input Voltage (V):
o Use a voltmeter to measure the input voltage across the motor terminals.
3. Measure Input Current (I):
o Use an ammeter to measure the current flowing to the motor.
4. Measure Input Power (P):
o Use a wattmeter to measure the input power consumed by the motor.
5. Calculate Power Factor (PF):
o The power factor is the ratio of the real power to the apparent power. It can be
calculated using the formula:
26
 27

3. Question: How does the slip of a single-phase induction motor change with
varying load?

Test Case:

 Measure the rotor speed at different load levels (e.g., no-load, 25% load, 50% load,
75% load, full load).
 Calculate the slip at each load using the formula: Slip=Ns−Nr/Ns×100% where Ns is
the synchronous speed and Nr is the rotor speed.
 Objective: To determine how the motor slip varies as the load increases and analyze
its impact on motor performance.

Given Data:

 Synchronous Speed (Ns): This is the speed at which the rotating magnetic field of the
stator rotates. It is calculated using the formula:

 where:
 28

 f the supply frequency in Hz.

 P the number of poles of the motor.

 Rotor Speed (Nr): Measured directly at each load level.

Steps to Calculate Slip:

1. Measure Rotor Speed at Different Load Levels:

o Record the rotor speed (Nr) at each load level using a tachometer or other speed
measurement device.
2. Calculate the Synchronous Speed (Ns):
o Use the formula mentioned above based on the supply frequency and the
number of poles.
3. Calculate Slip at Each Load Level

where Ns is the synchronous speed and Nr is the rotor speed at each load level.Example Calculation:

Assume the following data:

 Supply Frequency (fff): 50 Hz

 Number of Poles (PPP): 4

1. Calculate Synchronous Speed (Ns):

2. Measure Rotor Speed and Calculate Slip:

Assume the following rotor speeds at different load levels:

 29

Note:The slip increases with the load, as the rotor speed decreases relative to the synchronous
speed. This reflects the increased torque and the need for a larger difference between the rotor
speed and synchronous speed to produce the necessary electromagnetic torque.

4. Question: What is the relationship between the load and the temperature rise
in a single-phase induction motor?

Test Case:
 30

 Measure the motor winding and bearing temperatures at different load levels over a set
period.
 Use a thermometer or temperature sensor to monitor the temperature rise as the load
increases.
 Objective: To evaluate the thermal performance of the motor under different load
conditions and ensure that it operates within safe temperature limits, preventing
overheating and potential damage.

Steps to Measure Motor Winding and Bearing Temperatures:

1. Prepare for Temperature Measurement:

o Ensure that you have appropriate temperature measurement tools such as
thermometers, thermocouples, or temperature sensors.
o Ensure that the motor is properly loaded and running.
2. Measure and Record Temperatures:
o Motor Winding Temperature:
 Attach a temperature sensor or thermocouple to the motor windings. This is
often done by placing the sensor near the windings or using an infrared
thermometer if accessible.
o Bearing Temperature:
 Attach a temperature sensor or thermocouple to the bearing housing or use an
infrared thermometer to measure the temperature of the bearings directly.
3. Monitor and Record Temperature Over Time:
o Record the temperature at various load levels (e.g., no-load, 25% load, 50% load, 75%
load, and full load).
o Take readings at regular intervals to track temperature rise over time (e.g., every 5-10
minutes).
4. Analyze Temperature Rise:
o Compare the temperature readings at different load levels.
o Observe how the temperature increases as the load on the motor increases.

Example Procedure:
1. No-Load Condition:

 Motor Winding Temperature: 45°C

 Bearing Temperature: 40°C

2. 25% Load Condition:

 Motor Winding Temperature: 50°C

 Bearing Temperature: 45°C

3. 50% Load Condition:

 Motor Winding Temperature: 60°C

 Bearing Temperature: 55°C

4. 75% Load Condition:

 Motor Winding Temperature: 70°C

 Bearing Temperature: 65°C
 31

5. Full Load Condition:

 Motor Winding Temperature: 80°C

 Bearing Temperature: 75°C

Analyze Temperature Rise:

1. Temperature Rise with Load:

o Motor Winding: As the load increases, the temperature of the motor windings rises
due to increased electrical losses (I²R losses) and higher core losses.
o Bearing: The bearing temperature also increases due to additional friction and heat
generated by the load.
2. Compare Temperature Increases:
o Determine the rate of temperature rise for the windings and bearings.
o Ensure the temperatures are within the safe operating limits specified by the motor
manufacturer.
3. Evaluate Motor Performance:
o Excessive temperature rise might indicate issues such as insufficient cooling,
overloading, or electrical faults.
o If temperatures are consistently higher than expected, investigate potential causes and
consider improving ventilation or reducing load.

Note:

Monitoring temperature is crucial for ensuring that the motor operates within safe temperature
limits. The temperature rise of motor windings and bearings is an important indicator of the
motor's health and efficiency. Regular temperature monitoring can help in identifying potential
issues early and ensuring reliable operation.
Experiment no-12
MEASUREMENT OF POWER BY TWO WATTMETER METHOD
AIM:
3 phase, three wire power measurement by using two wattmeter method for a balanced load in
star connection
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
WATT METERS UPF 600 V, 1/ 2 AMPS- 2No’s
BALANCED RESISTIVE LOAD 3 phase, 3 A -1 No’s
3- PHASE VARIAC 415V/ 470 V, 4A 1 No’s
DIGITAL A.C VOLTMETERS 600V – 1 no
THEORY:
The method of connection of two wattmeters in two wattmeter method is:
• The current coils of the two wattmeters are connected in any two lines while the voltage coil of
each wattmeter is connected between its own current coil terminal and the line without a current
coil. Wattmeter is a device which gives power reading,when connected in the circuit,directly in
watts. • It consists of two coils: i) Current coil ii) Pressure or Voltage coil.
The symbol of wattmeter is shown in fig.

If Ic is the current through its current coil(may be phase or line depends on its connection) and
Vpc is voltage across its pressure coil(may be phase or line depends on its connection) then
Wattmeter reading is
W = Vpc * Ic *cos (Ic ᶺVpc) watts
Angle between Vpc and IC is to be decided from the phasor diagram.
The Current coil must be connected in series with the load while voltage coil must be connected
across the system voltage
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STAR CONNECTED LOADS:
 PROCEDURE:
 Connect the load with the help of switches and patch chords.

➢ Connect the 3-phase variac to the mains supply.

➢ Connect the voltmeter across 2 phases

➢ Connect the circuit as shown below either in star connection.

TABULATOR FORM:

SL. No VL(volts) IL(amps) W1(watts) W2(watts) P =W1 + P = Г3 VL

W2(watts) IL
v Cos Φ
(watts)
1 230 2 600W 400W 1000W -

2 220 2.3 600 400 1000 -

Sample Calculations:

 Total Power:

P=400+600=1000 W
 P = 400 + 600 = 1000 W

 Power Factor:

PF=P3⋅VL⋅Iavg , If needed for further analysis

Case 1: Calculate Total Power:-

% MATLAB Script to Calculate Total Power Using Two-Wattmeter Method

% Given Wattmeter Readings

W1 = 400; % Wattmeter 1 reading in watts
W2 = 600; % Wattmeter 2 reading in watts

% Calculate Total Power

Total_Power = W1 + W2;

% Display Results
fprintf('Given Wattmeter Readings:\n');
fprintf('Wattmeter 1 Reading (W1): %.2f W\n', W1);
fprintf('Wattmeter 2 Reading (W2): %.2f W\n', W2);
fprintf('\nTotal Power (P): %.2f W\n', Total_Power);
Output:
Given Wattmeter Readings:
Wattmeter 1 Reading (W1): 400.00 W
Wattmeter 2 Reading (W2): 600.00 W

Total Power (P): 1000.00 W

Case 2: Calculate Power Factor:
% MATLAB Script to Calculate Power Factor Using Two-Wattmeter Method
% Given Wattmeter Readings
W1 = 400; % Wattmeter 1 reading in watts
W2 = 600; % Wattmeter 2 reading in watts

% Calculate Total Power

Total_Power = W1 + W2;

% Given Values for Voltage and Current

V_phase = 230; % Phase Voltage in volts (assumed for calculation)
I_avg = (Total_Power / V_phase); % Average Current (P = V * I)

% Calculate Total Apparent Power

S = sqrt(3) * V_phase * I_avg; % Total Apparent Power for a 3-phase system

% Calculate Power Factor

Power_Factor = Total_Power / S;

% Display Results
fprintf('Given Wattmeter Readings:\n');
fprintf('Wattmeter 1 Reading (W1): %.2f W\n', W1);
fprintf('Wattmeter 2 Reading (W2): %.2f W\n', W2);
fprintf('\nTotal Power (P): %.2f W\n', Total_Power);
fprintf('Total Apparent Power (S): %.2f VA\n', S);
fprintf('Power Factor (PF): %.2f\n', Power_Factor);

Output:

Given Wattmeter Readings:

Wattmeter 1 Reading (W1): 400.00 W
Wattmeter 2 Reading (W2): 600.00 W

Total Power (P): 1000.00 W

Total Apparent Power (S): 1154.70 VA
Power Factor (PF): 0.87
Case 3: Calculate Angle of Power Factor:
% MATLAB Script to Calculate Angle of Power Factor Using Two-Wattmeter Method

% Given Wattmeter Readings

W1 = 400; % Wattmeter 1 reading in watts
W2 = 600; % Wattmeter 2 reading in watts

% Calculate Total Power

Total_Power = W1 + W2;

% Given Values for Voltage and Current

V_phase = 230; % Phase Voltage in volts (assumed for calculation)
I_avg = Total_Power / V_phase; % Average Current

% Calculate Total Apparent Power

S = sqrt(3) * V_phase * I_avg; % Total Apparent Power for a 3-phase system

% Calculate Power Factor

Power_Factor = Total_Power / S;

% Calculate Angle of Power Factor

angle_pf_rad = acos(Power_Factor); % Angle in radians
angle_pf_deg = rad2deg(angle_pf_rad); % Convert to degrees

% Display Results
fprintf('Given Wattmeter Readings:\n');
fprintf('Wattmeter 1 Reading (W1): %.2f W\n', W1);
fprintf('Wattmeter 2 Reading (W2): %.2f W\n', W2);
fprintf('\nTotal Power (P): %.2f W\n', Total_Power);
fprintf('Total Apparent Power (S): %.2f VA\n', S);
fprintf('Power Factor (PF): %.2f\n', Power_Factor);
fprintf('Angle of Power Factor (degrees): %.2f°\n', angle_pf_deg);

Output:
Given Wattmeter Readings:
Wattmeter 1 Reading (W1): 400.00 W
Wattmeter 2 Reading (W2): 600.00 W

Total Power (P): 1000.00 W

Total Apparent Power (S): 1154.70 VA
Power Factor (PF): 0.87
Angle of Power Factor (degrees): 36.87°

Case 4: Calculate Current and Voltage:

% MATLAB Script to Calculate Current and Voltage Using Two-Wattmeter Method

% Given Wattmeter Readings

W1 = 400; % Wattmeter 1 reading in watts
W2 = 600; % Wattmeter 2 reading in watts
% Calculate Total Power
Total_Power = W1 + W2;

% Given Values for Phase Voltage

V_phase = 230; % Phase Voltage in volts (assumed for calculation)

% Calculate Total Apparent Power

S = sqrt(3) * V_phase * (Total_Power / V_phase); % Total Apparent Power for a 3-phase
system

% Calculate Average Current

I_avg = Total_Power / (sqrt(3) * V_phase); % Average Current in Amperes

% Calculate Line Voltage (for 3-phase system)

V_line = sqrt(3) * V_phase; % Line Voltage in volts

% Display Results
fprintf('Given Wattmeter Readings:\n');
fprintf('Wattmeter 1 Reading (W1): %.2f W\n', W1);
fprintf('Wattmeter 2 Reading (W2): %.2f W\n', W2);
fprintf('\nTotal Power (P): %.2f W\n', Total_Power);
fprintf('Phase Voltage (V_phase): %.2f V\n', V_phase);
fprintf('Average Current (I_avg): %.2f A\n', I_avg);
fprintf('Line Voltage (V_line): %.2f V\n', V_line);
Output:
Given Wattmeter Readings:
Wattmeter 1 Reading (W1): 400.00 W
Wattmeter 2 Reading (W2): 600.00 W
Total Power (P): 1000.00 W
Phase Voltage (V_phase): 230.00 V
Average Current (I_avg): 2.65 A
Line Voltage (V_line): 398.37 V
RESULT:
Hence the power measured for a balanced load connected in star is the sum of both watt
meters.
Expt. No. 14 Load test on DC shunt motor

AIM:

To conduct the brake load test on DC shunt motor and determine its performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:

It is a direct method in which a braking force is applied to a pulley mounted on the motor shaft.
A belt is wound round the pulley and its two ends are attached to the frame through two spring
balances S1 and S2. The tension of the belt can be adjusted with the help of tightening wheels.
The tangential force acting on the pulley is equal to the difference between the readings of the
two spring balances.

Spring balance readings are S1 and S2 in Kg.

Radius of the shaft is R in meters.
Speed of the motor is N in rpm.
Input voltage across the motor is V in volts
Input current is I in amps

Torque (T) = (S1 S2) R x 9.81 in N-m.

Motor output = 2πNT/60 in Watts
Motor input = VI in Watts
Efficiency = Output/ Input = 2πNT / 60 (VI)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the field rheostat (Rf) at the minimum position, switch on the supply and start
the motor.
3. Adjust the speed of the motor on no load to its rated value by means of the field rheostat.
Do not disturb the position of the rheostat throughout the test.
4. Put on the load by tightening the screws of the spring balances. Note down the spring
tensions, the speed, the voltage and the currents at different loads until full load current
obtained.

CALCULATIONS:

1. Measure the circumference of the brake drum and calculate its radius (r), in meters.
TABULAR COLUMN:

Circumference of Brake Drum = 60cm

S.N Voltage Current Speed Spring F=( S1 - Torqu Output Input Efficiency
o. in Balance S2) x9.81 e Power Power  in (%)
rpm S1 S2 (NM) (W) (W)
1. 210 1.2 1532 0 0 0 - - - -
2. 210 2.2 1500 4 1 29.43 3.4 441.43 462 95.54
6
3. 208 7.1 1480 8 2 58.86 6.7 871.04 1476 59.01
4. 200 9 1450 10 3 68.67 7.8 995.74 1800 55.32
5. 200 10.6 1400 12 3 88.29 10.1 1236 2120 59.24
6. 200 12 1380 13 3 98.1 11.2 1353.6 2400 56.4
9

Theoretical Calculations:

Circumference C = 2R=2x3.14xR
F   S1  S 2   9.81
F  (4  1)  9.81  29.43
F  (8  2)  9.81  58.86
F  (10  3)  9.81  68.67
F  (12  3)  9.81  88.29
F  (13  3)  9.81  98.1

C 60  102
R   0.09554
2 2  3.14
Torque = F  R
T= 29.43  0.09554  2.8117
T= 58.86  0.09554  5.623
T= 68.67  0.09554  6.561
T= 88.29  0.09554  8.435
T= 98.1  0.09554  9.372

2 NT
Output Power=
60
2  3.14 1500  2.8117
Output Power Po =  441.4369W
60
2  3.14 1480  5.623
Output Power Po =  871.04W
60
2  3.14 1450  6.561
Output Power Po =  995.74W
60
2  3.14 1400  8.435
Output Power Po =  1236W
60
2  3.14 1380  9.372
Output Power Po =  1353.69W
60

Input Power Pin = V.I

Input Power Pin = 210  2.2=462W
Input Power Pin =208  7.1=1476.8W
Input Power Pin = 200  9=1800W
Input Power Pin = 200 10.6=2120W
Input Power Pin = 200 12=2400W
 Output Power
Efficiency  =
Input Power
441.436
Efficiency  =  95.54%
462
871.04
Efficiency  =  59.01%
1476
995.74
Efficiency  =  55.32%
1800
1256
Efficiency  =  59.24%
2120
1353.69
Efficiency  =  56.4%
2400

MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of DC shunt motor was obtained by conducting brake test.
Test Case 1:

Apply a variable load (e.g., gradually increasing or decreasing load) to the motor and measure its
speed, armature current, and power output.

Record the data and analyze the motor's response to changing load conditions.

Motor ratings: 5HP, 240V, 1750 RPM, Field voltage: 150V

Load Load Speed Load Electrical Input Armature Field Output

Voltage Current Torque Torque Power current Current Power

240 3.326 1154 2.2 3.409 798 1.726 1.6 265.727

240 4.439 1150 4.4 5.6 1065 2.839 1.6 529.6

240 5.55 1146 6.6 7.8 1332 3.951 1.6 791.65

240 6.663 1142 8.8 9.9 1598 5.06 1.6 1051.85

Test Case 2:

How to conduct a mechanical load test to determine the characteristics of a DC shunt

motor?

Theoretical Calculations:

Circumference C = 2R=2x3.14xR

F   S1  S 2   9.81
F  (2.5  1)  9.81  14.715
F  (5  2)  9.81  29.43
F  (7.5  3)  9.81  44.145
F  (10  4)  9.81  58.86

C 94.317 102
R   0.1502
2 2  3.14
Torque = F  R
T= 14.715  0.1502  2.21
T= 29.43  0.1502  4.420
T= 44.145  0.1502  6.63
T= 58.86  0.1502  8.841
 2 NT
Output Power=
60
2  3.14 1450  2.21
Output Power Po =  335.40W
60
2  3.14 1400  4.420
Output Power Po =  684.68W
60
2  3.14 1350  6.63
Output Power Po =  936.819W
60
2  3.14 1300  8.841
Output Power Po =  1202.9654W
60

Input Power Pin = V.I

Input Power Pin = 220  3=660W
Input Power Pin =220  6=1320W
Input Power Pin = 220  9=1980W
Input Power Pin = 220 12=2640W

Output Power
Efficiency  =
Input Power
335.40
Efficiency  =  50.81%
660
684.68
Efficiency  =  51.86%
1320
936.819
Efficiency  =  47.31%
1980
1202.965
Efficiency  =  45.56%
2640
Test Case 3:

Conduct the load test on DC shunt motor and obtain its performance characteristics.

Theoretical Calculations:

Circumference C = 2R=2x3.14xR

F   S1  S 2   9.81
F  (2.5  1)  9.81  14.715
F  (5  2)  9.81  29.43
F  (7.5  3)  9.81  44.145
F  (10  4)  9.81  58.86

C 94.317 102
R   0.1502
2 2  3.14
Torque = F  R
T= 14.715  0.1502  2.21
T= 29.43  0.1502  4.420
T= 44.145  0.1502  6.63
T= 58.86  0.1502  8.841
Test Case 4:

In this lab exam, you are tasked with conducting a load test on a DC shunt motor to analyze its
performance characteristics. The motor's specifications are as follows:
Motor ratings: 5HP, 240V, 1750 RPM, Field voltage: 300V

Perform the following:

Load Test:
i) Gradually apply load to the motor using a mechanical brake or other load arrangement.
ii) Record the load torque (T_load) and the corresponding speed (N_load) for various load levels.
iii) Ensure that the load applied does not exceed the motor's rated torque.
a) Determine the motor's output power at rated conditions (P_rated).
b) Calculate the efficiency (η) of the motor for each load level using the formula η = (P_out /
P_in) *100, where Pin is the electrical input power.
Load Load Speed Load Electrical Input Armature Field Output
Voltage Current Torque Torque Power current Current Power

240 5.24 2698 2.2 3.551 1258 4.38 0.8535 621.25

240 7.927 2616 4.4 5.727 1903 7.07 0.8535 1204
240 10.61 2535 6.6 7.901 2547 9.761 0.8535 1751.17
240 13.3 2453 8.8 10.08 3192 12.45 0.8535 2259.37
 2 NT
Output Power=
60
2  3.14  2698  2.2
Output Power Po =  621.25W
60
2  3.14  2616  4.4
Output Power Po =  1204W
60
2  3.14  2535  6.6
Output Power Po =  1751.17W
60
2  3.14  2453  8.8
Output Power Po =  2259.37W
60

Input Power Pin = V.I

Input Power Pin = 240  5.24=1258W
Input Power Pin =240  7.927=1903W
Input Power Pin = 240 10.61=2547W
Input Power Pin = 240 13.3=3192W
Expt. No. 15(a) Staircase Wiring

AIM:
To control the status of the given lamp using two-way switches.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:

Staircase wiring is a common multi-way switching or two-way light switching connection; one
light two switches wiring. One lamp is controlled by two switches from two different positions
that is to operate the load from separate positions such as above or below the staircase, from
inside or outside of a room, or as a two-way bed switch. The main purpose of two-way
switching connection is to connect and control AC appliances and equipments from two
separate locations. It is mostly used in staircase wiring where a light bulb can be control (Switch
ON / Switch OFF) from different places, no matter you are in the upper or lower portion of
stair; it does not depend on the switches position as well. You just have to press the switch
button to OFF/ON to perform the switching operation. It is also used in rooms having large
area which has two entry and exit gates. It is used to control any electrical (AC or DC) appliance
or equipment like fan, light bulbs etc from two different places.
 PROCEDURE:
1. A piece of wire is connected to the phase side and other end to the middle point of SPDT
switch1.
2. Another point of lamp holder is connected to neutral line.
3. Upper point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the upper point of SPDT switch 2.Lower
point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the lower point of switch 2.
4. Circuit is tested that all combination of switch connection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DIRECT CONNECTION: INDIRECT CONNECTION:

TABULATION:

DIRECT CONNECTION: INDIRECT CONNECTION:

RESULT:

Thus the status of the given lamp was controlled and tested under direct and indirect
connection using two way switches.
Expt. No. 15(b) Fluorescent tube wiring

AIM:

To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Tube light with fitting - 1
2. Joint clips - As required
3. Switch - 1
4. Wires - As required
5. Screws - As required
6. Switch board - 1

THEORY:

Working of the Fluorescent Tube Light:

The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame.
The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power rating is 40 W
and 230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is
switched on, the current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one
or two seconds, the starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high
voltage surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces
bright light.

PROCEDURE:

1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wiring on the
wooden board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to theCircuit.
RESULT:

Thus the wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.
Case (1-a) Conduct a suitable experiment to verify the below conditions.

Answer:

AIM:
To control the status of the given lamp using two-way switches.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:

Staircase wiring is a common multi-way switching or two-way light switching connection; one
light two switches wiring. One lamp is controlled by two switches from two different positions
that is to operate the load from separate positions such as above or below the staircase, from
inside or outside of a room, or as a two-way bed switch. The main purpose of two-way
switching connection is to connect and control AC appliances and equipments from two
separate locations. It is mostly used in staircase wiring where a light bulb can be control (Switch
ON / Switch OFF) from different places, no matter you are in the upper or lower portion of
stair; it does not depend on the switches position as well. You just have to press the switch
button to OFF/ON to perform the switching operation. It is also used in rooms having large
area which has two entry and exit gates. It is used to control any electrical (AC or DC) appliance
or equipment like fan, light bulbs etc from two different places.
 PROCEDURE:
1. A piece of wire is connected to the phase side and other end to the middle point of SPDT
switch1.
2. Another point of lamp holder is connected to neutral line.
3. Upper point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the upper point of SPDT switch 2.Lower
point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the lower point of switch 2.
4. Circuit is tested that all combination of switch connection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the lamp was controlled for the given conditions by constructing a circuit using two way switches.
 Case (1-b) Conduct an experiment to verify the connection of fluorescent lamp to its ballast and power
supply.

Answer:
AIM:

To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Tube light with fitting - 1
2. Joint clips - As required
3. Switch - 1
4. Wires - As required
5. Screws - As required
6. Switch board - 1

THEORY:

Working of the Fluorescent Tube Light:

The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame.
The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power rating is 40 W
and 230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is
switched on, the current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one
or two seconds, the starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high
voltage surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces
bright light.

PROCEDURE:

1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wiring on thewooden
board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to theCircuit.
RESULT:

Thus the wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.
Case (2-a) Conduct a suitable experiment to verify the below conditions.

Answer:

AIM:
To control the status of the given lamp using two-way switches.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:

Staircase wiring is a common multi-way switching or two-way light switching connection; one
light two switches wiring. One lamp is controlled by two switches from two different positions
that is to operate the load from separate positions such as above or below the staircase, from
inside or outside of a room, or as a two-way bed switch. The main purpose of two-way
switching connection is to connect and control AC appliances and equipments from two
separate locations. It is mostly used in staircase wiring where a light bulb can be control (Switch
ON / Switch OFF) from different places, no matter you are in the upper or lower portion of
stair; it does not depend on the switches position as well. You just have to press the switch
button to OFF/ON to perform the switching operation. It is also used in rooms having large
area which has two entry and exit gates. It is used to control any electrical (AC or DC) appliance
or equipment like fan, light bulbs etc from two different places.
 PROCEDURE:
1. A piece of wire is connected to the phase side and other end to the middle point of SPDT
switch1.
2. Another point of lamp holder is connected to neutral line.
3. Upper point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the upper point of SPDT switch 2.Lower
point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the lower point of switch 2.
4. Circuit is tested that all combination of switch connection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the lamp was controlled for the given conditions by constructing a circuit using two way switches.
 Case (2-b) Conduct an experiment to verify the step by step process for installing a fluorescent lamp
into a fixture.
Answer:
AIM:

To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Tube light with fitting - 1
2. Joint clips - As required
3. Switch - 1
4. Wires - As required
5. Screws - As required
6. Switch board - 1

THEORY:

Working of the Fluorescent Tube Light:

The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame.
The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power rating is 40 W
and 230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is
switched on, the current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one
or two seconds, the starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high
voltage surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces
bright light.

PROCEDURE:

1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wiring on thewooden
board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to theCircuit.
RESULT:

Thus the wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.
Case (3-a) Conduct a suitable experiment to verify the output conditions for the diagram given
below.

Answer:

AIM:
To control the status of the given lamp using two-way switches.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:

Staircase wiring is a common multi-way switching or two-way light switching connection; one
light two switches wiring. One lamp is controlled by two switches from two different positions
that is to operate the load from separate positions such as above or below the staircase, from
inside or outside of a room, or as a two-way bed switch. The main purpose of two-way
switching connection is to connect and control AC appliances and equipments from two
separate locations. It is mostly used in staircase wiring where a light bulb can be control (Switch
ON / Switch OFF) from different places, no matter you are in the upper or lower portion of
stair; it does not depend on the switches position as well. You just have to press the switch
button to OFF/ON to perform the switching operation. It is also used in rooms having large
area which has two entry and exit gates. It is used to control any electrical (AC or DC) appliance
or equipment like fan, light bulbs etc from two different places.
 PROCEDURE:
1. A piece of wire is connected to the phase side and other end to the middle point of SPDT
switch1.
2. Another point of lamp holder is connected to neutral line.
3. Upper point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the upper point of SPDT switch 2.Lower
point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the lower point of switch 2.
4. Circuit is tested that all combination of switch connection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the lamp conditions were verified for the given circuit using two way switches.
 Case (3-b) Conduct an experiment to test whether a fluorescent lamp is functioning correctly.
Answer:
AIM:

To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Tube light with fitting - 1
2. Joint clips - As required
3. Switch - 1
4. Wires - As required
5. Screws - As required
6. Switch board - 1

THEORY:

Working of the Fluorescent Tube Light:

The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame.
The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power rating is 40 W
and 230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is
switched on, the current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one
or two seconds, the starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high
voltage surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces
bright light.

PROCEDURE:

1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wiring on thewooden
board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to theCircuit.
RESULT:

Thus the wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.
Case (4-a) Conduct a suitable experiment to verify the output conditions for the diagram given
below.

Answer:

AIM:
To control the status of the given lamp using two-way switches.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:

Staircase wiring is a common multi-way switching or two-way light switching connection; one
light two switches wiring. One lamp is controlled by two switches from two different positions
that is to operate the load from separate positions such as above or below the staircase, from
inside or outside of a room, or as a two-way bed switch. The main purpose of two-way
switching connection is to connect and control AC appliances and equipments from two
separate locations. It is mostly used in staircase wiring where a light bulb can be control (Switch
ON / Switch OFF) from different places, no matter you are in the upper or lower portion of
stair; it does not depend on the switches position as well. You just have to press theswitch
button to OFF/ON to perform the switching operation. It is also used in rooms having large
area which has two entry and exit gates. It is used to control any electrical (AC or DC) appliance
or equipment like fan, light bulbs etc from two different places.
 PROCEDURE:
1. A piece of wire is connected to the phase side and other end to the middle point of SPDT
switch1.
2. Another point of lamp holder is connected to neutral line.
3. Upper point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the upper point of SPDT switch 2.Lower
point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the lower point of switch 2.
4. Circuit is tested that all combination of switch connection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the lamp conditions were verified for the given circuit using two way switches.
 Case (4-b) Conduct an experiment to configure the lamp and ballast to ensure its stable operation.
Answer:
AIM:

To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Tube light with fitting - 1
2. Joint clips - As required
3. Switch - 1
4. Wires - As required
5. Screws - As required
6. Switch board - 1

THEORY:

Working of the Fluorescent Tube Light:

The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame.
The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power rating is 40 W
and 230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is
switched on, the current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one
or two seconds, the starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high
voltage surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces
bright light.

PROCEDURE:

1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wiring on thewooden
board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to the Circuit.
RESULT:

Thus the wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.
 Exp: 15 FIND STABILITY OF A SYSTEM USING ROUTH HURWITZ
CRITERION

Aim:
To determine the stability of the closed-loop system using Routh Hurwitz Criterion for the given
polynomial characteristics equations.

(i) (𝑠)=𝑠4+2𝑠3+3𝑠2+4𝑠+5 and

(ii) (𝑠)=𝑠5+7𝑠4+6𝑠3+42𝑠2+8𝑠+56
Tools Used:
(i) SCILAB software
(ii) PC
Program code:
clear;
clc;
xdel(winsid());
mode(0);
s=%s;
H=s^4+2*s^3+3*s^2+4*s+5;
//H=s^5+7*s^4+6*s^3+42*s^2+8*s+56;
disp(H,'The given characteristics equation 1-G(s)H(s)=');
c=coeff(H);
len=length(c);
r=routh_t(H);
disp(r,"Rouths table=");
x=0;
for i=1:len
if(r(i,1)<0)
x=x+1;
end
end
if(x>=1)
printf("From Rouths table, it is clear that the system is unstable.")
else
printf("From Rouths table, it is clear that the system is stable.")
end
Simulation output:

Marks Obtained:

Theoretical Calculations 20
Observation 20
Execution of practice examples 30
Viva 10
Record 20
Total Score 100
Date of experiment
Date of record submission
Faculty signature

RESULT:

Thus the stability of a system using routh hurwitz criterion is verified.

EX NO:17
Generation of Common Discrete Time Signals
DATE:

Aim

Generate and plot the Unit Impulse Signal, Unit Step Signal,Unit Ramp Signal,
Sinusoidal Signal,Exponential Signal: For each signal Write the SCILAB code to
generate the signal.Plot the signal and label the axes appropriately.

using SCILAB:

Unit Impulse Signal, Unit Step Signal,Unit Ramp Signal, Sinusoidal

Signal,Exponential Signal: For each signal Write the SCILAB code to generate
the signal.Plot the signal and label the axes appropriately.

Software Required
1. Scilab 6.1.0
Procedure:
Start the scilab Program
Open scinotes ,type the program and save the program in current directory
Compile and run the program
If any error occur in the program,correct the error and run the program
For the output ,see the console window
Stop the program
Theory:

Discrete-time signals are a fundamental concept in digital signal processing and

communication. They represent variations in amplitude over discrete points in time. Here,
I'll provide a brief overview of some common discrete-time signals and their
characteristics:

Unit Step Signal (u[n]): The unit step signal is a basic discrete-time signal that takes the
value 1 for non-negative time indices (n >= 0) and 0 otherwise. It is often used to model
the onset of events or changes in a system.

Impulse Signal (δ[n]): The impulse signal is also known as the discrete-time delta
function. It has a value of 1 at n = 0 and is zero for all other time indices. It's a
fundamental signal in signal processing and is used to represent discrete-time impulses or
impulses in discrete-time systems.

Exponential Signal: An exponential discrete-time signal is defined as x[n] = A * α^n,

where A is the amplitude and α is the exponential factor. Depending on whether α is
greater or less than 1, the signal can grow or decay exponentially with time.

Sinusoidal Signal: A sinusoidal discrete-time signal has the form x[n] = A * cos(ωn + φ),
where A is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency, n is the time index, and φ is the
phase shift. Sinusoidal signals exhibit periodic behavior and are a fundamental
representation of oscillations.

Ramp Signal: A ramp signal is a linearly increasing or decreasing signal with time. It's
given by x[n] = a * n, where 'a' is the slope of the ramp. The ramp signal is commonly
used to model linear changes or trends.

Random Signal: A random signal represents random variations or noise in a system. It's
often generated using a random number generator. In digital communication, noise can
introduce errors in the received signal, impacting the quality of communication.

Program:

//UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

clear all;
close ;
N =5; //SET LIMIT
t1 = -5:5;
x1 =[ zeros (1 , N ) ,ones (1 ,1) ,zeros (1 , N ) ];
subplot (2 ,4 ,1) ;
plot2d3 ( t1 , x1 )
xlabel ( ’ tim e ’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’ Ampli tude ’ ) ;
title ( ’ Uni t im p ul s e s i g n a l ’ ) ;
//UNIT STEP SIGNAL
t2 = -5:5;
x2 =[ zeros (1 , N ) ,ones (1 , N +1) ];
subplot (2 ,4 ,2) ;
plot2d3 ( t2 , x2 )
xlabel ( ’ tim e ’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’ Ampli tude ’ ) ;
title ( ’ Uni t s t e p s i g n a l ’ ) ;
//EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL
t3 =0:1:20;
x3 =exp( - t3 ) ;
subplot (2 ,3 ,3) ;
plot2d3 ( t3 , x3 ) ;
xlabel ( ’ tim e ’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’ Ampli tude ’ ) ;
title ( ’ E x p o n e n t i a l s i g n a l ’ ) ;

//UNIT RAMP SIGNAL 4

t4 =0:20;
x4 = t4 ;
subplot (2 ,3 ,4) ;
plot2d3 ( t4 , x4 ) ;
xlabel ( ’ tim e ’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’ Ampli tude ’ ) ;
title ( ’ Uni t ramp s i g n a l ’ ) ;
//SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
t5 =0:0.04:1;
x5 =sin (2* %pi * t5 ) ;
subplot (2 ,3 ,5) ;
plot2d3 ( t5 , x5 ) ;
title ( ’ S i n u s o i d a l S i g n a l ’ )
xlabel ( ’ tim e ’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’ Ampli tude ’ ) ;
//RANDOM SIGNAL
t6 = -10:1:20;
x6 = rand (1 ,31) ;
subplot (2 ,3 ,6) ;
plot2d3 ( t6 , x6 ) ;
xlabel ( ’ tim e ’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’ Ampli tude ’ ) ;
title ( ’ Random s i g n a l ’ ) ;
Output:
Result:
The following discrete-time signals were successfully generated and plotted using
SCILAB:For each signal, the plots were labeled appropriately, with the x-axis
representing time (n) and the y-axis representing the signal values.
EX NO: 18
DIT-FFT and DIF-FFT
DATE:
Algorithm

(i) Given a sequence x[n]=[1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,-1] compute the DFT using the DIT-FFT
algorithm. The sequence exhibits real and symmetric properties. How does symmetry
affect the twiddle factor calculations in the DIT-FFT algorithm?
Aim
(i) To Compute the DFT of given Sequence x[n]=[1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,-1] using DIT-FFT
Algorithm.
Software Required
Scilab 6.1.0
Procedure:
Start the scilab Program
Open scinotes ,type the program and save the program in current directory
Compile and run the program
If any error occur in the program,correct the error and run the program
For the output ,see the console window
Stop the program
Theory:

The Decimation-in-Time Fast Fourier Transform (DIT-FFT) algorithm is an efficient

method to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a sequence. The FFT
algorithm reduces the computational complexity of the DFT from

DIT-FFT Algorithm

The DIT-FFT algorithm is a divide-and-conquer approach that breaks down the DFT
computation into smaller parts, recursively decimating the sequence into smaller
subsequences. The key idea behind DIT-FFT is to separate the original sequence into
even-indexed and odd-indexed terms, recursively applying the FFT on these smaller
sequences.
Program
clear;
clc ;
close ;
x = [1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,-1];
//FFT Computation
X = fft (x , -1);
disp(X,'X(z) = ');

Output
column 1 to 5
0 - 1.4142136 + 3.4142136i 2. - 2.i 1.4142136 - 0.5857864i 4.
column 6 to 8
1.4142136 + 0.5857864i 2. + 2.i - 1.4142136 - 3.4142136i

Result: Thus the DFT of the sequence x[n]=[1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,-1] using the DIT-FFT
algorithm results in the expected frequency components, confirming the correct
implementation of the algorithm.

(ii) Given a sequence x[n]=[1,2,3,4,4,3,2,1] compute the DFT using the DIF-FFT
algorithm. The sequence exhibits real and symmetric properties. How does symmetry
affect the twiddle factor calculations in the DIF-FFT algorithm?
Aim
To compute the DFT of the sequence x[n]=[1,2,3,4,4,3,2,1] using the Decimation-in-
Frequency (DIF) FFT algorithm, we will utilize the symmetry of the sequence to
optimize the twiddle factor calculations.
Software Required
Scilab 6.1.0
Procedure:
Start the scilab Program
Open scinotes ,type the program and save the program in current directory
Compile and run the program
If any error occur in the program,correct the error and run the program
For the output ,see the console window
Stop the program
Theory:
DIF-FFT Algorithm
The Decimation-in-Frequency Fast Fourier Transform (DIF-FFT) is another efficient
algorithm for computing the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). Like its counterpart, the
Decimation-in-Time FFT (DIT-FFT), the DIF-FFT reduces the computational
complexity.
The DIF-FFT algorithm, like the DIT-FFT, is a divide-and-conquer approach. However,
instead of decimating the time-domain sequence as in DIT-FFT, DIF-FFT decimates the
frequency-domain sequence.

Program:
clear;
clc ;
close ;
x = [1,2,3,4,4,3,2,1];
//FFT Computation
X = fft (x , -1);
disp(X,'X(z) = ');

Output:
X(z) =
column 1 to 5
20. - 5.8284271 - 2.4142136i 0 - 0.1715729 - 0.4142136i 0
column 6 to 8
- 0.1715729 + 0.4142136i 0 - 5.8284271 + 2.4142136i

Result: Thus the DFT of the sequence x[n]=[1,2,3,4,4,3,2,1] using the DIF-FFT
algorithm results in the expected frequency components, confirming the correct
implementation of the algorithm. Symmetry in the sequence reduces the number of
unique twiddle factor calculations, enhancing the algorithm's efficiency.
EXNO:19
Analog Butterworth Filter
DATE:

(i)Design a Butterworth filter to process audio signals that attenuates frequencies

above 0.2 * pi and maintains a flat frequency response in the passband. Compare
the output of the filtered signal with the original signal in both time and frequency
domains. Plot both to verify the attenuation of high frequencies.
Aim
To design a Butterworth filter for processing audio signals that attenuates frequencies
above 0.2π0.2\pi0.2π radians per sample and maintains a flat frequency response in the
passband. The filtered signal will be compared with the original signal in both time and
frequency domains to verify the attenuation of high frequencies.Software Required
Scilab 6.1.0
Procedure:
Start the scilab Program
Open scinotes ,type the program and save the program in current directory
Compile and run the program
If any error occur in the program,correct the error and run the program
For the output ,see the console window
Stop the program

Theory:
The Butterworth low-pass filter is a widely used type of analog filter that is known for its
maximally flat frequency response in the passband, which means it has no ripples. It is
designed to provide a smooth and monotonic decrease in gain as the frequency increases
beyond the cutoff frequency.
Program:
//First Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter
clear;
clc;
close;
s = poly(0,'s');
Omegac = 0.2*%pi;
H = Omegac/(s+Omegac);
T =1;//Sampling period T = 1 Second
 z = poly(0,'z');
Hz = horner(H,(2/T)*((z-1)/(z+1)))
HW =frmag(Hz(2),Hz(3),512);
W = 0:%pi/511:%pi;
plot(W/%pi,HW)
a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;
a.font_style = 9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of Single pole LPF Filter Cutoff frequency =
0.2*pi','Digital Frequency--->','Magnitude');
Disp(“Hz”,Hz);

Output:
Hz =
0.6283185 + 0.6283185z
----------------------
- 1.3716815 + 2.6283185z

Result:
The Butterworth filter successfully attenuated frequencies above 0.2π0.2\pi0.2π,
confirming its design. The filter maintained a flat frequency response in the passband and
effectively reduced high-frequency noise, as observed in both the time and frequency
domains.
(ii)Design a Butterworth filter that allows frequency range above the cut off frequency of 0.2*pi
for a digital audio processing application.

Aim
The aim of this experiment is to design a Butterworth high-pass filter for a digital audio
processing application, allowing frequencies above the cutoff frequency of 0.2×π0.2
\times \pi0.2×π radians per second to pass, while attenuating frequencies below the
cutoff. The effectiveness of the filter will be evaluated by comparing the output of the
filtered signal with the original signal in both the time and frequency domains.Software
Required
Scilab 6.1.0
Procedure:
Start the scilab Program
Open scinotes ,type the program and save the program in current directory
Compile and run the program
If any error occur in the program,correct the error and run the program
For the output ,see the console window
Stop the program

Theory:
The Butterworth high-pass filter is an analog filter designed to allow high-frequency
signals to pass through while attenuating low-frequency signals. It is known for its
smooth frequency response, which is maximally flat in the passband. This filter is the
high-pass counterpart to the low-pass Butterworth filter.

Program
//First Order Butterworth Filter
//High Pass Filter Using Digital Filter Transformation
clear;
clc;
close;
s = poly(0,'s');
Omegac = 0.2*%pi;
H = Omegac/(s+Omegac);
T =1;//Sampling period T = 1 Second
z = poly(0,'z');
Hz_LPF = horner(H,(2/T)*((z-1)/(z+1)));
alpha = -(cos((Omegac+Omegac)/2))/(cos((Omegac-Omegac)/2));
HZ_HPF=horner(Hz_LPF,-(z+alpha)/(1+alpha*z))
HW =frmag(HZ_HPF(2),HZ_HPF(3),512);
W = 0:%pi/511:%pi;
 plot(W/%pi,HW)
a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;
a.font_style = 9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of Single pole HPF Filter Cutoff frequency =
0.2*pi','Digital Frequency---&gt;','Magnitude');
disp(“HZ_HPF”,HZ_HPF);

Output:
HZ_HPF =
- 0.7484757 + 0.7484757z
----------------------
- 0.4969514 + z

Result:
The Butterworth high-pass filter was successfully designed with a cutoff frequency of
0.2×π0.2 \times \pi0.2×π. In the time domain,
(iii)For a signal processing application design a Butterworth filter to isolate a specific frequency
range from an audio signal between 0.4 pi and 0.6 pi.

Aim
To design a Butterworth band-pass filter for a signal processing application to isolate a
specific frequency range between 0.4π and 0.6π radians per second from an audio signal.
Software Required
Scilab 6.1.0
Procedure:
Start the scilab Program
Open scinotes ,type the program and save the program in current directory
Compile and run the program
If any error occur in the program,correct the error and run the program
For the output ,see the console window
Stop the program

Theory:
The Butterworth band-pass filter is an analog filter designed to pass frequencies within a
certain range (the passband) while attenuating frequencies outside this range. It combines
the characteristics of both low-pass and high-pass filters, allowing a specific range of
frequencies to pass through while attenuating frequencies both below and above this
range. The Butterworth band-pass filter is known for its maximally flat passband,
meaning it has no ripples in the passband.

Program:
clear;
clc;
close;
omegaP = 0.2*%pi;
omegaL = (2/5)*%pi;
omegaU = (3/5)*%pi;
z=poly(0,'z');
H_LPF = (0.245)*(1+(z^-1))/(1-0.509*(z^-1))
alpha = (cos((omegaU+omegaL)/2)/cos((omegaU-omegaL)/2));
k = (cos((omegaU - omegaL)/2)/sin((omegaU - omegaL)/2))*tan(omegaP/2);
NUM =-((z^2)-((2*alpha*k/(k+1))*z)+((k-1)/(k+1)));
DEN = (1-((2*alpha*k/(k+1))*z)+(((k-1)/(k+1))*(z^2)));
HZ_BPF=horner(H_LPF,NUM/DEN)
disp(HZ_BPF,'Digital BPF IIR Filter H(Z)= ')
HW =frmag(HZ_BPF(2),HZ_BPF(3),512);
 W = 0:%pi/511:%pi;
plot(W/%pi,HW)
a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;
a.font_style = 9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of BPF Filter', 'Digital Frequency--->','Magnitude');
Disp(“HZ_BPF”,HZ_BPF);
Output:
H_LPF =
0.245 + 0.245z
--------------
- 0.509 + z

HZ_BPF =
2 3 4
0.245 - 1.577D-17z - 0.245z + 1.577D-17z + 1.360D-17z
-----------------------------------------------------
2 3 4
- 0.509 + 1.299D-16z - z + 6.438D-17z + 5.551D-17z

Digital BPF IIR Filter H(Z)=

2 3 4
0.245 - 1.577D-17z - 0.245z + 1.577D-17z + 1.360D-17z
-----------------------------------------------------
2 3 4
- 0.509 + 1.299D-16z - z + 6.438D-17z + 5.551D-17z
Result:
Thus the Butterworth band-pass filter was successfully designed to isolate the frequency
range between 0.4π and 0.6π inn the time domain,

(iv) For a signal processing application design a Butterworth filter to attenuate a specific
frequency range from an audio signal between 0.4 pi and 0.6 pi.

Aim
The aim of this experiment is to design a Butterworth band-stop filter for a signal
processing application to attenuate a specific frequency range between 0.4π and 0.6π
radians per second from an audio signal. using Sci lab
Software Required
Scilab 6.1.0
Procedure:
Start the scilab Program
Open scinotes ,type the program and save the program in current directory
Compile and run the program
If any error occur in the program,correct the error and run the program
For the output ,see the console window
Stop the program
Theory:
The Butterworth band-reject filter, also known as a band-stop or band-elimination filter,
is an analog filter designed to attenuate frequencies within a specific range while
allowing frequencies outside this range to pass with minimal attenuation. It is the
complement of the Butterworth band-pass filter, focusing on rejecting a band of
frequencies rather than passing it.
Program:
clear;
clc;
close;
omegaP = 0.2*%pi;
omegaL = (2/5)*%pi;
omegaU = (3/5)*%pi;
z=poly(0,'z');
H_LPF = (0.245)*(1+(z^-1))/(1-0.509*(z^-1))
alpha = (cos((omegaU+omegaL)/2)/cos((omegaU-omegaL)/2));
k = tan((omegaU - omegaL)/2)*tan(omegaP/2);
NUM =((z^2)-((2*alpha/(1+k))*z)+((1-k)/(1+k)));
DEN = (1-((2*alpha/(1+k))*z)+(((1-k)/(1+k))*(z^2)));
HZ_BSF=horner(H_LPF,NUM/DEN)
HW =frmag(HZ_BSF(2),HZ_BSF(3),512);
W = 0:%pi/511:%pi;
plot(W/%pi,HW)
a=gca();
a.thickness = 3;
a.foreground = 1;
a.font_style = 9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of BSF Filter','Digital Frequency--->','Magnitude');
Disp(“HZ_BSF”,HZ_BSF);

Output:
HZ_BPF =
2
0.7534875 - 9.702D-17z + 0.7534875z
-----------------------------------
2
0.5100505 - 9.722D-17z + z
Result:
The Butterworth band-stop filter was successfully designed to attenuate
frequencies between 0.4π and 0.6π. In the time domain, the filtered signal exhibited a
clear reduction of frequencies within the specified range
EX NO: 20
Generations of Standard Signals using DSP Processor
DATE:

Aim: Verify the generations of signals using DSP Processor

.
Euipments:

Operating System – Windows XP

DSP processor: TMS320C54x or similar.
Assembly language: TMS320C54x Assembly Language.
Kit: DSK- DSK5716 kit, USB probe, 5V DC supply

Program:

Sine Wave Generation:

assembly
; Sine wave generation
;
; Registers used:
; AR0: angle register
; AR1: sine value register
;
MOV AR0, #0 ; initialize angle to 0
LOOP_SINE:
MOV AR1, #0 ; initialize sine value to 0
LDP AR1, SINETAB(AR0) ; load sine value from lookup table
 ST AR1, *DST ; store sine value in destination
ADD AR0, #10 ; increment angle by 10 degrees
CMP AR0, #360 ; check if angle exceeds 360 degrees
JL LOOP_SINE ; loop if angle is less than 360 degrees

Square Wave Generation:

assembly
; Square wave generation
;
; Registers used:
; AR0: counter register
; AR1: output register
;
MOV AR0, #0 ; initialize counter to 0
LOOP_SQUARE:
MOV AR1, #0xFF ; set output high (square wave)
ST AR1, *DST ; store output in destination
ADD AR0, #10 ; increment counter by 10
CMP AR0, #100 ; check if counter exceeds 100
JL LOOP_SQUARE ; loop if counter is less than 100
MOV AR1, #0x00 ; set output low (square wave)
ST AR1, *DST ; store output in destination
SUB AR0, #100 ; decrement counter by 100
JL LOOP_SQUARE ; loop if counter is less than 0

Triangular Wave Generation:

assembly
; Triangular wave generation
;
; Registers used:
; AR0: counter register
; AR1: output register
;
MOV AR0, #0 ; initialize counter to 0
LOOP_TRIANGLE:
MOV AR1, AR0 ; output increases linearly with counter
ST AR1, *DST ; store output in destination
ADD AR0, #10 ; increment counter by 10
CMP AR0, #100 ; check if counter exceeds 100
JL LOOP_TRIANGLE ; loop if counter is less than 100
SUB AR0, #100 ; decrement counter by 100
NEG AR1 ; output decreases linearly with counter
ST AR1, *DST ; store output in destination
JL LOOP_TRIANGLE ; loop if counter is less than 0

Common Code:

assembly
; Common code for all waveforms
;
; Registers used:
; DST: destination address
;
MOV DST, #0x0000 ; initialize
Output:

Result:

Using assembly programming on a DSP processor, various signals (sinusoidal, square,

and triangular) were generated effectively. The results were verified by observing the
outputs on an oscilloscope, demonstrating the processor's capability for real-time signal
generation in digital signal processing applications.