Number System & Function P a g e |1

Chapter 01 Number System & Function

Introduction:
The mathematical term function was included to this subject about 17 centuries to express the dependency
of one variable on another one. The word function means doing something. Doing something means it has
a unique output. Otherwise it is not done properly. The mathematical term function’s meaning is coincident
to our practical perception because it has only unique output for single input. The term "function" was
introduced by Gottfried Leibniz, in a 1673 and Leonhard Euler introduced the familiar notation "f(x)"
for the value of a function. It is sometimes helpful to think of function as a Machine.
Number theory is a foundation of mathematics as basic as geometry and more basic than algebra. Pierre
de Fermat is usually given credit for being the father of number theory.
Digit: A mathematical symbol (0 – 9) stands for making a numeral is called a digit and numeral is a symbol
or name that stands for the number.

For example, the numeral 153 is made up of the digits "1", "5" and "3".

Number: A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and also label.

What is real number?

A number is said to be real if the square of it is non-negative otherwise complex. For example: The number
2
√2 is a real number due to its square (√2 ) = 2 (non-negative). On the other hand √−2 is a complex
2
number due to its square (√−2 ) = −2 (non-negative). A real number geometrically represents a point
on x-axis.

Complex number: The complex number 𝑧 is the linear combination of two real numbers a & 𝑏 with a
special sign 𝑖 ,that is 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏𝜖𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 = √−1. A complex number geometrically represents
a point on complex plane. For example, z = 2 − 3i is a complex number.
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Classification of Number System:

Number System

Real Number (ℝ) Imaginary Number (𝕀)

−∞. . , −0.5, 0, 1, √2 . . +∞ … , −2𝑖, 𝑖, 3𝑖, ….

Complex Number (ℂ)

Rational Number (ℚ) … , −2𝑖 + 3, 𝑖 − 1, ….
Irrational Number (ℚ𝐶 )
5 4 3
. . . , √2, 𝑒, 𝜋, . .. … . , − , , , ….
2 2 2

Fraction Number
Integer Number (ℤ) 5 3
−∞ … . , −1, 0, 1, … . +∞ … . , − , , ….
2 2

Negative Number (ℤ− ) Natural Number (ℕ)

Zero (0) 1, 2, 3, … . +∞
−∞. . . , −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏

Whole Number (𝕎) Proper Improper Mixed

0, 1, 2, … . +∞ 2/5, 3/14 .. 5/3, 9/2 ..
,…

Prime Number Neither prime nor Composite Number

2, 3, 5, 7, 11 ….. Composite 4, 6, 8, 10 …..
1

p
Rational number: A number of the form , q  0 where p, q are co-primes. So, every integer, fraction,
q
recurrence decimal point number and terminating decimal point number are rational.
p
Irrational number: A number which is not expressible as , q  0 is known as Irrational number.
q
p
Integer: A number of the form where q = 1 is called Integer.
q
Numerator
Fraction: Fraction is the ratio of numerator and denominator that means Fraction = .
Denominator
Prime number: A number which is divisible by only itself and one is called prime number. For example,
the number 2,3,5&7 etc. are prime numbers due to those numbers are divisible by factors one and itself.
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Composite number: Composite number is the number which has the divisor except one and itself.
For example: The numbers 4,6 & 8 etc. are composite numbers.

Expression:
An expression is a finite combination of mathematical symbols that is well-formed according to the rules
that depend on the context.
For example: An algebraic expression can be represented as:

Fun Facts:
• An expression does not contain equal to sign or any inequalities signs.
• When we add inequality or equality sign to an expression, it becomes an equation.
• Both sides of an equation are an expression.
• In expression power of the variable is any number.

Polynomial:
A polynomial is an expression consisting of variables (also called indeterminates) and coefficients, that
involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents of
variables. For example: A polynomial of a single indeterminate, x, is x2 − 4x + 7.

Zeros:
Zeros are the values of the variables that vanishes the expression or polynomial.
For example: 1 & 3 are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 − 4x + 3.

Equation & Identity:

Equation is a mathematical statement that the values of two expressions are equal and indicated by the sign
=. Identity is also an equation but it number of roots are more than its degree. For example, the equality of
two expression x2 = 4 x − 3 is called an equation. On the other hand, the equality of two expression
x 2 − x = x ( x − 1) is called Identity due to it has more roots from its degree.

Function:

Function is a rule that receives an input and produces an exactly one real output. If the variable x represents
input and the variable y represents output of the function f (x) then we simply expressed the rule (function)
as y = f (x) , where x is an independent variable (Argument) and y is a dependent variable (Functional
value at the point x).
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Sometimes, we define function in the form: if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 then 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

Example: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ; 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 etc. all are the functions.

Describe Function with the help of Mapping:

A function or a mapping from A to B, denoted by f : A → B is a relation from A to B in which every
element from A appears exactly once as the first component of an ordered pair in the relation.

A f B A f B

1 4 1 4

2 7 2 7

3 9 3 9
Function Not Function

Function

Describe Function with the help of Graph:

If we draw a vertical line on graph and if this line cut only single point on graph then it will be a function
other it will be not a function.

Various Types of Special Functions:

Even Function:

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even function if 𝑓(− 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

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Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 is an even function.

Problem: Prove that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 is an even function.

Proof: Given function is,

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥

Replacing 𝑥 by − 𝑥 from the above equation, we get

𝑓(− 𝑥) = {sin(−𝑥)}2 × {cos(−𝑥)}6

= {𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥} 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥

𝑓(− 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Above relation shows that given function 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function. (Proved)

Odd Function:

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be odd function if 𝑓(− 𝑥) = − 𝑓(𝑥).

Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 is an odd function.

Problem: Prove that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 is an odd function.

Proof: Given function is,

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥

Replacing 𝑥 by − 𝑥 from the above equation, we get

𝑓(− 𝑥) = {sin(−𝑥)}3 × {cos(−𝑥)}6

𝑓(− 𝑥) = {− 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥} 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥

𝑓(− 𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥

𝑓(− 𝑥) = − 𝑓(𝑥)

Above relation shows that given function 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function. (Proved)

Problem: Determine the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1), even or odd.

Solution: Given that the function is,

𝑓(𝑥) = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)

Now, 𝑓(−𝑥) = ln (−𝑥 + √(−𝑥)2 + 1)

= ln(−𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
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= ln(√𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥)

(√𝑥 2 +1−𝑥)×(√𝑥 2 +1+𝑥)

= ln ( )
(√𝑥 2 +1+𝑥)

2
(√𝑥 2 +1) −𝑥 2 )
= ln ( ) ∵ (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
(√𝑥 2 +1+𝑥)

𝑥 2 +1−𝑥 2 )
= ln ( )
(√𝑥 2 +1+𝑥)

1
= ln ( )
(√𝑥 2 +1+𝑥)

= ln(1) − ln(√𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥)

= 0 − ln(√𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥)

= − ln(√𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥)

⇒ 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a odd function.

Exercise:
(a) Determine whether each of the following functions is even or odd.

(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

(v) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (vi) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥

Domain:
The set of all values of x for which the function y = f ( x) is defined, is called domain of the function.
Simply domain is the set of all allowable x-values.

Mathematically, D f =  x : y = f (x)  R and x  R .

Range:
The set of all values of y corresponding to the values of x for which the function y = f ( x) is defined,
is called range of the function. Simply range is the set of all possible y-values.

Mathematically, 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 }

Problem: Find the domain and range of the function y = 2 x + 5 .

Solution: Given function is, y = 2 x + 5

Here, y gives real values for all real values of x.

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So, the domain of the given function is, D f = R

Again, y = 2 x + 5

or , 2 x = y − 5

y −5
or , x =
2

Here, x gives real values for all real values of y.

So, the range of the given function is, R f = R (Ans)

Exercise: Find the domain and range of the following functions

1. y = 3x + 5 Ans: D f = R and R f = R

2. y = 4 x − 3 Ans: D f = R and R f = R

x−3
Problem: Find the domain and range of the function y = .
2x +1
x−3
Solution: Given function is, y =
2x +1
Here, y is undefined if 2 x + 1 = 0

1
or , x = −
2

1
So, y gives real values for all real values of x except x = − .
2

 1
Therefore, the domain of the given function is D f = R − −  .
 2

x−3
Again we have, y =
2x +1
or , 2 xy + y = x − 3

or , x − 2 xy = y + 3

or , x (1 − 2 y ) = y + 3

y+3
or , x =
1− 2 y

Here, x is undefined if 1 − 2 y = 0
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1
or , y =
2

1
So, x gives real values for all real values of y except y = .
2

1 
Therefore, the range of the given function is R f = R −   (Ans)
2

Exercise:
Find the domain and range of the following quadratic functions
x 1+ x 2
1. y = 2. y = 3. y =
x +1 5− x x+3

Problem: Find the domain and range of the function y = 2 x + 5 .

Solution: Given function is, y = 2 x + 5
Here, y gives real values if and only if, 2 x + 5  0
or , 2 x  − 5
5
or , x  −
2
 5 
Therefore, the domain of the given function is D f =  − ,   .
 2 
Again, y = 2 x + 5 (1)
The values of y in (1) are positive or zero i.e, y  0 .
Now y 2 = 2 x + 5 ; y  0 [Squaring both sides]
2x + 5 = y2 ; y  0
2x = y2 − 5 ;y0
y2 − 5
x= ;y0
2
Here, x gives real values for all real values of y but in (1) we have y  0 .
Therefore, the range of the given function is R f = [0, )
Exercise: Find the domain and range of the following functions
(1) y = 2 x − 1 (2) y = 1 − 5 x (3) f ( x) = 2 x − 1 + 5
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Graph of the Function:

Definition:

If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 denotes a function, then the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is the set of all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥))
for all values of x in the domain A.

∴ Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥𝜖𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝜖𝐵}

Therefore, Graph is the geometrical/Pictorial representation of a function or visualization of a function.
Human being is not able to observe its face without mirror as like this we don’t observe equation without
sketching/ graphing it geometrically.

Graph of Some elementary functions:

Y Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥
Y

m> m<
0 0
X X
O O O
X

Graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥| Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 Graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥

Y
Y
Y

X X X
O O O

1
Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 Y

X
O

Note: when power of the variable increases then graph will be wider.
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Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 Graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥
3

Y
Y

X X
O O

Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| Y

Y

(1,0)
(0,1) X
X O
O

Graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 Graph of 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

Y
Y

-a a
X X
O -a O a

Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

1 1

O 𝜋 2𝜋 O 𝜋 2𝜋

-1 -1