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Civil Disobedience Movement

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Civil Disobedience Movement

Uploaded by

Angana Boruah
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mahipalrathore

mahipalrathore

mahipalrathore

mahipalrathore

Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore


MAHIPAL
MAHIPAL
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
• Gandhi was given the opportunity to start the first act of civil
disobedience by the INC.

• To carry forward the mandate given by the Lahore Congress,


Gandhi presented eleven demands to the Government.

• He gave an ultimatum of 31st January 1930 to accept or reject


these demands.
Gandhi’s Eleven Demands
1. Reduce expenditure on Army and civil services by 50 per cent.
2. Introduce total prohibition (of alcohol and other intoxicants)
3. Carry out reforms in Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
4. Change Arms Act allowing popular control of issue of firearms licence
5. Release political prisoners.
6. Accept Postal Reservation Bill.
7. Reduce rupee-sterling exchange ratio
8. Introduce textile protection.
9. Reserve coastal shipping for Indians.
10.Reduce land revenue by 50 per cent.
11.Abolish salt tax and government’s salt monopoly.
Dandi ‘Salt’ March (March 12 – April 6, 1930)
• Gandhi, along with 78 members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to
march from his headquarters in Ahmedabad, through the villages
of Gujarat, towards Dandi.

A distance of 400 km, back then.

• Gandhi would address thousands of people and attack the


government in his speeches everyday.
• Gandhi talked to foreign journalists and wrote articles for
newspapers on the way.

• This pushed the Indian independence movement into the


forefront of world media.

• Gandhiji became a household name in the West.


• Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up
a handful of salt at Dandi on 6th April
1930.

• 50,000 people had joined him by then.


Mauritius
National Day is
on 12th March,
to
commemorate
the Dandi
March
Why Salt?
• Issue Resonates with common man as everyone uses Salt

• Indians had been making salt from seawater free of cost


until the passing of the 1882 Salt Act that gave the British
monopoly over the production of salt and authority to
impose a salt tax

• It was a criminal offence to violate the salt act.


Gandhi gave the following directions for future action –

• Wherever possible civil disobedience of the salt law should be


started.

• Foreign liquor and cloth shops can be picketed.

• Refuse to pay taxes

• Lawyers can give up practice.

• Public can boycott law courts by refraining from litigation.


• Government servants can resign from their posts.

• All these should be subject to one condition - truth and non-


violence as means to attain Swaraj should be faithfully adhered
to

• Spinning clothes by using charkha

• Fighting untouchability

Local leaders should be obeyed after Gandhi’s arrest


The Spread of the Movement
• Tamil Nadu - RAJAJI led salt march from Trichirapally to
Vedaranniyam

• Kerala/Malabar – K Kelappan led a march from Calicut to


Poyannur

• Andhra Pradesh too saw marches to make salt

• Odisha – Salt Satyagraha led by Gopalbandhu Chaudhuri in


Balasore, Cuttack and Puri districts.
• Nehru arrested in April

• Gandhi arrested in May when he tried to lead a raid on Dharsana


Salt works

• Around 60,000 people were arrested by the government.


Sholapur
• This industrial town of southern Maharashtra saw the fiercest
response to Gandhi’s arrest.

• Textile workers went on a strike and along with other residents


burnt liquor shops

• Destroyed symbols of government authority such as railway


stations, police stations, municipal buildings, law courts, etc.
Dharasana

May 1930 – Sarojini Naidu,


Imam Sahib and Manilal
(Gandhi’s son) raided
Dharasana Salt Works.
Brutal lathicharge on the
unarmed and peaceful
crowd.
Peshawar

Led by Gandhian – Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan.

Started Pashto political monthly paper ‘Pukhtoon’.

 In April 1930 he was arrested.

Khan’s followers (called Khudai Khidmatgars) whom


he had trained in Satyagraha had gathered in a
marketplace called the Qissa Khwani Bazaar.
A section of the Garhwal Rifles refused to fire upon the unarmed
crowd.

Chittagong

Surya Sen’s Chittagong Revolt Group carried out a raid on two


armouries

Declared the establishment of a provisional government.


Bengal

The Bengal Congress was split into factions by now – one led by
Subhas Chandra Bose; the other by JM Sengupta.

Resulted in the alienation of the Calcutta bhadralok (gentleman)


leaders from the rural masses.
Communal riots in Dacca (modern day Dhaka) and Kishoreganj –
little participation of Muslims in the movement.
Despite this, Bengal saw the largest amount of
violence and most number of arrests during the
movement.
Bihar

Salt Satyagraha began from Champaran and Saran.

Mere gesture, because in landlocked Bihar, salt production was not


possible on a commercial scale.

Salt Satyagraha Leader in Bihar = Ambika Kant Sinha.

Site = Nakhas Pond, Patna.


In Bihar, salt satyagraha was soon replaced by a powerful no-
chaukidari tax agitation.

The tribal belt of Chhotanagpur (now in Jharkhand) saw lower class


militant movements.

Socio-religious reform movement in Hazaribagh led by Bonga Majhi


and Somra Majhi.
Assam

• A powerful agitation was organised against the infamous


‘Cunningham circular’.

• Cunningham circular forced parents, guardians and students to


furnish assurances of good behaviour.

• Sylhet to Noakhali (modern day Bangladesh) march by volunteers.


Manipur and Nagaland

• At the young age of thirteen, Rani Gaidinliu, a


Naga , raised the banner of revolt against
foreign rule.

• She was captured in 1932 and sentenced to


life imprisonment.
There was widespread civil disobedience carried on by the people.
Apart from the salt tax, other unpopular tax laws were being
defied like the forest laws, chowkidar tax, land tax, etc.

The government tried to suppress the movement with more laws


and censorships.

The Congress Party was declared illegal. But this did not deter the
satyagrahis who continued the movement.
There were some incidents of violence in Calcutta and Karachi
but Gandhiji did not call off the movement unlike the previous
time with the non-cooperation movement.

Thousands of women also took part in the Satyagraha.

Foreign clothes were boycotted.

Liqueur shops were picketed.

There were strikes all over.


IMPACT OF AGITATION
Imports of foreign cloth and other items fell.

Government income from liquor, excise and land revenue


fell.

Elections to Legislative Assembly were largely boycotted.

The British government was shaken by the movement.


Also, its non-violent nature made it difficult for them to
suppress it violently.
This movement had three main effects:

1. It pushed Indian freedom struggle into the limelight in


western media.

2. It brought a lot of people including women and the depressed


classes directly in touch with the freedom movement.

3. It showed the power of the non-violent Satyagraha as a tool


in fighting imperialism.
• Every section of society as Students, Women, Tribals, Merchants
and Petty Traders, Workers & Peasants took active part in CDM.

• Although Muslims participated but their participation was


nowhere near the 1920-22 level because of appeals by Muslim
leaders to stay away from the movement - The active government
encouragement to communal dissension was working

• Lord Irwin called Gandhi and Congress for talks finally in January
1931
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