Tutorial Sheet : 1

Course Code : BMAT102L

Course Title : Differential Equations and Transforms

Module 1: Ordinary Differential Equations- CO1

1 Easy
1. Solve y′′ − 2 y′ + 5 y = 0 with y(0) = −3 and y′ (0) = 1

Solution: The roots are 1 ± 2 i

Particular solution is y = e x [−3 cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x]

2. Solve y′′ + 2 y′ + 4 y = 13 cos (4 x − 2) using method of undetermined coefficients

p p
Solution: yc = e− x [C 1 cos 3 x + C 2 sin 3 x]
yp = − 34 cos (4 x − 2) + 21 sin (4 x − 2)
The complete solution is y = yc + yp

3. Solve y′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y = xe− x using method of variation of parameters.

2
1 −4x
Solution: The complete solution is y = C 1 e− x + C 2 e3x − x8 e− x + e3x (− 16
x −4x
e − 64 e )

4. Solve x2 y′′ − 2 x y′ − 4 y = x2 + 2 log x

log x 2
Solution: The complete solution is y = C 1 x−1 + C 2 x4 + 38 − 2 − x6

5. Solve (2 x + 3)2 y′′ − (2 x + 3) y′ − 12 y = 6 x

p p
3+ 57 3− 57
3
Solution: The complete solution is y = C 1 (2 x + 3) 4 + C 2 (2 x + 3) 4 − 14 (2 x + 3) + 43

2 Moderate
6. Solve the following initial value problems:

y′′ − 2 y′ + 2 y = 0, y(0) = 0, y′ (0) = 1

 Solution: y( x) = e x sin x

7. Find the general solution of the following differential equations using the method of undeter-
mined coefficients

y′′ − 2 y′ + y = e x + x2

Solution: y( x) = (a + bx) e x + 12 x2 e x + 6 + 4 x + x2

8. Solve (3 x + 2)2 y′′ + 3(3 x + 2) y′ − 36 y = 3 x2 + 4 x + 3 using the method of undetermined coefficients.

log x
1
Solution: y = a(3 x + 2)2 + b(3 x + 2)−2 + (3 x + 2)2 108 + 108

9. Solve ( x2 D 2 − 3 xD + 4) y = x2 cos(log x)

Solution: y = (a + b log x) x2 − x2 cos(log x)

10. Solve the differential equation ( x2 D 2 + xD − 1) y = x2 e x

³ x
´
Solution: y = (ae x + be− x ) + e x − ex

3 Hard
11. An LCR circuit connected in series has a resistance of 5hms, an inductance of 0.05 henry, a
capacitor of 4×104 farad, and an applied alternating emf of 200 cos 100 tvolts. Find an expression
for the current flowing through this circuit if the initial current and the initial charge on the
capacitor are both zero.

p p 40
Solution: l = −2.35 e−50t cos 50 19 t + 22.13 e−50t sin 50 19 t + 17 cos 100 t − 160
17 sin 100 t.

12. A body executes damped forced vibrations given by the equation

d2 x dx
2
+ 2k + b2 x = e−kt sin nt.
dt dt

Solve the equation for both the cases, when n2 ̸= b2 − k2 and n2 = b2 − k2 .

Page 2
 n q¡ ¢ o © ¡ ¢ª
Solution: (i) x = Ae cos t b − k + B + e−kt / b2 + k2 − n2 sin nt.
− kt 2 2
n q¡ ¢ o ¡ ¢
(ii) x = Ae−kt cos t b2 − k2 + B − te−kt /2 n cos nt.

13. Use variation of parameters to find the general solution of the differential equation x2 y′′ − x y′ =
x3 e x if two solutions to the associated homogeneous problem are known to be 1 and x2 .

Solution: y = c 1 + c 2 x2 + xe x − e x .

14. Solve x2 y′′ + 3 x y′ + y = (1−1x)2 .

Solution: y = 1x ( c 1 + c 2 log x) + 1x log 1−x x .

15. Solve (3 x + 2)2 y′′ + 5(3 x + 2) y′ − 3 y = x2 + x + 1.

1
1
£ 1 1
¤
Solution: y = c 1 (3 x + 2) 3 + c 2 (3 x + 2)−1 + 27 2
15 (3 x + 2) + 4 (3 x + 2) − 7 .

x
16. Find the complete solution of the differential equations: (i). y′′ − 2 y′ = 6 x2 − 3 e 2 . (ii). y′′ + 4 y =
x sin 2 x + 8.

x
Solution: (i). y = c 1 + c 2 e2x − x3 − 32 x2 − 23 x + 4 e 2 . (ii). y = c 1 cos 2 x + c 2 sin 2 x − 18 x2 cos 2 x +
1
16 x sin 2 x + 2.

Page 3
Tutorial Sheet : 2
Course Code : BMAT102L
Course Title : Differential Equations and Transforms

Module 2: Ordinary Differential Equations - CO1

Easy Questions

1. Form the PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants ( x − a)2 + ( y − b)2 = z2 cotα

Solution: Ans: p2 + q2 = tan2 α

2. Find the PDE of all the planes passing through the origin.

Solution: Hint: Equation of plane passing through the origin is ax + b y + cz = 0. Ans:

px + q y − z = 0

3. Solve p2 = q − x.

3
Solution: Ans: −32 (a − x) 2 + a y + b

4. Solve p( y + z) − q( z + x) = x − y

Solution: Hint: Use multiplier (1, 1, 1) and ( x, y, − z).

Ans: f ( x + y + z, x2 + y2 − z2 ) = 0

p
5. Find the singular solution of PDE z = px + q y − 2 pq

Solution: Hint: Use Clairaut’s equation for complete integral and differentiate with respect
to arbitrary constants.
Ans: ( x − z)( y − z) = 1

Moderate Questions

1. Solve ( y + z) p + ( z + x) q = x + y

£ x− y ¤
Solution: f x− z , ( x − y)2 ( x + y + z) = 0

2. Solve ( x2 − yz) p + ( y2 − zx) q = z2 − x y

 ³ ´
x− y
Solution: f y− z , xy− z
−z = 0

y+ z z− x x− y
3. yz p + zx q = x y

Solution: f ( x + y + z, x yz) = 0

4. x2 p2 + y2 q2 = z

p p
(1−a2 )}
Solution: xa y{ = ce{2 (z)}

5. z2 = pqx y

1
Solution: z = xa y a

Hard Questions

1. Find the complete integral and singular integrals of pq = 4 x y

Solution: Complete Integral: z = ax2 + a1 y + c

Singular Integral: Does not exist

2. Find the complete integral and singular integrals of 4(1 + z3 ) = 9 z4 pq

Solution: Complete Integral: a(1 + z3 ) = ( x + a y + b)2

Singular Integral: 1 + z3 = 0

3. Find the complete integral of p2 + q2 = ( x2 + y2 ) z.

p p p y
Solution: Complete Integral: 4 z = x x2 + a2 + a2 sinh−1 ax + y y2 − a2 − a2 cosh−1 a + b

4. Solve cos( x + y) p + sin( x + y) q = z

³ p ¡ x+ y ¢ ´
Solution: φ z 2 cot 2 + π8 , e y− x ( sin( x + y) + cos( x + y)) = 0

2
5. Solve ∂∂ xu2 = ∂∂uy + 2 u in the form u = f ( x) g( y).Obtain the solution satisfying u = 0, ∂∂ux = 1 + e−3y
where x = 0 for all values of y.

Page 2
 p
Solution: u( x, y) = p1 sinh 2 x + e−3y sinx
2

Page 3
Tutorial Sheet : 3
Course Code : BMAT102L
Course Title : Differential Equations and Transforms

Module 3: Laplace Transform-CO2

Easy Questions

1. Find the Laplace transform of e2t cos2 t + sinh 2 t sin 3 t.

h i
Solution: Ans: 12 1
s−2
−2
+ (s−s2) 3 3
2 +4 + (s−2)2 +9 − (s+2)2 +9

© ª
2. Find L t2 − 5 sin 3 t − 2 e−2t .

2
Solution: Ans: s3
− s215
+9
− s+2 2

3. Find the Laplace transform p of the following functions:

(i) sin 2 t cos 3 t (ii) sin t (iii) sin3 2 t (iv) cosh at sin bt .

p
2(s2 −5) π 1
48 a(s2 +2a2 )
Solution: (i) (s2 +1)(s2 +25)
(ii) 3 e− 4s (iii) (s2 +4)(s2 +36)
(iv) s4 +4a4
.
2s 2

4. Find the Laplace transform of (

et, 0 ≤ t < 1,
f ( t) =
0, t ≥ 1.
.

1
¡ ¢
Solution: 1− s e(1−s) − 1 .

2s+1
5. Find inverse Laplace transform of (s+2)2 (s−1)2
.

1
¡ ¢
Solution: 3 e t − e−2t .

Moderate Questions
3
6. If L { f ( t)} = F ( s) = (s−1)2s(s+2 +12s+5) , find the following:
© ª © ª
(i) f ( t) (ii) L { t f ( t)} (iii) L e−2t f ( t) (iv) L−1 e−3s L { f ( t)} .

Solution: (i) 14 e t (1 + t) + 41 e− t (cos 2 t + sin 2 t) d

(ii) − ds F ( s) (iii) F ( s + 2) (iv) f ( t − 3) u( t −
3).
 7. Find the laplace transform of the triangular wave of period 2a given by
(
t, 0 ≤ t ≤ a,
f ( t) =
2a − t, a ≤ t ≤ 2a.
.

1
¡ as ¢
Solution: s2
tanh 2 .

R∞ R∞ e− t − e−3 t
8. Evaluate (i) 0 t3 e−3t sin tdt (ii) 0 t .

Solution: (i) 0 (ii) log 3.

h i h i
s s2
9. Using Convolution theorem, find (i) L−1 (s2 +a2 )2
(ii) L−1 (s4 −a4 )
.

t sin at 1
Solution: (i) 2a (ii) 2a [sin at + sinh at].

³ ´
s
10. Find L−1 s4 +2s2 +1
.

¡ ¢ ³p ´
p2 sinh t 3t
Solution: 2 sin 2
3

Hard Questions
Rt 2
11. Find the Laplace transform of e−3t 0 e t sint t .

p
1 (s+2)2 +4
Solution: 2(s+3) ln s+2 .

12. Find the Laplace transform of

(
cos( t − 23π ), t > 23π ,
f ( t) =
0 t < 23π
.

− 2π s
se 3
Solution: s2 +1

¡ sint ¢
13. Prove that L t = tan−1 1s and hence find L( sinat
t ). Does the Laplace transform of
cosat
t ?

Page 2
 ¡ sinat ¢ ¡ cosat ¢
Solution: L t = tan−1 as . L t does not exist.

1
14. Find inverse Laplace transform of s4 +4a4
.

1
Solution: 4a3
[sin at cosh at − cos at sinh at]

1
15. Find the inverse Laplace transform of s(1− e−s ) .

Solution: 1 + u( t − 1) + u( t − 2) + u( t − 3) + ...

Page 3
Tutorial Sheet : 1
Course Code : BMAT102L
Course Title : Differential Equations and Transforms

Module 4: Solution to ODE and PDE by Laplace transform

*Note: Solve the following differential equations using the Laplace transformation.

I. Easy
d2 y dy
1. dx2
+ y = 0, where y = 1 and dx
= −1 at x = 0.

Solution: y = cos x − sin x

d2 y dy
2. dt2
+ y = 3 cos 2 t, where y = dt
= 0 at t = 0.

Solution: y = cos t − cos 2 t

d2 y dy dy
3. dt2
− 3 dt + 2 y = 4 t + e2 t , where y = 1 and dt
= −1 at t = 0.

Solution: y = 3 + 2 t + 21 e3t − 2 e2t − 12 e t

4. y′′ + 2 y′ + y = te−t , if y(0) = 1, y′ (0) = −2.

³ ´
t3
Solution: y = 1 − t + 6
e− t

d2 y dy
5. dx2
+ y = x cos 2 x, where y = dx
= 0 at x = 0.

Solution: y = 49 sin 2 x − 95 sin x − 3x cos 2 x

II. Moderate

d2 y dy
6. dt2
+ 4 y = u( t − 2), where y = 0 and dt
= 1 at t = 0.

Solution: y = 41 u( t − 2) − 14 cos 2( t − 2) u( t − 2) + 21 sin 2 t

7. y′′ + 3 y′ + 2 y = tδ( t − 1), where y(0) = 0 and y′ (0) = 0.

 Solution: y( t) = e−(t−1) u( t − 1) − e−2(t−1) u( t − 1)

dy dy
8. Simultaneous differential equation: 4 dt + dx
dt
+ 3 y = 0, 3 dx
dt
+ 2x + dt
= 1, under
the condition x = y = 0 at t = 0.

−6 −6
Solution: x = 12 − 15 e−t − 10 e , y = 15 e−t − 15 e 11 t
3 11 t

dx dy
9. Simultaneous differential equation: dt
+ 5 x − 2 y = t, dt + 2 x + y = 0, being given
x = y = 0 when t = 0.

1 1 2
Solution: x = − 27 (1 + 6 t) e−3t + 27 (1 + 3 t), y = − 27 (2 + 3 t) e−3t − 29t + 27
4

dx dy dy
10. Simultaneous differential equation: dt
− dt
+ 2 y = cos 2 t, dx
dt
+ dt
− 2 x = sin 2 t,
where x(0) = 0 and y(0) = −1.

Solution: x( t) = 21 e t (cos t + sin t) − 12 cos 2 t, y( t) = − e t (cos t − sin t) − sin 2 t

III. Hard

∂u
11. ∂t
+ ∂∂ux= x, x > 0, t > 0; with initial and boundary conditions u(0, t) = 0, t > 0 and
u( x, 0) = 0, x > 0.

2 2
Solution: u( x, t) = xt − t2 + H ( t − x) (t−2x) , where H is the unit step function
(or Heaviside function).

∂u
12. ∂t
+ ∂∂ux + u = x, x > 0, t > 0; with initial and boundary conditions u(0, t) = 0, t > 0
and u( x, 0) = sin x, x > 0.

Solution: u( x, t) = e−t [sin( x − t) + H ( t − x) sin( t − x)], where H is the unit step

function (or Heaviside function).

∂v
13. ∂x
= 2 ∂∂vt + v with 0 < t < ∞.
Given that, v( x, t)| t=0 = 6 e−3x , and the function v( x, t) is bonded for x > 0 and
t > 0.

Page 2
 Solution: u( x, t) = 6 e−2t−3x

14. yt = −α yx for x > 0, t > 0 with side conditions y(0, t) = C , y( x, 0) = 0.

Solution: y( x, t) = C U ( t − x/α), where U is the unit step function (or Heavi-

side function)

15. yt + yx + y = 0, for x > 0, t > 0; with y(0, t) = sin t, and y( x, 0) = 0.

Solution: u( x, t) = e−x sin( t − x) H ( t − x), where H is the unit step function (or
Heaviside function).

Page 3
Tutorial Sheet : 5
Course Code : BMAT102L
Course Title : Differential Equations and Transforms

Module 5: Fourier Series (Moderate Questions) - CO2

1. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function

½
x2 , −π < x < 0
f ( x) =
0, 0 < x < π

with period 2π in (−π, π).

2 n n
Solution: a 0 = − π3 , a n = 2(−n1)
2 , bn =
π(−1)
n .

2. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function f ( x) = e−5x with period 2π in (−π, π).

n n
Solution: a 0 = 2 sinh
5π
5π
, a n = 10(π−(n
1) sinh 5π
2 +25) , b n = 2n(π−(n
1) sinh 5π
2 +25) .

3. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function

½
−1, −π < x < 0
f ( x) =
1, 0<x<π

with period 2π in (−π, π). Hence, deduce that 1 − 13 + 51 − 17 + · · · = π4 .

n
Solution: a 0 = 0, a n = 0, b n = 2[1−n(−
π
1) ]
. Take x = π2 for getting the identity.

4. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function f ( x) = 2 x − x2 with period 3 in (0, 3).
2
Hence, deduce that 1 − 212 + 312 − 412 + · · · = π12 .

Solution: a 0 = 0, a n = − n29π2 , b n = 3
nπ . Take x = 23 for getting the identity.

5. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function

½
1 + 2x , −π ≤ x ≤ 0
f ( x) = π
2x
1− π , 0 ≤ x ≤ π
2
with period 2π in (−π, π). Hence, deduce that 1 + 312 + 512 + 712 + · · · = π8 .

n
Solution: a 0 = 0, a n = − 4[1n−2(−1)
π2
]
( f ( x) is an even function). Take x = 0 for getting the
identity.
 Hard Questions

6. Determine the Fourier series of the square wave function f defined by

½
− k, −π < x < 0;
f ( x) = f ( x + 2π) = f ( x).
k, 0 < x < π,

1 1 1 π
Deduce that 1 − + − +··· = .
3 5 7 4

X∞ 4k
Solution: f ( x) = sin nx, n is odd.
n=1 nπ

7. Determine
µ the Fourier
¶ series for the periodic triangle function f with period T defined for 0 <
T T T
a ≤ on − , by
2 2 2 
 | x|
 1 − , | x| ≤ a;
f ( x) = a

 0, T
a < | x| ≤ .
2

a 8T X∞ 1 anπ 2 nπ x
Solution: f ( x) = + 2 2
sin2 cos .
T 4aπ n=1 n T T

8. Develop Fourier series for f ( x) = x sin x, 0 < x < 2π.

1 X∞ cos nx
Solution: −1 − cos x + π sin x + 2 2
.
2 n=2 n − 1

9. Determine the Fourier series of the half-wave rectified sinusoidal defined by

½
sin t, 0 < t < π;
f ( t) = f ( t + 2π ) = f ( t ) .
0, π < t < 2π

Deduce that
1 1 1 1
(i) + + +··· =
1·3 3·5 5·7 2
1 1 1 π−2
(ii) − + −··· =
1·3 3·5 5·7 4

· ¸
1 π 2 2 2
Solution: f ( t) = 1 + sin t − cos 2 t − cos 4 t − cos 6 t − · · · .
π 2 3 3·5 3·5·7

10. Prove that for 0 < x < π

· ¸
π2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x
(a) x(π − x) = − + + +···
6 12 22 32

Page 2
 · ¸
8 sin x sin 3 x sin 5 x
(b) x(π − x) = + + + · · ·
π 12 32 52
Deduce from (a) and (b) respectively that
X∞ 1 π4
1. 4
=
n=1 n 90
X∞ 1 π4
2. 6
=
n=1 n 945

Page 3
Tutorial Sheet : 6
Course Code : BMAT102L
Course Title : Differential Equations and Transforms

Module 6: Fourier Transform - CO3

Easy

1. Find the Fourier transform of ½

1, | t| < 1;
f (t) =
0, | t| > 1.
R ∞ sin t
Hence evaluate the integral 0 t dt.

Z
2 sin ω ∞ sin t π
Solution: F(ω) = , dt = .
ω 0 t 2

2. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of f (t) = e−at , a > 0.

ω a
Solution: F s (ω) = , F c (ω ) = .
ω2 + a 2 ω2 + a 2

3. Find the Fourier transform of 

 −(1 + t), −1 ≤ t ≤ 0;
f (t) = t − 1, 0 < t ≤ 1;

0, | t| > 1.

2(cos ω − 1)
Solution: F(ω) = .
ω2

4. Find the inverse Fourier transform of

e− iω
F(ω) = .
2(1 + i ω)

1 −( t−1)
Solution: f (t) = e H(t − 1), where H is the Heaviside step function.
2

5. Find the Fourier transform of ½

cos t, − l ≤ t ≤ l;
f (t) =
0, | t| > l.

2ω cos l sin ω l − sin l cos ω l

Solution: F(ω) = .
ω2 − 1
 Moderate

6. Find the Fourier cosine and sine transform of

½
sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ l;
f (t) =
0, t > l.

· ¸
1 cos (ω − 1)l cos (ω + 1)l 1 sin (ω − 1)l sin (ω + 1)l
Solution: F c (ω) = + − , F s (ω) = − .
1 − ω2 2(ω − 1) 2(w + 1) 2 (ω − 1) (ω + 1)

7. Solve the following PDE using the Fourier transform

∂u ∂2 u
= , x ∈ R, t > 0
∂t ∂ x2
such that 
 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 0;
u(x, 0) = −1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0, otherwise.

Z
1 ∞ 1 2
Solution: u(x, t) = (cos ω − 1) sin ω x e−ω t dω.
π −∞ ω

8. Show that Z ∞ dτ 2π
=
−∞ (2 − i τ + i ω)(2 + i τ) 4 + iω

Solution: Hint: Use frequency convolution.

9. Show that Z ∞ dτ
= 0.
−∞ (4 − i τ )(4 − i τ + i ω)

Solution: Hint: Use frequency convolution.

10. Find the Fourier cosine and sine transforms of

½ 2t
e − e−2 t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2;
f (t) =
0, otherwise.

Solution:
2
F c (ω ) = [2 cos 2ω cosh (t) + ω sin (2ω) sinh(4) − 2 cos ω cosh (2) − ω sin (ω) sinh (2)].
ω2 + 4
2
F s (ω ) = [2 sin (2ω) cosh (4) − ω cos (2ω) sinh (4) − 2 cos ω cosh (2)].
ω2 + 4

Page 2
 Hard

11. Find the inverse Fourier transform of

2i ω
F(ω) = .
3 + iω

Solution: 2δ(t) − 6e−3 t H(t), where δ is the Dirac delta function and H is the Heaviside step function.

12. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f (t) = e− t . Hence show that
Z ∞
dt π
2 2
= .
0 (t + 1) 4

1
Solution: F c (ω) = .
ω2 + 1

13. Find the Fourier transform of ½

1 − | t|, if | t| < 1;
f (t) =
0, | t| > 1
Z ∞ µ sin t ¶4 π
and hence deduce that dt = .
0 t 3

¡ω¢
2 sin2 2
Solution: F(ω) = .
ω2

14. Solve the following PDE

∂u ∂2 u
= , x, t ∈ R+
∂t ∂ x2
such that ½
1, 0 < x ≤ l;
u(x, 0) = and u(0, t) = 0, t > 0.
0, l < x < ∞

Z
2 ∞ 2
Solution: u(x, t) = (1 − cos (ω l)) sin (ω x)e−ω t dω.
π 0

15. Solve the following PDE using the Fourier transform

∂u ∂2 u
= , x, t ∈ R+
∂t ∂ x2

such that u(x, 0) = e−2| x| , x ∈ R.

Z
2 ∞ 1 2
Solution: u(x, t) = 2
e iω x−ω t dω.
π −∞ 4 + ω

Page 3
 Tutorial Sheet : 7
Course Code : BMAT102L
Course Title : Differential Equations and Transforms

Module 7: Z Transforms
Easy Questions
𝒏𝝅
1. Find the Z-transform of 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (
𝟒
) − 𝟔𝒂𝟐 .

Solution:
𝒛
𝟐𝒛 𝒛
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐
+ 𝟓 √𝟐
− 𝟔𝒂𝟐
𝒛𝟐 −√𝟐 𝒛+𝟏 𝒛−𝟏
.

2. Find the Z-transform of 𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏 𝜽)

Solution:
𝒛𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
(𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝟏)𝟐
.

3. Find the inverse Z-transform of

𝒛𝟑 −𝟐𝟎𝒛 𝒛
(𝒂) (𝒃) ..
(𝒛−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒛−𝟒) 𝒛𝟑 −𝒛𝟐 +𝒛−𝟏

Solution:
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝟏 [𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )−𝒔𝒊𝒏( )]
(a) 𝟐
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒏 ) − 𝟒𝒏 , (𝒃) 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐

𝒛𝟐
4. Use convolution theorem to evaluate 𝒁−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟑)𝟐 ]

Solution:
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟑𝒏 .
.

5. Find Z-transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒏𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝜽.

Solution:
𝒛(𝒛−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜽) 𝒛𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
+ .
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜽+𝟏 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽+𝟏
.
Moderate Questions
6. Solve 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟔𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟖𝒖𝒏 = 𝟓𝒏 , 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏 using Z
transform.

Solution:
𝒛𝟐 −𝟒𝒛 𝟏
𝑼(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝟓)(𝒛𝟐−𝟔𝒛+𝟖), 𝒖𝒏 = 𝟑 [𝟓𝒏 − 𝟑𝒏 ]
.

𝒛𝟐
7. Find 𝒁−𝟏 [ ].
(𝒛−𝟓)(𝒛−𝟕)

7𝑛+1 −5𝑛+1
Solution: 𝑢𝑛 =
2

8. Find the Z-transform of 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏𝟓𝒏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟏𝟑) + 𝒆𝟓𝒏 .

5𝑧 𝑧 sin(11) 𝑧[(z−cos(11)] 𝑧
Solution: 𝑈(𝑧) = + cos(13) + sin(13) +
(𝑧−5)2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(11)+1 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(11)+1 𝑧−𝑒 5

9. Find the Z-transform of 𝒖𝒏 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒏+𝟗 .

𝑧(𝑧+𝑒 10 ) 2𝑧𝑒 19 𝑧𝑒 9
Solution: 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑒 19 − (𝑧−𝑒 10)3 + 𝑧−𝑒 10
(𝑧−𝑒 10 )3 −

𝒛𝟐 −𝟓𝒛+𝟏𝟏
10. If 𝑼(𝒛) = where 𝑼(𝒛) = 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ), then find 𝒖𝟏 and 𝒖𝟐 .
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟒
Solution: 𝑢0 = 0, 𝑢𝑞 = 0, 𝑢2 = 1, 𝑢3 =-1

11. Consider a situation in economic analysis where the demand function and the
supply functions for a given commodity are given by

(i) 𝑄𝑑𝑡 = 18 − 3𝑃𝑡 , 𝑄𝑠𝑡 = −3 + 4𝑃𝑡−1 , with 𝑃0 = 15

(ii) 𝑄𝑑𝑡 = 5 − 2𝑃𝑡 , 𝑄𝑠𝑡 = −2 + 5𝑃𝑡−1 , with 𝑃0 = 10

(iii) 𝑄𝑑𝑡 = 19 − 7𝑃𝑡 , 𝑄𝑠𝑡 = −4 + 6𝑃𝑡−1 , with 𝑃0 = 12

Assume that in each time period, the market price is always set at a level such that
quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. That is, 𝑄𝑠𝑡 = 𝑄𝑑𝑡 . 𝑃𝑡 denotes the
price of the commodity at time 𝑡.
 𝟒 𝒕
Solution: (i) 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐 (− 𝟑) + 𝟑,
𝟓 𝒕
(ii) 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟗 (− 𝟐) + 𝟏,
𝟔 𝒕 𝟐𝟑
(iii) 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 (− 𝟕) + 𝟏𝟑.

12. Samuelson Multiplier-Accelerator Interaction Model: This model assumes that

the national income 𝑦𝑡 consists of three components
(i) Consumption (𝐶𝑡 )
(ii) Investment (𝐼𝑡 )
(iii) Government Expenditure (𝐺𝑡 ).

Income Function 𝑦𝑡 = 𝐶𝑡 + 𝐼𝑡 + 𝐺0
Consumption Function 𝐶𝑡 = 𝛾𝑦𝑡−1 (𝑜 < 𝛾 < 1)
Investment Function 𝐼𝑡 = 𝛼(𝐶𝑡 − 𝐶𝑡−1 ) (𝛼 > 0)
The government expenditure is assumed to be constant equal to 𝐺0 = 1. The constant
𝛾 represents the marginal propensity to consume and 𝛼 represents the acceleration
coefficient. Substituting consumption function and investment function in the income
function leads to the following governing equation
𝛼𝛾𝑦𝑡−2 − 𝛾(𝛼 + 1)𝑦𝑡−1 + 𝑦𝑡 = 1
Replacing all 𝑡 by 𝑡 + 2, we get
𝑦𝑡+2 − 𝛾(1 + 𝛼)𝑦𝑡+! + 𝛼𝛾𝑦𝑡 = 1. With the initial conditions 𝑦0 = 𝑦1 = 0.
Form the difference equation and solve
2 49
(i) 𝛼= , 𝛾= ,
3 50
2 24
(ii) 𝛼= , 𝛾=
3 25

𝟏𝟒 𝒕 𝟕 𝒕
Solution: (i) 𝒚𝒕 = −𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 (𝟏𝟓) + 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 (𝟏𝟎) + 𝟓𝟎 ,
𝟒 𝒕
(ii) 𝒚𝒕 = (−𝟐𝟓 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝒕) ( ) + 𝟐𝟓.
𝟓