1.
2 Communication and Internet technologies
1.2.1 Serial and parallel data transmission
1.2.2 Security aspects
1.2.3 Internet principles of operation
Lecture PowerPoints
Adapted from notes
By- Md. Nazrul Islam, [email protected]
Contact No. : +8801715048860
© 2020, CIE 2210-Syllabus Solution, For May/Jun & Oct/Nov Session, All rights reserved.
1
Topics Covered
• Introduction
• A Taxonomy of Transmission Modes
• Serial Transmission
• Parallel Transmission
• Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission
2
Definition Data Transmission
• Data transmission refers to the movement of data
in form of bits between two or more digital devices.
• This transfer of data takes place via some form of
transmission media (for example, coaxial cable,
fiber optics etc.)
3
A Taxonomy of Transmission Modes
• We use the term transmission mode to refer to the
manner in which data is sent over the underlying
medium
• Transmission modes can be divided into two
fundamental categories:
• Serial
• Parallel
4
A Taxonomy of Transmission Modes / Types of Data
Transmission
5
Serial Transmission
• Serial transmission
– One way of doing the transmission would be to send the
byte, one bit at a time, through a single wire (connection),
this is known as serial data transmission.
– sends one bit at a time
– However, most communication systems use serial mode
• There are two main reasons for using serial transmission: /
• Advantages:
– First, serial networks can be extended over long
distances at much less cost
– Second, using only one physical wire means that there is
never a timing problem caused by one wire being slightly
longer than another
6
Serial Transmission
• Disadvantages:
May lead to increase in overall transmission cost.
This method is slower as compared to parallel
transmission as bits are transmitted serially one after the
other.
Problems associated with synchronisation
7
Serial Transmission
8
Parallel Transmission
• Parallel transmission allows transfers of multiple
data bits at the same time over separate media
• In general, parallel transmission is used with a
wired medium that uses multiple, independent
wires
• Furthermore, the signals on all wires are
synchronized so that a bit travels across each of
the wires at precisely the same time
• Figure 9.2 illustrates the concept, and shows why
engineers use the term parallel to characterize the
wiring
9
Parallel Transmission
10
Parallel Transmission
• Advantages:
– High speed: it can send N bits at the same time
• a parallel interface can operate N times faster
than an equivalent serial interface
– Match to underlying hardware: Internally,
computer and communication hardware uses
parallel circuitry
• a parallel interface matches the internal
hardware well
• Disadvantages:
-- It is costly method of data transmission as it
requires n lines to transmit n bits at the same time.
11
Examples
• Examples of parallel mode transmission include connections
between a computer and a printer (parallel printer port and
cable). Most printers are within 6 meters or 20 feet of the
transmitting computer and the slight cost for extra wires is offset
by the added speed gained through parallel transmission of data.
• Examples of serial mode transmission include connections
between a computer and a modem using the RS-232 protocol
. Although an RS-232 cable can theoretically accommodate 25
wires, all but two of these wires are for overhead control signaling
and not data transmission; the two data wires perform simple
serial transmission in either direction. In this case, a computer
may not be close to a modem, making the cost of parallel
transmission prohibitive—thus speed of transmission may be
considered less important than the economical advantage of
serial transmission.
12
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission
• A communications channel is classified as one of three types:
(depending on the direction of transfer)
– Simplex
– Full-Duplex
– Half-Duplex
• Simplex: If the transmission of data is only ever in one
direction, it is known as simplex data transmission.
– It is analogous to broadcast radio or television
– The transmission of data from a
microphone to computer
sensor to computer
Webcam to compuer
Computer o printer
Computer o speaker
Computer o monitor 13
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission
• Full-Duplex: If the transmission of data is in both directions at the
same time, it is known as duplex (or full duplex) transmission.
• Eg:
– Telephone call
– VoIP
– Computer to Printer
– Instant Messaging (IM)
– Broadband connections
– Video conferencing
– Sending data to and from devices eg: wireless technology
– Computer to modem
14
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission
• Half-Duplex: If the transmission of data can only be in
one direction at a time, it is known as half duplex
transmission.
– It is analogous to using walkie-talkies where only
one side can transmit at a time
• Figure 9.8c illustrates half-duplex communication
15
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission
16
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission
17
