OPTO 102 Lesson 3

TOPICS:
The Plant and Animal Cell
Cell Theories
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
The Cell Cycle

MELODIE CLAIRE W. JUICO, LPT, MAED

The Cell
Cell Theory

Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

Early studies of cells were conducted by

- Mathias Schleiden (1838)
- Theodor Schwann (1839)

Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow proposed the

Cell Theory.

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Cell Theory

Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living things.
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

All cells today represent a continuous line

of descent from the first living cells.

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Cell Theory

Cell size is limited.

-As cell size increases, it takes longer
for material to diffuse from the cell
membrane to the interior of the cell.

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Microscopes are required to
visualize cells.

Light microscopes can resolve

structures that are 200nm apart.

Electron microscopes can resolve

structures that are 0.2nm apart.

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What can a Microscope tell us

• Allows user to view the morphology of a

cell
• Typically seen are nucleus, plasma
membrane, cell wall and chloroplasts in
plants
• Cells are viewed as two dimensional
even though cells are really three
dimensional
• Difficult to view details in cell because a
cell lacks color
• Use different methods for enhancing visualization of cellular structures

TECHNIQUE RESULT
(a) Brightfield (unstained specimen).
Passes light directly through specimen.
Unless cell is naturally pigmented or
artificially stained, image has little
contrast. (human cheek epithelial cell) 50 µm
(b) Brightfield (stained specimen).
Staining with various dyes enhances
contrast, but most staining procedures
require that cells be fixed (preserved).
(c) Phase-contrast. Enhances contrast
in unstained cells. The resulting image
will be dark with a light background.
• Electron microscopes (EMs)
– Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
(TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)
• The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
– Provides for detailed study of the surface of a specimen

TECHNIQUE RESULTS
1 µm
Cilia
(a)
Scanning electron micro-
scopy (SEM). Micrographs taken
with a scanning electron micro-
scope show a 3D image of the
surface of a specimen. This SEM
shows the surface of a cell from a
rabbit trachea (windpipe) covered
with motile organelles called cilia.
Beating of the cilia helps move
inhaled debris upward toward
the throat.
 • The transmission electron microscope (TEM)
– Provides for detailed study of the internal
ultrastructure of cells
Longitudinal Cross section
section of of cilium
1 µm
(b) cilium

Transmission electron microscopy

(TEM). A transmission electron microscope
profiles a thin section of a
specimen. Here we see a section through
a tracheal cell, revealing its ultrastructure.
In preparing the TEM, some cilia were cut
along their lengths, creating longitudinal
sections, while other cilia were cut straight
across, creating cross sections.
 Cells:
The Basic Units of Life
All cells have structures in common.

1. genetic material – in a nucleoid or nucleus

2. cytoplasm – a semifluid matrix
3. plasma membrane – a phospholipid bilayer

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1. Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound

nucleus.
-genetic material is present in the
nucleoid

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Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells possess

-genetic material in the nucleoid
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
-cell wall
-ribosomes
-no membrane-bound organelles

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 Prokaryotic Cells
Pili: attachment structures on
the surface of some prokaryotes
Nucleoid: region where the
cell’s DNA is located (not
enclosed by a membrane)
Ribosomes: organelles that
synthesize proteins

Plasma membrane: membrane

enclosing the cytoplasm
Cell wall: rigid structure outside
the plasma membrane
Capsule: jelly-like outer coating
Bacterial of many prokaryotes
chromosome 0.5 µm

(a) A typical Flagella: locomotion (b) A thin section through the

rod-shaped bacterium organelles of bacterium Bacillus coagulans
some bacteria (TEM)
2. Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells
-possess a membrane-bound nucleus
-are more complex than prokaryotic cells
-compartmentalize many cellular
functions within organelles and the
endomembrane system
-possess a cytoskeleton for support and
to maintain cellular structure
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Eukaryotic Cells

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 Organelles

Organelles are structures that enable the cell to live, grow

and reproduce.
 Organelles
ENDOPLASMIC
NUCLEUS GOLGI COMPLEX
RETICULUM
MITOCHONDRIA

1 2 3 4
LYSOSOME
RIBOSOME
5 6 7
CHLOROPLAST

Organelles are structures that enable the cell to

live, grow and reproduce.
 Cell Membrane

•Outer layer of cell

•Allows nutrients into
the cell and wastes
outside of the cell

“Gate into the city”

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

•Cytoplasm a
jelly-like fluid
contained in the
cell that holds
the organelles.
 The Nucleus
DNA •The control
center of the cell
•Contains the Cell’s
DNA

Nucleolus

Nuclear Membrane
“Mayor’s office”
Mitochondria
Outer Membrane

• Power center of cell

• Provides the energy the
cell needs to move, divide,
etc.

Inner Membrane

“Powerhouse of the cell”

Ribosomes
•Site where
proteins are
made
•Cell parts are
made of
proteins
“Factories of the cell”
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transportation
system of cell
Rough ER-w/
ribosomes attached
Smooth ER- no
ribosomes attached
Ribosomes

“Roadways of the cell”

Golgi Complex
• Packaging house of
cell
• Packages,
processes, and
ships out the stuff
the cell makes

“Delivery system of the cell”

Lysosomes
• Digests food
particles and cell
parts
• “Garbage men”
• Protects cell by
digesting foreign
invaders
• “Police men”
 Vacuole
• Stores water, food & wastes
Vacuole

Vacuole is largest
organelle in plant cell
Cell Wall

• Found only in plant

cells

• Protects and
supports the cell
 Chloroplasts
• Found only in plant
cells
• Contains chlorophyll
(makes plants green)
• Where
photosynthesis
takes place
 Plant or Animal Cell?

Found in Plant and Animal cells: Found only in Plant Cells:

• Nucleus • Chloroplasts
• Golgi Complex
• Mitochondrion • Cell Wall
• Lyosomes
• Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Cell Membrane
• Ribosomes
• Vacuoles
 DNA
•Genetic information - genome
•Packaged into chromosomes

50 µm
Deoxyribonucleic Acid And Chromosomes

•An average eukaryotic cell has about 1,000

times more DNA then an average prokaryotic
cell.
•The DNA in a eukaryotic cell is organized into
several linear chromosomes, whose
organization is much more complex than the
single, circular DNA molecule in a prokaryotic
cell
Chromosomes
•All eukaryotic cells store genetic information
in chromosomes.
• Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50
chromosomes in their body cells.
• Human cells have 46 chromosomes.
• 23 nearly-identical pairs
Cell Cycle
INTERPHASE

S
G1
(DNA synthesis)

G2
 Phases of the Cell Cycle

•Interphase
•G1 - primary growth
•S - genome replicated
•G2 - secondary growth
•M - mitosis
•C - cytokinesis
 Functions of Cell Division
100 µm 200 µm 20 µm

(a) Reproduction. An (b) Growth and development.(c) Tissue renewal. These dividing
amoeba, a single-celled This micrograph shows a bone marrow cells (arrow) will
eukaryote, is dividing into sand dollar embryo shortly give rise to new blood cells (
two cells. Each new cell will after he fertilized egg divided,
be an individual organism forming two cells
 Interphase
G1 - Cells undergo majority of growth
S - Each chromosome replicates
(Synthesizes) to produce sister
chromatids
Attached at centromere
Contains attachment site
(kinetochore)
G2 - Chromosomes condense - Assemble
machinery for division such as centrioles
 Mitosis

An integral part of the cell cycle

Results in genetically identical daughter
cells
Cells duplicate their genetic material
Before they divide, ensuring that each
daughter cell receives an exact copy of
the genetic material, DNA
Stages of Mitosis
• Mitosis is divided into the ff. phases:
– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
• Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis: A Closer Look

• In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a

process known as cleavage, forming a
cleavage furrow
• In plant cells, a cell plate forms during
cytokinesis
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References
https://wheelofnames.com/9nx-6p8

 https://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model_js.htm
 https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-mitosis
 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Bi
ology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/4%3A_Cell_Structure/
4.1%3A_Studying_Cells/4.1C%3A_Cell_Theory

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