Assignment 2

So Hee Kim

Section 12.1 [Coordinates in 3D]

22.
The distance between the two given points will be the diameter of the sphere, while the middle
point of the two given points will be the center of the sphere.

√(5 − 1)2 + (4 − 6)2 + (3 + 9)2 √164

𝑟= = = √41
2 2
5+1 4+6 3−9
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( , , ) = (3, 5, −3)
2 2 2
Therefore, the equation of the sphere will be as follows.
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 + (𝑧 + 3)2 = 41

26. A half-space consisting of all points on and in front of the plane x=3.

28. A half-space consisting of all points on and above the plane z=-1.

30. All points on the planes y=2 and y=-2.

34. All points on or inside a sphere with radius 2 and center (0,0,0).

36. All points on a circular cylinder of radius 4 with axis the x-axis.

38.
The given inequality can be rewritten in the form below.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 − 1)2 > 1
Therefore, the region expressed by this inequality consists of all points outside the sphere with
radius 1 and center (0,0,1).

Section 12.2 [Vectors]

20.
𝑎 + 𝑏 = (5𝑖 + 3𝑗) + (−𝑖 − 2𝑗) = 4𝑖 + 𝑗
4𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 4 ∗ (5𝑖 + 3𝑗) + 2 ∗ (−𝑖 − 2𝑗) = 20𝑖 + 12𝑗 − 2𝑖 − 4𝑗 = 18𝑖 + 8𝑗
|𝑎| = √52 + 32 = √34
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (5𝑖 + 3𝑗) − (−𝑖 − 2𝑗) = 6𝑖 + 5𝑗
|𝑎 − 𝑏| = √62 + 52 = √61

22.
𝑎 + 𝑏 =< 8,1, −4 > + < 5, −2,1 > = < 13, −1, −3 >
 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 =< 32,4, −16 > +< 10, −4,2 ≥< 42,0, −14 >
|𝑎| = √82 + 12 + (−4)2 = √81 = 9
𝑎 − 𝑏 =< 8,1, −4 > − < 5, −2,1 > = < 3,3, −5 >
|𝑎 − 𝑏| = √32 + 32 + (−5)2 = √43
24.
For the unit vector to have the same direction as the given vector, the ratio of i,j,k must be equal
with the given vector while its magnitude being 1. Therefore, we must calculate the magnitude
of the given vector and divide each component i,j,k with the magnitude.

The magnitude of the given vector is √(−5)2 + 32 + (−1)2 = √35.

5 3 1
Therefore, the unit vector that we are trying to find will be < − , ,− >.
√35 √35 √35

26.
For a vector with a the length of 4 to have the same direction as the given vector, the ratio of i,j,k
must be equal with the given vector while the magnitude being 4. Therefore, we must calculate
the magnitude of the given vector and divide each component i,j,k with the magnitude and
multiply it by 4.

The magnitude of the given vector is √62 + 22 + (−3)2 = √49 = 7.

24 8 12
Therefore, the vector that we are trying to find will be < 7 , 7 , − 7 >.

28.
If we say that the angle between the given vector and the positive direction of the x-axis as 𝜃,
6 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
8 4
−1 3
Therefore, 𝜃 = tan 4 ≅ 37°

30.
With x being the horizontal component and y being the vertical component,
𝑥 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠38° = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛38° =
50𝑁 50𝑁
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠38° ∗ 50𝑁 ≅ 39.4𝑁 and 𝑦 = sin 38° ∗ 50𝑁 ≅ 30.78𝑁

42.

(a)
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 at the point (𝜋/6,1) can be achieved by
𝜋
putting in the value of x inside 𝑦′, which will be 2 cos 𝑥. Therefore, the slope will be 2 cos 6 = √3.

2
The parallel vector then can be said as 𝑖 + √3𝑗, which magnitude is √12 + √3 = 2.
1
Therefore, the unit vectors parallel to the tangent line are ± 2 (𝑖 + √3𝑗).
(b)
Since the parallel vector is 𝑖 + √3𝑗, the perpendicular line is √3𝑖 − 𝑗.
1
Therefore, the unit vectors perpendicular to the tangent line are ± 2 (√3𝑖 − 𝑗).

(c)

Section 12.3 [Dot Product]

20.
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 =< 8, −1,4 >∙< 0,4,2 > = −4 + 8 = 4
|𝑎| = √82 + (−1)2 + 42 = √81 = 9
|𝑏| = √42 + 22 = √20 = 2√5
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 18√5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 4
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
9√5
2
𝜃 = cos −1 ≅ 84°
9√5

24.

(a) 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = −15 + 16 + 2 = 3, and since there is no real number c that can satisfy 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣,
the two vectors are neither orthogonal nor parallel.
3
(b) The two vectors are parallel because 𝑢 = − 2 𝑣
(c) The two vectors are orthogonal because 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑐 2 = 0

30.
The vector that is parallel to the first line is 𝑣1 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗, and the vector that is parallel to the
second line is 𝑣2 = 𝑖 + 5𝑗.

𝑣1 ∙ 𝑣2 3 3
𝜃 = cos −1( ) = cos −1 (− ) = cos −1(− ) ≅ 105°
|𝑣1 ||𝑣2 | √5√26 √130
Since this is an obtuse angle, the acute angle will be approximately 180° − 105° = 75°

32.
𝜋
The point of intersection between the curves in the given range is when 𝑥 = 4 . And to find the
tangent lines at the point of intersection, we can calculate the derivatives of each curve, which is
1 1
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 . The slope of the tangent line will therefore be and − ,
√2 √2
respectively.

Then the vectors that are parallel to this tangent line can be each said as 𝑣1 = √2𝑖 + 𝑗 and 𝑣2 =
√2𝑖 − 𝑗.

𝑣 ∙𝑣 1 1 𝜋 1
𝜃 = cos −1(|𝑣 1||𝑣2 |) = cos −1 ( ) = cos −1(3) ≅ 71° at (4 , ).
1 2 √3√3 √2

34.
The direction cosines can be calculated by dividing each of the components by the magnitude of
the vector. Since the magnitude of the vector is √36 + 9 + 4 = 7, the direction cosines will be
6 3 2
, ,−
7 7 7

And the direction angles will the arc cosine of each of the components, which will be
6 3 2
cos −1( ) ≅ 31°, cos −1( ) ≅ 65°, cos −1(− ) ≅ 107°
7 7 7

40.
𝑎⃗∙𝑏 ⃗ 28
The scalar projection will be ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = .
|𝑎| √37
And the vector projection will be the scalar projection times the unit vector in the direction of a:
28 𝑎 28 28 168
= 𝑎 =< − , >
⃗⃗⃗
√37 |𝑎| 37 37 37

42.
𝑎⃗∙𝑏 ⃗ 8 8
The scalar projection will be ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = =9
|𝑎| √81
And the vector projection will be the scalar projection times the unit vector in the direction of a:
8 𝑎 8 8 32 64
= 𝑎 =< − , , >
⃗⃗⃗
9 |𝑎| 81 81 81 81
Section 12.4 [Cross Product]

2.
i-8j-10k

If we calculate the dot product of each vector with (1,-8,-10),

< 4,3, −2 >∙< 1, −8, −10 > = 0,
< 2, −1,1 >∙< 1, −8, −10 > = 0.
Therefore, the calculated vector is orthogonal to both a and b.

4.
-18j-18k
If we calculate the dot product of each vector with (0,-18,-18),
< 3,3, −3 >∙< 0, −18, −18 > = 0,
< 3, −3,3 >∙< 0, −18, −18 > = 0.
Therefore, the calculated vector is orthogonal to both a and b.

6.
i+(sint-tcost)j+k
If we calculate the dot product of each vector with (1,sint-tcost,1),
< 𝑡, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 >∙< 1, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 1 > = 0,
< 1, −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 >∙< 1, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 1 > = 0.
Therefore, the calculated vector is orthogonal to both a and b.

10.
Since 𝑖 × 𝑗 = 𝑘, 𝑗 × 𝑘 = 𝑖, 𝑘 × 𝑖 = 𝑗, 𝑖 × (𝑖 × 𝑘) = 𝑖 × 𝑗 = 𝑘

13.
(a) The expression is meaningful because b×c will be a vector, and the dot product is a calculation
between vectors. The dot product between a and the calculated vector will produce a scalar.
(b) The expression is meaningless because b∙c will be a scalar, and you cannot calculate a cross
product between a vector and a scalar.
(c) The expression is meaningful because b ×c will be a vector, and the cross product is a
calculation between vectors. The cross product between two vectors will produce a vector.
(d) The expression is meaningless because b∙c will be a scalar, and you cannot calculate a dot
product between a vector and a scalar.
(e) The expression is meaningless because both a∙b and c∙d will be scalars, and the dot product is
a calculation between vectors.
(f) The expression is meaningful because both a×b and c×d will be vectors, and the dot product
is a calculation between vectors. The calculation of the dot product will be a scalar.

14.
 𝑢 × 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5 ∗ 6 ∗ sin 60° = 15√3
According to the right-hand rule, 𝑢 × 𝑣 is directed out of the page.

16.
(a)
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 3 ∗ 2 ∗ sin 90° = 6

(b) Since 𝑎 × 𝑏 will be lying in the xy-plane, z=0. And using the right-hand rule, we can see that
the cross product will have a positive x component and a negative y component.

Section 12.5 [Equations of Lines and Planes]

2.
Vector equation: r=(6i-5j+2k)+t(3i+9j-2k)
Parametric equation: x=6+3t, y=-5+9t, z=2-2t

6.
The vector parallel to the line vector will be (4,3,-1)-(0,0,0)=(4,3,-1), and therefore
Parametric equation: x=4+4t, y=3+3t, z=-1-t
The symmetric equation can be calculated by organizing the parametric equation to t.
𝑥−4 𝑦−3 𝑧+1
Symmetric equation: 4 = 3 = −1

8.
The vector parallel to the line vector will be (2,3,1)-(4,-6,6)=(-2,9,-5), and therefore
Parametric equation: x=2-2t, y=3+9t, z=1-5t
The symmetric equation can be calculated by organizing the parametric equation to t.
𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧−1
Symmetric equation: −2 = 9 = −5

24.
The normal vector will be <0,1,2>, and using the equation of the plane, the equation will be
0 ∗ (𝑥 − 4) + 1 ∗ (𝑦 − 0) + 2 ∗ (𝑧 + 3) = 0
𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −6