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Computer system servicing 1

Economics (Western Philippines University)

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Senior High School

NOT

Computer Systems
Servicing
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Applying Quality Standards

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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Computer Systems Servicing- Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 1: Applying Quality Standards
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalty.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author/s: Jackielyn A. Agcol, MSIT
Cherry Mae A. Andilab
Reviewers:
Jufel S. Gutang
School Head – Camaman-an National High School
Zsa-Zsa S. Daug, MaELS, M.A in English
Teacher III – Indahag National High School
Illustrator and Layout Artists:
Jackielyn A. Agcol, MSIT
Cherry Mae A. Andilab

Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairperson: Alicia E. Anghay, PhD, CESE

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members: Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Ray O. Maghuyop, EPS-Math
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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Senior High School

Computer
Systems
Servicing NC II
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Applying of Quality Standards

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from the public schools. We encourage teachers and other
education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education at
[email protected]

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. ii
How to Learn from this Module ...........................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module ...............................................................................................................................iii

What I Know ........................................................................................................................................... .iv

Lesson 1:
Applying of Quality Standards ..................................................................................
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1
What’s New: (Assessed Quality of Received Materials.) ............................ 2
What Is It ....................................................................................................... 3
What’s More: (Analysis of Item) .................................................................... 4

What’s New: (Assessed Quality of Received Materials.) ............................ 6

What Is It ....................................................................................................... 7
What’s More: (Essay) .................................................................................... 8

What’s New: (Assess own Work)................................................................. 9

What Is It ....................................................................................................... 12
What’s More: (Compare and Contrast) ......................................................... 13

What’s New: (Engage in quality improvement) ........................................... 14

What Is It ....................................................................................................... 18
What’s More: (Practical Questions) .............................................................. 18

What’s New: (Engage in quality improvement) ........................................... 19

What Is It ....................................................................................................... 25
What’s More: (Fish Bone Diagram) .............................................................. 26

What I Have Learned: (Importance of Quality Standards) ........................... 27

What I Can Do: (Application at Home).......................................................... 28

Summary ............................................................................................................................ ..29

Assessment: (Post-Test) ................................................................................................... ..30
Key to Answers ................................................................................................................... ..32
References .......................................................................................................................... ..36

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What This Module is About

This module contains information and suggested learning activities on Computer

Systems Servicing. It includes training materials and activities for you to complete.

Completion of this module will help you better understand the succeeding module on
Computer Systems Servicing.

This module consists of 3 learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains

learning activities supported by concept notes in the What’s New section. Before you
perform the learning activities, read the What’s New section provided to ascertain to yourself
and your teacher that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill
portion of the particular learning outcome.

Upon completion of this module, submit your portfolio to your teacher for the
checking of your achievement of knowledge and skills requirement of this module.

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ii

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, the learners shall be able to apply quality standards in
computer systems servicing:

1. Assess Quality of Received Materials. ( TLE_IACSS912AQS-Ia-1)

2. Assess own Work. (TLE_IACSS912AQS-Ib-2)
3. Engage in quality improvement. (TLE_IACSS9-12 AQS-Ic-3)

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

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iii

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson.

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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iv

What I Know

Assessment: (Pre-Test)
Multiple Choice.

Direction: Select the best answer for each question. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which refers to the sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design of
operation, materials and performance, or describe quality of materials, products or systems?
A. Workplace procedure C. Production Process
B. Standards D. Failure testing
2. Which behaviour affects the quantity of work in the workplace?
A. Tardiness C. Customer dissatisfaction
B. Negativism D. Failure to follow instructions
3. When should a safe working procedure be written?
A. When you have nothing else to do C. When the boss tells you to do so
B. When designing a new task D. When there are tasks to be
eliminated
4. Which factor should be considered when choosing the right material for a certain project?
A. Cost of material C. Popularity of the material
B. Brand of the material D. Source of the material
5. Which is considered as the most important factor when choosing materials to buy?
A. cost C. quality
B. demand D. suitability
6. Which task must be done first when receiving materials?
A. match the packing slip to the items received
B. sign the delivery form immediately
C. make an inventory report of the items received
D. check the items for any defects
7. Which behaviour affects the quality of work?
A. Ana arrives in the workplace 10 minutes late.
B. Joseph used his sick leave to attend to his friend’s party.
C. Stephen did not follow the specifications ordered by the customer.
D. Shela is always involved in arguments with her co-workers.
8. Which is an inappropriate physical behaviour?
A. Smoking in the workplace
B. Lack of flexibility in response to problems
C. Insubordination
D. Inappropriate or poor work methods
9. Which refers to the process performed on a whole consumer product?
A. statistical control C. quality control
B. failure testing D. production process
10. Which is a systematic approach to the elimination or reduction of rework, waste, and
losses in the production process?
A. Quality control C. Quality planning
B. Quality improvement D. Quality assurance
11. Which is a system in manufacturing for maintaining standards?
A. Quality control C. Quality planning
B. Quality improvement D. Quality assurance
12. Which refers to the process of identifying which quality standards to focus on and then
determine what to do?
A. Quality control C. Quality planning
B. Quality improvement D. Quality assurance

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13. Which focuses on improving the production process?

A. Quality control C. Quality planning
B. Quality improvement D. Quality assurance
14. Which refers to the direct one-on-one interaction between a consumer making a
purchase and a representative of the company that is selling it?
A. Customer-company relationship C. Customer service
B. Customer interaction D. Marketing process
15. Which system or process is being implemented after the finished product is completed?
A. Quality assurance C. Quality planning
B. Quality control D. Quality improvement

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APPLYING QUALITY
Lesson STANDARDS
1
What I Need to Know

LO 1 Assess Quality of Received Materials

1.1 Obtain work instruction in accordance with standard operating procedures

1.2 Check the received materials against workplace standards and specifications
1.3 Identify and isolate faulty materials related to work
1.4 Record and/ or report defects and any identified causes to the supervisor concerned in
accordance with workplace procedures

LO 2 Assess own Work

2.1 Identify and use documentation relative to quality within the prescribe standard
2.2 Check completed work against workplace standards relevant to the task undertaken
2.3 Identify and isolate errors
2.4 Record information on the quality and other indicators of production performance in
accordance with workplace procedures

LO 3 Engage in quality improvement

3.1 Discuss process improvement procedures in relative to workplace assignment

3.2 Carry out work in accordance with process improvement procedures

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What’s New

Assess Quality of Received Materials

The student must relate material properties to product and process quality. These are the
factors that must be taken into consideration when choosing the right material for their
components and assemblies:

1. Selection of material

Material selection is one of the most common tasks for design engineering. The ability to
assess the material’s impact on the performance of a product is crucial for reliable
performance. Sometimes, buyers are also considering the label or name of the company
which are producing great quality of materials and are known in the market. Examples are
the name HP for printer and Intel for some computer hardware.

2. Testing of material

The testing of material properties is widely understood to be the key to obtaining data for a
project, performing failure analysis, or understanding material interactions. Material testing
also provides information on the quality of incoming and outgoing products. Inspection test
equipment and techniques are demonstrated for a wide range of materials and assemblies
during the class. This provides the participants with both knowledge of the common failure
modes.

3. Cost of material

The cost of material is also considered when buying or selecting materials for a specific
project. The amount may vary but never taken for granted the quality and the reliability of the
material. Will you buy material which is less expensive but worst in quality? Will you buy
material which you cannot afford? People look for places which can meet their standards
and right cost for materials

Characteristic of common materials for increased security is also a great factor in

the design and planning process. Evaluation of longevity criteria and assessment of
.
site environmental factors are vital to project planning. Specific knowledge about
the project and general common sense must dictate design and material selection.
Although many materials can offer enhanced protection, often the most cost-
efficient and readily available material that provides reasonable life expectancy for
the project must be considered.

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Before planning and designing takes place, you should evaluate the material options
and system requirements

The characteristic of the materials to be used for specific project must be:

 of good quality

This is the most important factor when choosing materials to buy. Products with
good quality are long-lasting and safe to use because you know that it follows
certain standards before being commercialized.

 reliable

It means that you can be sure that it will perform its function well, will operate safely
and will give the best it could give.

 suitable for the application/purposes

Choose the materials which are very necessary to make the project possible. Making
a list of products/materials to buy is a good trait of a wise consumer. Products which
are not to be used must be crossed out.

 low cost

It doesn’t mean that you will choose for the less expensive one and exclude the
quality. Low cost means you can afford to buy the materials without hurting your
pocket and being assured of better quality.

What Is It

I. Enumerate the following. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering.

1. What are the three factors to be considered when choosing the right material?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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2. What are the three characteristics of materials to be used for specific project?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

II. What does Good Quality mean?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

What’s More

DIRECTION: Choose 1 item you want to purchase based on the factors discussed in the
lesson. State your reasons why you choose it.

HP Deskjet 2620 EPSON L3110 3 in 1 Printer

Price: 3,705.00 Price: 7,500.00

Specifications: Specifications:

• Inkjet printer • Inkjet printer

• Print, scan, copy / Wireless • Print, scan, copy
• Printing resolution: 4800 x 1200 • Dye ink print resolution: 5,760 x
dpi color 1,440
• Print speed: 7.5 ppm Black and • Printing Resolution: 5760 dpi
5.5 ppm Color • Print speed: 33 ppm Blk / 15 ppm
• Print size: up to Legal size colour draft text
• Scan and copy up to A4 size only • Print size: up to Legal size
• Scan and copy up to A4 Size

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CANON G1010 BROTHER DCP-T310 3IN1 Printer

Price: 4,800.00 Price: 7,900.00

Specifications: Specifications:

• Refillable inkjet printer • Inkjet printer

• Print only • Print, scan, copy
• Print resolution: 4800 x 1200 dpi • Print resolution: Up to 1,200 x
• Print speed: up to 8.8ipm (mono) 2,400dpi
/ 5.0ipm (colour) • Print speed: 12ipm
• Print size: up to Legal size • Print size: A4, Letter, Executive,
A5, A6

Item chosen: Reasons:

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What’s New

Assess Quality of Received Materials

These are the things to be considered when:

A. Receiving Materials:

1. Match the packing slip to the items received and ensures that the materials are destined
on tour department.
2. That you are receiving the materials indicated on the purchase order with regard to
quantity and discount.
3. That the materials are in acceptable condition.
4. That terms regarding installation and/or set-up of equipment are met.

B. Receiving Reports

Whenever goods are received: 1. The person receiving the goods must document, using the
administrative software, that all goods were received for each requisition before any
payment can be made to the vendor.

2. Any exceptions must be noted so that partial payments can be process or defective goods
can be returned.

C. Return of Merchandise

When the merchandise received is incomplete or defective, the supervisor will return the
materials to the supplier or to the store where it was bought and make arrangements with
the vendor for replacement.

D. Make an Inventory Report of the Materials

All materials received must be listed and be reported to monitor how many materials are
already on hand, purchased or damaged. Effective management checks are an important
means of providing assurance of the integrity and security of the benefit processes. They are
also useful in identifying training needs; indicating possible weaknesses in procedure and
ensuring the section meets its accuracy target set for Best Value Performance Indicators
purposes.

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What Is It

Instructions:

In this activity, your teacher will serve as the assessor. You are assigned as the Quality
checker for the Month of August. Make a Log Report and Assessment Report using the
delivered items below. Make sure you will record all the items listed and if they were in good
condition or not. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

As a Quality checker, you will record the date of receipt, name of the materials purchased,
quantity, official receipt number, and sign your name afterwards. You will identify if the
materials are in good condition or damage and /or needing for replacements. This will be
recorded on the Assessment Report. After you have completed all the reports, the assessor
will check if you have provided all the data needed in the reports.

Log Report (to be completed by the Quality checker)

Date O.R. # Item Name Quantity Signature Quality

Received Checker

Assessment Report (to be completed by the Quality checker)

Quality Checker:

Item Name Total no. in Good Total no. of Errors Comments

Condition

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DELIVERED ITEMS
1. - Aug 9, 2020 - 5 Hard disk, 2 128MB SDRAM memory chips - Received from Jun
Salcedo (PC chain), OR #20256 - Found out that 1 Hard disk has error need for replacement

2. - Aug 9, 2020 – 10 Refill ink cartridge from STARINK Shop, OR# 5623

3. - Aug 9, 2020 - 10 PS/2 keyboard, 10 Optic mouse, 2 power supply - Received from
Allan Rivera (Octagon), OR#12544 - 3 defective keyboard need replacement

4. - Aug 9, 2020 - 2 CD-Rom drive - Received from Jun Salcedo (PC Chain), OR#20400

What’s More

Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the important tasks to be done during the receiving of materials? List two.

2. What should a supervisor do when the items received are incomplete or defective?

3. Why is making an inventory report of the materials important?

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What’s New

Assess own Work

Workplace Procedure is a set of written instructions that identifies the health and safety
issues that may arise from the jobs and tasks that make up a system of work.
A safe working procedure should be written when:
฀ designing a new job or task
฀ changing a job or task
฀ introducing new equipment
฀ reviewing a procedure when problems have been identified, example from an accident or
incident investigation.

The safe working procedure should identify:

• the teacher for the task or job and the students who will undertake the task
• the tasks that are to be undertaken that pose
risks
• the equipment to be used in these tasks
• the control measures that have been
formulated for these tasks
• any training or qualification needed to
undertake the task
• the personal protective equipment to be worn
• action to be undertaken to address safety
issues that may arise while undertaking the
task

Following certain procedures is very important to perform a given operation. The table below
shows different elements and their corresponding performance criteria to be able to identify
occupational health and safety hazards, and assess risk, as well as follow instructions and
procedure in the workplace with minimal supervision. The students will also be capable of
participating and contributing to OHS management issues.

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1. Identify hazards and 1.1 Identify hazards in the work area and during the
assess risk. performance of workplace duties.
1.2 Assess level of risk
2. Follow procedures and 2.1 Report hazards in the work area to designated
strategies for risk control. personnel according to workplace procedures
2.2 Follow workplace procedures and work instructions
for assessing and controlling risks with minimal
supervision.
2.3 Whenever necessary, within the scope of
responsibilities and competencies, follow workplace
procedures for dealing with hazards and incidents, fire
and/or other emergencies
3. Contribute to OHS in the 3.1 Describe employee rights regarding consultation on
workplace. OHS matters 3.2 Raise task and/or job specific OHS
issues with appropriate people in accordance with
workplace procedures and relevant OHS legislative
requirements 3.3 Contribute to participative arrangement
for OHS management in the workplace within
organisational procedures and the scope of
responsibilities and competencies 3.4 Provide feedback
to supervisor on hazards in work area in line with
organisational OHS policies and procedures 3.5 Provide
support in implementing procedures to control risks in
accordance with organisational procedures
Work instruction may be:  Verbal
 Written
 In English
 In a community language
 Provided visually eg. video, OHS signs, symbols
 and other pictorial, presentation, etc
Controlling risks in the work  Application of the hierarchy of control, namely:
area may include  Eliminate the risk
 Reduce/minimise the risk through
 Engineering controls
 Administrative controls
 Personal protective equipment
Reports identifying workplace  Face to face
hazards may be verbal or  Phone messages
written and may include:  Notes
 Memos
 Specially designed report forms
Examples of OHS issues  Hazards identified
which may need to be raised  Problems encountered in managing risks associated
by workers with designated with hazards Clarification on understanding of OHS
personnel may include: policies and procedures Communication and
consultation processes
 Follow up on reports and feedback.
 Effectiveness of risk controls in place

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 Training needs
Examples of contributions Recommendations on changes to work processes,
may include: equipment or practices
Listening to the ideas and opinions of others in the team
Sharing opinions, views, knowledge and skills
Identifying and reporting risks and hazards
Using equipment according to guidelines and operating
manuals.

TYPES AND WORK-RELATED ERRORS

A. Quantity of work (untimely completion, limited production)

1. Poor prioritizing, timing, scheduling
2. Lost time
฀ Tardiness, absenteeism, leaving without permission
฀ Excessive visiting, phone use, break time, use of the Internet
฀ Misuse of sick leave
3. Slow response to work requests, untimely completion of assignments
4. Preventable accidents

B. Quality of work (failure to meet quality standards)

1. Inaccuracies, errors
2. Failure to meet expectations for product quality, cost or service
3. Customer/client dissatisfaction
4. Spoilage and/or waste of materials
5. Inappropriate or poor work methods

Work Behavior Which Result in Performance Problems

A. Inappropriate behavior (often referred to as "poor attitude")
฀ Negativism, lack of cooperation, hostility
฀ Failure or refusal to follow instructions
฀ Unwillingness to take responsibility ("passing the buck")
฀ Insubordination
฀ Power games

B. Resistance to change
฀ Unwillingness, refusal or inability to update skills
฀ Resistance to policy, procedure, work method changes
฀ Lack of flexibility in response to problems

C. Inappropriate interpersonal relations

฀ Inappropriate communication style: over-aggressive, passive
฀ Impatient, inconsiderate, argumentative
฀ Destructive humor, sarcasm, horseplay, fighting

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฀ Inappropriate conflict with others, customers, co-workers, supervisors

D. Inappropriate physical behavior
฀ Smoking, eating, drinking in inappropriate places
฀ Sleeping on the job
฀ Alcohol or drug use
฀ Problems with personal hygiene
฀ Threatening, hostile, or intimidating behavior

What Is It

I. Write QN if the statement affects the quantity of work and QL if the statement affects the
quality of work. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

______ 1. Poor scheduling of work

______ 2. Failure to meet expectations for product quality, cost or service
______ 3. Customer/client dissatisfaction
______ 4. Preventable accidents
______ 5. Misuse of sick leave
______ 6. Tardiness
______ 7. Slow response to work requests
______ 8. Break time
______ 9. Excessive visiting
______ 10. Spoilage and/or waste of materials

II. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

__________ 1. Poor attitude results in performance problem.

__________ 2. A safe working procedure should be written when retrieving old tasks.
__________ 3. Preventable accidents may affect the quantity of work.
__________ 4. Following certain procedure is very important in performing given operation
or to a given event.
__________ 5. Safe working procedure should not identify the tasks that are to be
undertaken that pose risks.

III. What is Workplace Procedure?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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What’s More

Use a T-Chart to compare and contrast the activities of your household members against
workplace procedure. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Similarities Differences

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What’s New

Engage In Quality Improvement

Standards are sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design of

operation, materials and performance, or describe quality of materials, products or systems.
These standards should cover the performance expectations of the product for particular
application. The intent of standards is to provide at least minimum quality, safety or
performance specifications so as to ensure relatively uniform products and performance, and
to remove ambiguity as to the suitability of certain commercial products for particular
applications. Following standards may reduce the risk of error in working.

Specific quality standards for:

1. Hardware

The durability of the work depends on the quality of its component parts and the
assembly skills of those who install it. If the best-quality products or hardware are used but
are installed incorrectly, the system will be a failure.
The application of suitable hardware and products must be supported by adequate
levels of training of person who use them so that they can identify and use only appropriate
products. In judging a product or hardware, the person must consider factors such as the
following:
฀ Is the product or hardware under consideration suitable for the application or
purpose?
฀ Will it be harmful to the health of the community in its normal use?
฀ Is there a risk of this hardware being released into the environment (e.g. the water)
in the first instance or after the working life of the product or hardware has expired?

2. Production Process

In production process, checking of quality assurance must be highly considered.

Quality assurance covers all activities from design, development, production, installation,
servicing and documentation. This introduced the rules: "fit for purpose" and "do it right the
first time". It includes the regulation of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and
components; services related to production; and management, production, and inspection
processes.

A. FAILURE TESTING

A valuable process to perform on a whole consumer product is failure testing, the

operation of a product until it fails, often under stresses such as increasing vibration,

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15

temperature and humidity. This exposes many unanticipated weaknesses in a product, and
the data is used to drive engineering and manufacturing process improvements.

B. STATISTICAL CONTROL

Many organizations use statistical process control to bring the organization to Six
Sigma levels of quality, in other words, so that the likelihood of an unexpected failure is
confined to six standard deviations on the normal distribution. Traditional statistical process
controls in manufacturing operations usually proceed by randomly sampling and testing a
fraction of the output. Variances of critical tolerances are continuously tracked, and
manufacturing processes are corrected before bad parts can be produced.

C. COMPANY QUALITY

The company-wide quality approach places an emphasis on three aspects:

1. Elements such as controls, job management, adequate processes, performance and

integrity criteria and identification of records
2. Competence such as knowledge, skills, experience and qualifications
3. Soft elements, such as personnel integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation,
team spirit and quality relationships.

The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these three aspects are deficient in any way.

D. TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL

Total Quality Control is the most necessary inspection control of all in cases where,
despite statistical quality control techniques or quality improvements implemented, sales
decrease.

As the most important factor had been ignored, a few refinements had to be introduced:

1. Marketing had to carry out their work properly and define the customer’s specifications.
2. Specifications had to be defined to conform to these requirements.
3. Conformance to specifications i.e. drawings, standards and other relevant documents,
were introduced during manufacturing, planning and control.
4. Management had to confirm all operators are equal to the work imposed on them and
holidays, celebrations and disputes did not affect any of the quality levels.
5. Inspections and tests were carried out, and all components and materials, bought in or
otherwise, conformed to the specifications, and the measuring equipment was accurate, this
is the responsibility of the QA/QC department.

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6. Any complaints received from the customers were satisfactorily dealt with in a timely
manner.
7. Feedback from the user/customer is used to review designs.
8. Consistent data recording and assessment and documentation integrity.
9. Product and/or process change management and notification.

To conclude, the above forms are the basis from which the philosophy of Quality
Assurance has evolved, and the achievement of quality or the “fitness-for-purpose” is
“Quality Awareness” throughout the company.

4. Final Product

Table 1.2.1 shows the Quality System Elements required by ISO 9000 in the making of the
final product.

Table 1.2.2 Quality System Elements.

1 Management Define and document commitment, policy and objec- tives,

responsibility responsibility and authority, verification resources and
personnel. Appoint a management representative and
conduct regular reviews of the system
2 Quality system Establish and maintain a documented quality system
ensuring that products conform to specified requirements 3
3 Contract Review Ensure that customer's contractual requirements are
evaluated and met
4 Product development Plan, control and verify product development to ensure that
specified requirements are met
5 Document control System for control and identification of all documents
regarding quality, e.g. procedures, instructions, and
specification
6 Purchasing Ensure that purchased products conform to specified
requirement
7 Product identification identification and traceability
and traceability System to identify and control traceability of product at all
stages from raw materials through production to the final
product as delivered to the customer
8 Process control Ensure and plan the control of production which directly
effects quality by documented work instructions, monitoring
and control of processes
9 Inspection and testing Inspect and test incoming products, intermediate and final
product; establish product conformance to specified

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requirements and identify non-conforming pro- ducts;

maintain inspection and test records
10 Inspection, measuring Selection and control of equipment to ensure reliability and
and test equipment accuracy in measuring data
11 Inspection and test For the whole process the products shall be identified and
status clearly marked concerning test status, including indication of
conformance or non-conformance
12 Control of Identification, documentation, evaluation, isolation (if
nonconforming possible) and disposition of non-conforming products
product
13 Corrective actions Prevention of reoccurrence of failures (non-conformance)
14 Handling, storage packaging and
packaging and Protection of the quality of the product during hand- ling,
delivery storage, packaging and delivery
15 Quality records Records, including those which demonstrate that the
specified requirements have been met, shall be control- led
and maintained
16 Internal Quality Audits Regular, planned internal audits shall be carried out,
documented and recorded to verify the effectiveness of the
quality system
17 Training Training requirements at all levels shall be identified and the
training planned, conducted and recorded
18 Cleaning and Although not required by the ISO 9000 standards, these two
Disinfection points should be given special attention in all food companies
19 Personal hygiene

4. Customer Service

Customer service is the direct one-on-one interaction between a consumer making a

purchase and a representative of the company that is selling it. Most retailers see this direct
interaction as a critical factor in ensuring buyer satisfaction and encouraging repeat
business.

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What Is It

I. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the otherwise.

________ 1. Standards are set of rules that describe quality of materials, product or system.

________ 2. Quality assurance does not cover all the activities from design, development,
up to documentation.

________ 3. Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of

customer satisfaction.

________ 4. Customer service is not important in the company’s customer value proposition.

________ 5. The durability of the work do not depend on the skills of those who install it.

What More

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What are the tasks being undertaken in Failure Testing?

2. What are the three aspects of company quality?

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What’s New

Engage In Quality Improvement

Parts of quality management

QI is part of quality management. It exists alongside quality control, quality assurance, and
quality planning. Below is an explanation of the four parts that make up quality management.
Quality control
Quality control or QC is a system in manufacturing for maintaining standards. Inspectors
examine the final product to make sure it meets standards and specifications. When the
company provides a service, the inspector checks the end results

Quality assurance
Quality assurance or QA is a program for the systematic monitoring of different aspects of
production. We also use QA for projects and services. QC occurs after the finished product
is completed, while QA happens before.

Quality improvement

Quality improvement or QI focuses on improving the production process. However, the

target could be any part of an organization.

One vital ingredient in successful and sustained improvement is how changes are introduced
and implemented.

Quality planning

Quality planning or QP refers to the process of identifying which quality standards to focus
on and then determine what to do.

Quality planning means planning how to fulfill process and product (deliverable) quality
requirements. Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill
requirements.”

In technical usage, quality can have two meanings:

1. the characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied
needs.
2. a product or service free of deficiencies.

The quality of a product or service refers to the perception of the degree to which the product
or service meets the customer's expectations. Quality has no specific meaning unless
related to a specific function and/or object. Quality is a perceptual, conditional and somewhat
subjective attribute.
The dimensions of quality refer to the attributes that quality achieves in Operations
Management:

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Quality <-> Dependability <-> Speed <-> Flexibility <-> Cost

฀ Quality supports dependability

฀ Dependability supports Speed
฀ Speed supports Flexibility
฀ Flexibility supports Cost.

In the manufacturing industry it is commonly stated that “Quality drives productivity.”

Improved productivity is a source of greater revenues, employment opportunities and
technological advances. The best way to think about quality is in process control. If the
process is under control, inspection is not necessary. However, there is one characteristic of
modern quality that is universal. In the past, when we tried to improve quality, typically
defined as producing fewer defective parts, we did so at the expense of increased cost,
increased task time, longer cycle time, etc.

Quality improvement is a systematic approach to the elimination or reduction of rework,

waste, and losses in the production process. Quality improvement (QI) refers to methods to
improve the production process. It requires getting rid of or changing parts of the process
that do not function optimally.

Quality and Task-Completion Checking

With development teams of two or three in daily contact and frequently exchanging views
and criticisms, detailed, written quality and task-completion checking procedures may be felt
to be unnecessary. Procedures still need to be agreed and the results need to be
documented. The need to check quality and task completion applies at all stages of the
development process but is underlined especially during the prototype validation stages.
The importance of documenting checks applies whatever the size of the team and whatever
the complexity of the software. In the production of assets, this may involve checking to
confirm the following:
฀ that all the asset files listed in the product specification document have been produced;
฀ that files are correctly named;
฀ that files are the correct byte size or near the projected file size (examining the file-sizes in
a directory listing can be helpful in identifying problem files which are either much too large
or much too small);
฀ that files are the correct resolution (screen-size and bit depth in the case of graphics;
duration, sampling frequency and bit-depth in the case of sound files);
฀ that the quality of files displaying on the target monitor or heard on target listening
equipment is acceptable.

Note that sampling is seldom a satisfactory checking method. Checking should be

exhaustive, unless for reasons of time or economy this is impossible. Usually, however,
trying to economize on checking and testing is a false economy and cutting corners here will
often come back to haunt the development team. At the end of the day, all files will need to
be tested and, if at all possible, this should be done sooner rather than at a later trial stage.
Quality Improvement Processes

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Manufacturers can choose from a variety of tools to improve their quality processes. The
trick is to know which tools to use for each situation and increasing the sophistication of the
tools in the repertoire.
Easy to implement and follow up, the most commonly used and well-known quality process
is the plan/do/check/act (PDCA) cycle (Figure 1). Other processes are a takeoff of this
method, much in the way that computers today are takeoffs of the original IBM system. The
PDCA cycle promotes continuous improvement and should thus be visualized as a spiral
instead of a closed circle.
Another popular quality improvement process is the six-step PROFIT model in which the
acronym stands for:

P = Problem definition.
R = Root cause identification and analysis.
O = Optimal solution based on root cause(s).
F = Finalize how the corrective action will be implemented.
I = Implement the plan.
T = Track the effectiveness of the implementation and verify that the desired results are met.

If the desired results are not met, the cycle is repeated. Both the PDCA and the PROFIT
models can be used for problem solving as well as for continuous quality improvement. In
companies that follow total quality principles, whichever model is chosen should be used
consistently in every department or function in which quality improvement teams are
working.

Plan Figure 1. The

Define a problem or opportunity.
most common
Study and define the problem; brainstorm for causes and corrective
actions. process for
Develop an implementation plan. quality
Do improvement is
 Implement corrective action. the
 Document the procedure and observation.
 Use data-gathering to collect information. plan/do/check/act
Check cycle outlined
 Analyze information. above. The cycle
 Monitor trends. promotes
 Compare obtained results against expected result from plan.
continuous
Act
 If the results are as expected, do nothing. improvement and
 If the results are not expected, repeat the plan/do/check/act cycle. should be thought
 Document the process and the revised plan. of as a spiral, not
a circle.

Once the basic problem-solving or quality improvement process is understood, the

addition of quality tools can make the process proceed more quickly and systematically.
Seven simple tools can be used by any professional to ease the quality improvement
process: flowcharts, check sheets, Pareto diagrams, cause and effect diagrams, histograms,
scatter diagrams, and control charts. (Some books describe a graph instead of a flowchart
as one of the seven tools.)

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The key to successful problem resolution is the ability to identify the problem, use the
appropriate tools based on the nature of the problem, and communicate the solution quickly
to others. Inexperienced personnel might do best by starting with the Pareto chart and the
cause and effect diagram before tackling the use of the other tools. Those two tools are used
most widely by quality improvement teams.

FLOWCHARTS
Flowcharts describe a process in as much detail as
possible by graphically displaying the steps in proper
sequence. A good flowchart should show all process steps
under analysis by the quality improvement team, identify
critical process points for control, suggest areas for further
improvement, and help explain and solve a problem.
Flowcharts can be simple, such as the one featured
in Figure 2, or they can be made up of numerous boxes,
symbols, and if/then directional steps. In more complex
versions, flowcharts indicate the process steps in the
appropriate sequence, the conditions in those steps, and
the related constraints by using elements such as arrows,
yes/no choices, or if/then statements.

Figure 2. A basic process flowchart displays several paths

in troubleshooting a lamp.

CHECK SHEETS
Check sheets help organize data by category. They show how many times each
particular value occurs, and their information is increasingly helpful as more data are
collected. More than 50 observations should be available to be charted for this tool to be
really useful. Check sheets minimize clerical work since the operator merely adds a mark to
the tally on the prepared sheet rather than writing out a figure (Figure 3). By showing the
frequency of a particular defect (e.g., in a molded part) and how often it occurs in a specific
location, check sheets help operators spot problems. The check sheet example shows a list
of molded part defects on a production line covering a week's time. One can easily see
where to set priorities based on results shown on this check sheet. Assuming the production
flow is the same on each day, the part with the largest number of defects carries the highest
priority for correction.

Figure-3.
Because it
clearly
organizes data,
a check sheet is
the easiest way
to track
information

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PARETO DIAGRAMS

The Pareto diagram is named after Vilfredo Pareto, a 19th-century Italian economist.
are caused by 20% of the potential sources.
A Pareto diagram puts data in a hierarchical order (Figure 4), which allows the most
significant problems to be corrected first. The Pareto analysis technique is used primarily to
identify and evaluate nonconformities, although it can summarize all types of data. It is
perhaps the diagram most often used in management presentations.
To create a Pareto diagram, the
operator collects random data,
regroups the categories in order
of frequency, and creates a bar
graph based on the results.

Figure 4. By rearranging random

data, a Pareto diagram identifies
and ranks nonconformities in the
quality process in descending
order.

CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAMS

The cause and effect diagram is sometimes called an Ishikawa diagram after its inventor. It
is also known as a fish bone diagram because of its shape. A cause and effect diagram
describes a relationship between variables. The undesirable outcome is shown as effect,
and related causes are shown leading to, the said effect. This popular tool has one severe
limitation, however, in that users can overlook important, complex interactions between
causes. Thus, if a problem is caused by a combination of factors, it is difficult to use this tool
to depict and
solve it.
Figure 5. Fish bone
diagrams display
the various possible
causes of the final
effect. Further
analysis can
prioritize them.
A fish bone
diagram displays all contributing factors and their relationships to the outcome to identify
areas where data should be collected and analyzed. The major areas of potential causes are
shown as the main bones, Later, the subareas are depicted. Thorough analysis of each
cause can eliminate causes one by one, and the most probable root cause can be selected
for corrective action. Quantitative information can also be used to prioritize means for
improvement, whether it be to machine, design, or operator.

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HISTOGRAMS
The histogram plots data in a frequency distribution table. What distinguishes the histogram
from a check sheet is that its data are
grouped into rows so that the identity of
individual values is lost. Commonly used
to present quality improvement data,
histograms work best with small
amounts of data that vary considerably.
When used in process capability
studies, histograms can display
specification limits to show what portion
of the data does not meet the
specifications.
After the raw data are collected, they
are grouped in value and frequency and
plotted in a graphical form.
Figure 6. A histogram is an easy way to see the distribution of the data,
its average, and variability.

SCATTER DIAGRAMS

The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical

data, with one variable on each axis, to look for a
relationship between them. If the variables are
correlated, the points will fall along a line or curve.
The better the correlation, the tighter the points
will hug the line.
Figure 7. The plotted data points in a scatter diagram
show the relationship
between two variables

CONTROL CHARTS
A control chart displays statistically determined upper and lower limits drawn on
either side of a process average. This chart shows if the collected data are within upper and
lower limits previously determined through statistical calculations of raw data from earlier
trials (Figure 8).

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In preparing a control chart, the mean upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL)
of an approved process and its data are calculated. A blank control chart with mean UCL
and LCL with no data points is created; data points are added as they are statistically
calculated from the raw data.

Figure 8. Data points that fall outside the upper and lower control limits leads to investigation
and correction of the process

What Is It

Direction: Define the following:

1. Quality
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Flow Chart
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Check Sheet
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. Pareto Diagram
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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What’s More

Direction: Create a Fish Bone diagram based on the problem given. List down your analysis on the
problem as much as you can.

Problem:

No computer monitor display

MACHINE METHOD

_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________

NO MONITOR
DISPLAY

_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________

MEN MATERIAL

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What I Have Learned

Do you think Applying Quality Standards at work is important? Why?

Why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

YES NO

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What I Can Do

List down 10 Items found in your home. Evaluate the product according to its durability,
price, quality, appearance and functionality.

Appearance refers to the overall design of an object.

Durability refers to the ability to withstand wear, pressure or damage.
Functionality refers to how well the item serves its purpose.
Price refers to the amount of money being paid in exchange to the effectiveness of the
product.
Quality refers to the reliability of the product to perform its intended function.

Items Appearance Durability Functionality Price Quality Can it be

X or / X or / X or / X or / X or / improved?
YES/NO
1.

2.

10

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SUMMARY

The factors that must be taken into consideration when choosing the right material
are: selection of material, testing of material, and cost of material. There are also
characteristics of the materials to be used for a specific project that must be evaluated
carefully. These include its quality, reliability, suitability, and cost.

Once the materials are received, it is important to assess its quality. There are
specific procedures to follow during the receiving of materials, receiving of reports, returning
of merchandise, and making an inventory report of the materials.

Workplace Procedure is a set of written instructions that identifies the health and
safety issues that may arise from the jobs and tasks that make up a system of work. A safe
working procedure should be written when: designing a new job or task, changing a job or
task, introducing new equipment, and reviewing a procedure when problems have been
identified.

There are types and work-related errors that can affect the quantity and quality of
work. These include poor attitude towards work, resistance to change, inappropriate
interpersonal relations, and inappropriate physical behaviour.

Quality improvement is a systematic approach to the elimination or reduction of

rework, waste, and losses in the production process. The parts of quality management are
Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Quality Improvement, and Quality Planning.

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Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice

Direction: Select the best answer for each question. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which refers to the sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design of
operation, materials and performance, or describe quality of materials, products or systems?
A. Workplace procedure C. Production Process
B. Standards D. Failure testing
2. Which behaviour affects the quantity of work in the workplace?
A. Tardiness C. Customer dissatisfaction
B. Negativism D. Failure to follow instructions
3. When should a safe working procedure be written?
A. When you have nothing else to do C. When the boss tells you to do so
B. When designing a new task D. When there are tasks to be eliminated
4. Which factor should be considered when choosing the right material for a certain project?
A. Cost of material C. Popularity of the material
B. Brand of the material D. Source of the material
5. Which is considered as the most important factor when choosing materials to buy?
A. cost C. quality
B. demand D. suitability
6. Which task must be done first when receiving materials?
A. match the packing slip to the items received
B. sign the delivery form immediately
C. make an inventory report of the items received
D. check the items for any defects
7. Which behaviour affects the quality of work?
A. Ana arrives in the workplace 10 minutes late.
B. Joseph used his sick leave to attend to his friend’s party.
C. Stephen did not follow the specifications ordered by the customer.
D. Shela is always involved in arguments with her co-workers.
8. Which is an inappropriate physical behaviour?
A. Smoking in the workplace
B. Lack of flexibility in response to problems
C. Insubordination
D. Inappropriate or poor work methods
9. Which refers to the process performed on a whole consumer product?
A. statistical control C. quality control
B. failure testing D. production process
10. Which is a systematic approach to the elimination or reduction of rework, waste, and
losses in the production process?
A. Quality control C. Quality planning
B. Quality improvement D. Quality assurance
11. Which is a system in manufacturing for maintaining standards?
A. Quality control C. Quality planning
B. Quality improvement D. Quality assurance
12. Which refers to the process of identifying which quality standards to focus on and then
determine what to do?
A. Quality control C. Quality planning
B. Quality improvement D. Quality assurance

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13. Which focuses on improving the production process?

A. Quality control C. Quality planning
B. Quality improvement D. Quality assurance
14. Which refers to the direct one-on-one interaction between a consumer making a
purchase and a representative of the company that is selling it?
A. Customer-company relationship C. Customer service
B. Customer interaction D. Marketing process
15. Which system or process is being implemented after the finished product is completed?
A. Quality assurance C. Quality planning
B. Quality control D. Quality improvement

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Key to Answers

I. Assess Quality of Received Materials

What Is It

Test I
1. The three factors to be considered when choosing the right materials are:
• Selection of material
• Testing of material and,
• Cost of material
2. The characteristics of materials to be used for specific project are good quality,
reliable, suitable for the application/purpose and low cost.

Test II
Good quality means that the product is long-lasting and safe to use because you
know that it follows certain standards before being commercialized.

What’s More

Points will be based on the rubrics:

Criteria Points
Content 10
Organization of idea 5
Following the instruction 5

II. Assess Quality of Received Materials

What Is It
LOG REPORT

Date O.R. # Item Name Quantity Signature Quality

Received Checker
Aug. 9, 2020 20256 Hard disk 5 Student’s Student’s name
signature
Aug. 9, 2020 20256 128MB 2 Student’s Student’s name
SDRAM signature
Memory
chips
Aug. 9, 2020 5623 Refill ink 10 Student’s Student’s name
cartridge signature
Aug. 9, 2020 12544 PS/2 10 Student’s Student’s name
keyboard signature
Aug. 9, 2020 12544 Optic mouse 10 Student’s Student’s name
signature
Aug. 9, 2020 12544 Power 2 Student’s Student’s name
supply signature
Aug. 9, 2020 20400 CD-Rom 2
drive

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ASSESSMENT REPORT

Quality Checker: Student’s name

Item Name Total no. in Good Total no. of Errors Comments

Condition
Hard disk 4 1
128MB SDRAM 2 0
memory chips
Refill ink cartridge 10 0
PS/2 keyboard 7 3
Optic mouse 10 0
Power supply 2 0
CD-Rom Drive 2 0

What’s More

1. What are the important tasks that must be done during the receiving of materials?
List two.
Answers:
• Match the packing slip to the items received
• Ensure that the materials are destined on tour department
• Check the materials received on the purchase order with regard to quantity
and discount
• Check that the materials are in good condition
• Check that the terms regarding installation and/or set-up of equipment are
met

2. What should a supervisor do when the items received are incomplete or defective?
Answer:
• The supervisor should return the materials to the supplier or to the store
where it was bought and make arrangements with the vendor for
replacement.

3. Why is making an inventory report of the materials important?

Answer:
• Making an inventory report of the materials is important because an inventory
report helps in monitoring how many materials are already on hand,
purchased, or damaged.

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III. Assess own Work

What Is It
I. II.
1. QN 1. TRUE
2. QL 2. FALSE
3. QL 3. TRUE
4. QN 4. TRUE
5. QN 5. FALSE
6. QN
7. QN III.
8. QN Workplace procedure is a written instruction that identifies
9. QN the health and safety issues that may arise from jobs and
10, QL tasks.

IV. Engage In Quality Improvement

What Is It

1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. F

What’s More

1. The tasks being undertaken in Failure Testing are:

• The product is being operated or used until it fails.
• The product is operated under stress such as increasing vibration,
temperature and humidity.
2. The three aspects of company quality are:
• Elements
• Competence
• Soft elements

V. Engage In Quality Improvement

What Is It
1. Quality is the characteristics of a product that bear on its ability to satisfy or implied needs.
2. Flowchart describes a process by graphically displaying the steps in proper sequence.
3. Check Sheet helps organize data by category.
4. Pareto Diagram puts data in hierarchical order which allows the most significant problems
to be corrected first.

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What’s More

MACHINE METHOD

- Defective - Monitor is not

monitor plugged
- Defective - VGA cable is not
monitor power connected to the
cord system unit
- Power button is
not turned ON NO MONITOR
DISPLAY

- The person did - Defective power

not check the button
connections - Broken LCD
- The person did
not press the
power ON

MEN MATERIAL

V. PRE-TEST / POST-TEST

1. A 12. C
2. A 13. B
3. B 14. C
4. A 15. B
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. B
11. A

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References

Books:

Mc Laughlin, Robert, Sasser, Susan Ralston, Fix your own PC. Philippines Graphics
Arts, Inc., Tandang Sora St., Caloocan City
Legaspi, Carlos, Caina, Mark Anthony Operate A Personal Computer. Dasmarinas
Computer Learning Center.

Websites:

http://www.paramounthealthcare.com/body.cfm?id=65
http://www.mcrcc.osmre.gov.ph
http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk
http://www.swce.gov.uk
http://deming.eng.clemson.edu/pub/tutorials/qctools/flowm.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_management
http://www.empf.org/empfasis/aug04/prop.htm
http://www.empf.org/empfasis/aug04/prop.htm
http://www.lakeland.cc.il.us/~internal/policymanual/10fiscalaffairs/1026.POL.htm
https:.gao.gov/new.items/d0871.pdf]
https:plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/nmpmcnl6045.pdf
https.cdpr.ca.gov
https.freepatentsonline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_standard
https://www.technet.unsw.edu.au/tohss/swp.htm
https:://xnet.rrc.mb.ca/healthsafety/safeworkprocedures
https:// marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/quality-improvement/
https://tiny.cc/kp62rz
https://Tinyurl.com/y7rmgl2y
https://Tinyurl.com/ycrxgg6j
https://Tinyurl.com/y9ylebmz
https://Tinyurl.com/y9u2wwg7

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Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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