1, Absolute permittivity of free space €0 = 854x107 Ah? | 2. Maney = 9x 10° Nivc? ' 3, The SI unit of charge is Coulomb, but if'distance between charges is measured in cm & force in dynes. then charge is measured in statocoulomb [1 © = 3x 10” stat C], 4, sp is absolute permittivity of free space, ¢ is absolute permittivity of medium, cis relative permittivity of medium w.rit free space : & = £/69=K which is also known as dielecttic constant of the medium, 5. IwC= 10°C, [Xkgf = Xx9.8N] 6. When a system of two chiarges located itt air, is placed in adielectric medium without altering the distance between thém, electrostatic force always decreases. 7. Assystem of chiinges is in equilibrium if force experienced by ‘each charge is zero. 8, Electrostatic force between two charges is tit affectea if we place another charge in their vicinity Numerical Problems. 1. Two spheres A & B have identical charge q = 6.5 x 107 C. A third uncharged sphere of the same size is brought in contact with the first, then with the second & finally removed. What isthe force now between A & B? Distance between the spheres is 50 cm. [ Ans. 5.704 x 10°N] >. Calculate the Céulonib’s force between two a-partcles separated by a distance of 3.2 x 10" m. . [Ans. 9054, 5, Two point chargesty, & q2 are 3m apart & their combined charge is 20HC. If one repels the other with ‘a force of 0.075 N, what are the two charges? [Ans. 15HC, SHC] 4. Two free point charges M4q & -rq are ata distance ‘a’ apart. Where should a third point charge Q be placed between them so thatthe entire system is in equilibrium? What will be the magnitude & sign of the charge Q? [Ans. Ata distance 2c" itv.m the charge +4q, Q = 4q/9(-ve)] 5. Two opposite comers of a square carry Qcharge eat, _-*~. other two opposite corners of the square carry q charge each. If the resultant force on Q ivzero, flow is Qrelated tog? [Ans Q=- aq) 9eee eee ee are-charged to +10pC & -20uC. They are brought in contact with 6. Two equal small metallic spheres io of the initial & final forces each other & then again separated to the original distance. Find the rat! between the spheres. [Ans. — 8:1] 7. Two point charges of +3C & -8C attract each other with a force of IN. A charge of +5pC is added 10 each of them. Now what is the force between them? [Ans. 1N (attractive)] 8. Four point charges qx = 2uC, qa = -5nC, qc = 2HC & qo = -5uC are located at the comers of a square ABCD of side 10 cri. What is:the force on a charge of IC placed at the centre of the square? {Ans. Zero N]STE CHAPTER (2) ELECTRIC FIELD )UICK RECAP 1. Sl unit of electric field is Newton/Coulomb (NC"') or Volt/netre (Vm), 2. Ea Se 4ney ~ = Electric dipole moment is B = 42a, whose unit isCm, 2a is the length of electric dipole & it is a vector from -q to +q, . Electric field on axial line of electric dipole is Ex = 1. 2pr ne (P= a? % For dipole of small length(2a<<1), Ex = 1 2p 4neg 5. Electric field on equatorial line of electric dipole is Enq = J+ 2p 4neg (F + a2)” For dipole of small length (2a<<1), Esq = 1 neo [Clearly, Bac = 2Beq) . Torque on the electric dipole of dipole moment p placed in an electric field E at an angle 0 is T= BxE = pE'sind - Potential energy of electric dipole when it is rotated from initial angle 0, with electric field E to final angle @ is U = pE (cos®, ~cos®;) If, = 90° & 0, = O(any angle) then U =.-pE.cosd = -p.E . NUMERICAL PROBLEMS . Two charges of +10uC & +40yC are placed 12 cm apart. Find the position of the point , where the electric field is zero. [Ans. 0.04 m from +10yC charge] . In the above problem, discuss the position of the point of zero electric field intensity in case +40nC charge is replaced by - 40uC. 3. Anelectric dipole consists of two opposite charges each of 11C separated by 2om. The dipole is placed in an external field of 10° NC". Find (i) maximum torque experienced by dipole, (ii)work done in rotating the dipole through 180° starting from0” [Ans. 0.002 Nm, 0.0047] 4. Anelectron above the earth is balanced by the gravitational force & the electric field of the earth. Find the electric field of the earth. [ Ans. 5.71 x 10''NC")] 5. A given charge situated at a certain distance from an electric dipole of very small length along its axial line experiences'a force F. If the distance of the charge is doubled, how will the force vary? [Ans. F/8} 21EE CHAPTER(3) ELECTRIC POTENTIAL UICK . Tf Wea is work done in moving a small positive test charge qo from point B to A, in the electrostatic field of charge q, then electric potential difference is Va—Vp = Waa = 1 1-1) qo neg ‘iy tp 2. Unit of potential difference is volt(V) or JC’. . . IfB is at infinity, then electrostatic potential V = 1 g me) 5 4. Electric potential is a scalar quantity. . Electric potential due to group of charges Nghe +a + 4moln on 5 6. Potential gradient is equal to electric'field, E = -dV/dr, using which another unit of electric field is Vin". - Work done in moving a charge over equi-potential surface is zero. . Equipotential surfaces never intersect each other. 9. Electrostatic potential energyis U= 1 gia meg 112 Unitis Joule or eV, eV ="1.6« 107 10. Electric potential at any potential inside a sphere is same to that at surface of the sphere, mean’s it is constant inside the sphere, as result of which, electric field inside the charged sphere is zero. (E =-dV/dr & as dV = 0, s0E = 0) = 11. Fora point outside the sphere, whole charge appears to be concentrated at the centre ofthe sphere. 12, Electrostatic potential decreases in the direction of electric field & increases ‘against the direction of field. NUMERICAL PROBLEMS + Consider the electric potential due to charge q at a distance r. What will be the potential due to eight times this charge at four times the above distance? lAns. Twice the original distance} . A charge of SuC experiences a force of 2M in an electric field. What will be the potential gradient at that point? TAns. “4 x 10° NC"] The electric potential V at any'point x:y,2 (all are in metres) in space is given by.V = 4x2, What will be the electric field at the polit (1,0,2) in Var"? [Ans. 8 along ve X axis} 4, Two charges 3 x 10°C & -2 x 10°C are located 15 em apart. At what point on the line join charges is thie electric potential zero? Take the potential at the infinity to be zero. [Ans. 9em from Ist'charge] p 3B5. Given figure shows the field lines of a single +ve & -ve charges, i Give the sign of the potential difference Vp-Vo& Va-Va- N =f A ii, Give the sign of the potential energy ; difference of a small -ve charge y between the points Q & P and A & B, J BN, iii, Give the sign of the work done by the field in moving a small +ve charge from QtoP. Charges of 6, 12 & 24 HC of +ve electricity are placed at the three comers of a square. Find what charge must be placed at the fourth comer, so that the potential at the centre of the square may be zero [Ans. -42 1C] . Two point charges +4u1C & +2yC are 12 cm apart. What is the amount of work done to bring them closer through a distance of 3em? [Ans. 0.25] 10J of work must be done to move a charge of -200 C from point A to point B. i, Which of the two points is at higher potential? What is the potential difference? iii, Ifthe points are 4 cm apart, what is the component of electric field pare lel to the line joining the points A & B?,_ [Ans, (i) A,. (ii) 0.05V, (iii) 1.25Vm'!] 9. Two charges 2uC & -2uC are placed at points A & B 6 cm apart. i, Identify an equipotential surface of the system, ii, _, Whats the direction of the electric field at every point on:this surface? 10. A charge of &mC is located at the origin, Caleulate the work done in taking a small charge of -2x10°C froma point P(0,0,3cm) to Q(0,4cm,0) via R(0,6cm,9em) [Ans. 1 23) a x aGauss! Theory Numerical Problems 1 Apointcharge +10 1G Is ata distance 5cm preety o Sl . above the centre of a square of side 10 a ie a shown in figure.what is the magnitude of the 2 eats flux Through the square ? (Eo = 8.854x1 aL f » 1 m?) . - 1.88x10° NMC ; he en ‘of a cubic Gaussian surface 9.0 Cm. tric flux through the surface, 2- Apoint charge of 2.0yC is at ~ (Ans. 2.26% 10° Nm? Cc") ‘ndiseremerdee on edge. What is the net elec! Pi topos 3: Apoint charge q causes. an electric flux of =1.0x10? Nv Sto pass through a spherical Gaussian surface ‘of 10.0 cm radius centred on the cl le a would (a) If the radius of the Gaussian surface were doubled, how muc pass through the surface ?, (b), Whats the value of q eeecerne 4. Auniformly charged. conducting sphere of 2.4 m diameter has a surface charge 2 °, density of 80.04Cm" (a) Find the charge on the sphere (b) What is the total electric flux leaving the surface of the sphere ? Ans. q= 1.45 x10" C) @ = 1.64 x10° Nm? C") 5. Accharge of 24C is given to a hollow metallic sphere of radius 0.2m find the potential i. at Surface of the sphere and. - ii ata distance of 0.1 cm from the centre of the sphere (Ans. (i) 1.08x10°v) 6 What's the electric flux through a hemispherical surface of radius R placed in a uniform electric field E, parallel to the axis of the circular plane " ans. [1 R? 7 Acylinder of length '!’ and radius R is placed in a uniform electric fod E Drake tv the axis of the cylinder. The total electric flux for the surface of the cylinder will be given by which expression? (Ans, Zero)” 8. the electric field Companenty encthe fallout Spurs aie Ext ax”, Eye Ex=0, which w= Boon/c wa Colette: (a) The Flux fe thang — |Y the cule & &) The charge within the take . Assume = Ol, ~ @) v05 Nutc” las @) 9.27 x6'%¢ }CHAPTER (5) CAPACITOR QUICK RECAP 1. Charge resides only at the surface of the charged conductor & electric field is zero inside the conductor, 2. Electrical capacitance C = q/V, SI unit is Farad(F), 1F = 1CV", 3. Capacitance of spherical conductor is C = 4neor, where r is the radius of sphere in metres. 4, Parallel plate capacitor C = eA/d or © = © = epAK/d, 5. Capacitors in series, JC = WC, + 1/Ca+ U/C + 6. Capacitors in parallel, C = Ci +C2+Cs+.. 7. Energy stored ina capacitor, U = %&CV? = ¥%aqV = Yq7/C, 8. Introduction of dielectric slab between the plates of parallel plate capacitor, ‘t’ is the thickness of dielectric slab, K is its dielectric constant, d is the gap between the plates. C = __goA _; clearly,ift = djthenC = _@A _ = gA d=t(1-1/K) d-d+dKk d 9. Capacitance will become infinite, that mean’s free flow of current will start if whole of the space between the plates is filled with a conducting slab, 10. Earth has an electric field of about 100 Vm’! at its surface in downward direction, 11. Beyond 50 km, the atmosphere is a good conductor, 12, When a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is introduced (j) after disconnecting the battery, a) Capacitance increases by a factor of K, b) P.D. decreases by a factor of K, ©) Charge remains unaffected , 4) Energy stored in the capacitor decreases by a factor of K, (i) if the battery remains connected, then 2) Capacitance increases by a factor of K b)_P.D. remains unaffected, ©) Charge increases by a factor of K, 4) Energy increnses by a factor of K, 13.1 ypF = 1pF = 1078, 14, The dielectric constant of a conductor is infinite. NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 1. Cana sphere of radius 1 cm hold a charge of 1C? 2. The effective capacitances of two capacitors are 34.F & 16,F when they are connected in series & in parallel respectively. Compute the capacitance of each capacitor. 7(Ans. 12uF & 4yF] 3. A 4uF capacitor is charged to 400 V. It is then disconnected & connected to an ‘uncharged capacitor of 2uP. Calculate the common potential after the capacitors are Connected together. [Ans. 266.67 yy} 4 Pind the effective capacitance between X & Y, if given that, q CI= SUF, C2 = 10uF, C3=2pF, C4 = 4uP, —{+—___{ c =< (Ans. 4.67 ,F] alae ee & KD atl ee -—. Gs | 5. A 4uP capacitor is charged to 200V. Itis then disconnectes) & connected to other uncharged 2uF capacitor, How much energy of first ca) scitor will be lost in this process in the form of heat & electromagnetic radiations? _[.\ns. 2.67 x 1073) ‘ parallel plate capacitor having plate separation of 3mm. Possesses 17.7pF. the capacitor 1s connected toa 100¥'supply. Explain, what 3mm thick mica sheet (K = 6) was inserted between the plate (a) remains connected, (b) alter the supply sa‘discomnected, a capacitance of would happen ifa while the voltage supply Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the following network for C1 = C4 = 100pF and C2 = C3 = 200p fora 300 V supply. Detennine the charge & voltage across. each. (Ans. C = 200/3pF, qi = =10%e a ‘ a= 10°C, aa 10 Lg pomsay e V1 = 100V, V2 = V3 = Sov, Gy, tycov Va = 200V) re | -— A parallel plate capacitor has a capacitance of 8pF. What will bé the capacitance, distance between the plates is reduced by half & the space between them is fi substance of dielectric constant 6. if the Hed with a [Ans. 96pF] jother uncharged conductor whose capacity is 0.01 5yF is momentarily connected to the first & % A conductor has a charge of 0.5uC & at a potential of 20V.. Ani then separated. Calculate the charge carried by each after contact & what is the value of common potential? Ans. 0.3125pC, 0.1875uC, V = 12.5V) o- aK 10, Four capacitors of 25F each are connected as shown, ( Ifthe DE voltmeter reads 200V, what is the charge treitu ml on each plate of capacitor? [Ans. 5 x 10°C] fina 2811. A 4pP capacitor is charged to 400V. If its plates are joined through a resistance of 2KQ. then what is the heat produced in the resistance? Ans..0.32J1 aE 12. Inthe given figure, find the potential difference i eal? between points B & C in the steady state. af [Ans. 75V] seh ere 205. 29