Resources and Development

_ Geography – Class 10 _
1. Resource
• Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs
provided it is-
⎯ Technologically accessible
⎯ Economically feasible
⎯ Culturally acceptable
• Resources are the functions of human activities. Interdependent relationship between
nature, technology and institutions

2. Classification of resources
Classification on the basis of Origin Board Questions:
Biotic Resources: Such resources are received from the living world Classify resources on the basis of
origin. (2018)
(biosphere) Examples- human beings, flora, fauna, fishes etc.
Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources.
Examples: rocks, metals, minerals etc.

Classification on the basis of Exhaustibility

• Renewable Resources: The resources which can be Board Questions:
1. Give one difference between renewable
renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or and non-renewable resource. (2017)
mechanical processes are called renewable 2. Distinguish between the renewable and
non-renewable resources. (2011, 12)
resources. E.g. solar and wind energy, forests,
wildlife etc.
• Non-Renewable Resources: The resources which cannot be renewed or reproduced
are called non-renewable resources. E.g. minerals, fossil fuels.
On the basis of Ownership
• Individual Resources: These resources are owned by individuals. E.g. houses, land, wells, shops etc.
• Community Resources: These are resources which are
Board Questions:
accessible to all the members of a community. E.g. grazing
1. What is meant by the term
grounds, playground, public parks etc. ‘resource’? List the types of resources
• National Resources: These resources which belong to a nation. classified on the basis of its
Technically all the resources belong to a nation. The country ownership. (2012, 14)
can even acquire private property for public good. E.g. all the minerals, water resources, forests,
wildlife etc.
• International Resources: These resources which are regulated by international institutions. No
individual country can utilise these resources without the concurrence of international institutions.
E.g. resources beyond 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean.
On the basis of Status of Development
• Potential resources: Such resources are found in a region but have not been utilised.
Examples: Such resources include solar, wind and Board Questions:
geothermal energy. 1. Distinguish between stock and
potential resources. Give one example
The western part of India (Gujrat and Rajasthan) have of each. (2012)
enormous potential for development of wind and 2. Differentiate between stock and
solar energy but so far these resources have not been reserve stating two points of
differences. (2011)
developed properly.
• Developed Resources: These are the actual resources which are surveyed and their
quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of
resources depends on technology and feasibility.
• Stock: Material in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs
but human beings do not have appropriate technology to access these are included
among stocks.
Example: Water is a compound of two inflammable gases oxygen and hydrogen. But
we do not have the technology to separate these to use as rich sources of energy.
• Reserve: Such resources can be used for meeting future requirements with the
available technology but their use has not been started. They can be used in future to
meet the needs and requirements.
Examples: water in dams, forests etc.

3. Resource Development
Indiscriminate use of resources has caused the following problems:
i. Depletion of resources due to human greed.
ii. The accumulation of resources in a few hands has divided the society into ‘haves’ and ‘have not’ or
the rich and the poor.
iii. Environmental pollution
iv. Ecological crises
v. Ozone layer depletion & global warming
vi. Land degradation
Sustainable Development Board Questions:
It refers to the development that takes place in such a manner that 1. What is sustainable economic
does not damage the environment and does not compromise with the development? Suggest any two ways
in which resources can be used
needs of the future generations.
judiciously. (2015)
Rio De Janeiro summit 1992 2. “Sustainability of development is a
United Nations conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) new area of knowledge”. Do you
summit was held to address the issue of environmental damage and other socio- agree? Justify your answer. (2016)
economic issues as apart of clean and green environment. This summit was 3. How is the issue of sustainability
attended by more than 100 heads of states. It’s one of the highlights was the important for development? Explain
adoption of Agenda 21. with examples. (2018)
Agenda 21
It called upon the nations to work on the issues like
Board Questions:
• Environmental damage What is Agenda 21? List
• Poverty and diseases its two principals.
• Work collectively with mutual interests and shared responsibilities (2017)
• Local governments to draw their own Local Agenda 21

Resource Planning
India needs resource because there is uneven distribution of resources of resources across different regions in India.
i. The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh
Board Questions:
are rich in mineral and coal deposits. 1. Why is it essential to have resource
ii. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water but lacks planning? Explain any three reasons. (2017)
infrastructural development. 2. “In India, some regions are rich in certain
iii. The state of Rajasthan lacks in water resources but has types of resources but deficient in some other
resources.” Do you agree with the statement?
great potential for solar and wind energy.
Support your answer with any three examples.
iv. Ladakh, a cold desert, has rich cultural heritage but it is (2017)
deficient in water and some vital minerals.

Process of Resource Planning

i. Inventory and identification of resources through surveying, mapping, measuring and estimation of
quality and quantity of resources. Board Questions:
ii. Examining the availability of resources from the view of 1. What are the three stages of
technology, economy, needs, skill, and institutional setup. resource planning? (2011, 12, 14, 15)
iii. Matching and comparison of resource development at regional, state national levels

Conservation of Resources
Need to Conserve Resources
• They are limited
• They are main source of our daily needs
• The future generations have the right to use the resources
• Non-renewable resources are depleting very fast
Methods to Conserve Resources
1. Afforestation
2. Stop over utilisation of resources
3. Sustainable development
4. Govt. laws, policies to conserve resources
5. General awareness among masses
6. Using non-renewable resources as alternatives
4. Land Resources
Solid part of earth Board Questions: IMPORTAND RELIEF FEATURES OF LAND
is called land. It is 1. ‘Land is a natural resource of
utmost importance.’ Justify the Plains Mountains Plateaus
a very important
statements with appropriate
natural resource. arguments. (2014)
We live on it, use 2. What area the main advantages of
27%
it for different India’s land under a variety of relief
43%
purposes and features. (2011)

perform different economic activities on it.

30%

Land utilisation Plains- agriculture and industry

Factors determining the use of land Mountains- Some perennial rivers, tourism, ecological
Physical factors: topography, climate, soil types
balance
Human factors: population density, technological
Plateaus- mineral reserves, fossil fuels and forests
capability, culture and traditions
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land (rocky, arid, desert, marshy) Land use data of
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc. India
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land) Total geographical
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
area 3287263 sq. km.
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops
groves (not included in net sown area)
Data available 93% of
(c) Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
the total geographical
4. Fallow lands
area. Rest 7% area
(a) Current fallow- (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),
includes N. E. states
(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
(rough topography)
5. Net sown area
excluding Assam and
It is the total cropped area sown once in an agricultural year.
J&K occupied by
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as
Pakistan (POK) and
gross cropped area.
Land use Pattern in India
net sown area varies from state to state –
It is over 80% in Punjab & Haryana but less than
10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and
Andaman Nicobar
Islands.
Forest area- It has increased but still below than the
desired 33% as per the Forest Policy 1952. forests
help maintain ecological balance and support
livelihood of millions of people.
Land Degradation
Land degradation is the result of continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures
to conserve and maintain it. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated
the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land.
Board Questions:
Causes 1. What is the main cause of land
• Mining and Quarrying: Mines are abandoned after the degradation in Gujrat, Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh? How can it be
excavation work is over or
checked? (2012, 15)
• mine gets exhausted, leaving deep scars and traces of over- 2. Explain any three human activities
burdening. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and responsible for the degradation of
Odisha suffer from sever land degradation due to mining. land. (2012)
• Overgrazing: It is the main reason of land degradation in states like Gujrat, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra.
• Over irrigation: It causes water logging that leads to salinity and alkalinity in soil.
• Mineral processing: grinding of stones for cement and ceramic industry generates huge quantity of
dust in the atmosphere. These dust particles settle down on the soil affecting the pace of
infiltration of water into the soil.
• Industrial effluents: It is a major problem of the industrializing world. Industrial wastes cause water
pollution and degrade the nearby land.

Conservation methods
• Afforestation: planting trees on culturable waste land can Board Questions:
minimize land degradation. Describe any six measures of
controlling land degradation.
• Control on overgrazing: It will help in maintaining vegetation
(2011, 12, 15)
cover on land, check soil erosion and desertification.
• Planting of shelter belts: Such belts help check wind erosion of soil.
• Stabilisation of sand dunes: Growing thorny bushes can check movement of sand dunes.
• Proper management of wasteland: Land reclamation process can help in making wasteland useful
and productive.
• Proper agricultural practices: Crop rotation, strip farming etc.
• Proper disposal of industrial wastes: Treatment of effluents before discharging in water checks
water degradation.
• Control of mining activities: It is a major problem of many countries. Use of advanced technologies,
proper regulations and control is necessary.

3. Soil as a Resource
Soil is loose material formed on the surface of the earth’s crust. Soil is formed due
to denudation and weathering of rocks. It consists of organic and inorganic Board Questions:
materials, air, water and many organisms. Temperature, running water, wind 1. Explain any three factors
and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the responsible for soil formation. (2012)
formation of soil. It takes millions of years to form a few cm deep soil layer. Soil 2. Why is soil considered as a
is a living system as it is a medium of plant growth and supports life of different resource? Explain with five
organisms. arguments. (2015)
Classification of Soils
Soil is classified on the basis of its colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties.
Alluvial Soils
These soils are the depositional work of three main Himalayan river Board Questions:
systems- the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. This is the mostly 1. Distinguish between Khadar soil
found soil in India. and Bangar soils. (2011)
Types on the basis of age: Khadar (new alluvium) and Bangar (old 2. Trace the features of alluvial soil
with reference to its formation, area,
alluvium)
classification and containing minerals.
Characteristics of alluvial soil: Most fertile, finely grained and have (2015)
proportions of sand, silt and clay. It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid 3. Describe any three main features of
and lime. It is deficient in nitrogen and humus. It is suitable for ‘Alluvial soil’ found in India. (2019)
cultivation of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane etc.
Areas occupied: The entire northern plain, deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, and Kaveri, along the coast of
Kerala, Assam and some parts of Rajasthan and Gujrat.

Black Soil / Regur Soil Board Questions:

1. Mention any three main features of
These soils were formed due to weathering of Lava rocks in the
‘Black soil. (2012, 15, 19)
Deccan Trap (basalt) region. 2. Which geographical factors are
Characteristics: Black in colour. Extremely fine with clayey material. responsible for evolution of black soil?
Rich in nutrients like potash, magnesium, lime and calcium. Why is it considered the most suitable for
Deficient in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Black soil has large growing cotton? (2012)

capacity to hold water. These soils develop large and deep cracks which help in aeration. Black soils are
suitable for cotton.
Areas occupied: North West Deccan plateau covering Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh
and Chhattisgarh and parts of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Red and Yellow soil

Such soils are formed by the weathering of igneous and metamorphic Board Questions:
1. Distinguish between red soil and
rocks. These soils surround the black soils mostly on their east and
laterite soil stating any three points of
south.
distinction. (2015)
Characteristics: The presence of iron renders the red colour to the soil.
It is deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphoric acid and lime. These are suitable for cultivation of cotton,
rice, pulses, tobacco, jowar etc.
Areas Occupied: In the low rainfall Eastern and southern Parts of Deccan plateau. Parts of Orrisa,
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Piedmont zone of Western Ghats.

Laterite Soil
It the Latin word ‘later’ which means brick. It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall
which results in intense leaching. These are made up of clay and gravel of red sand stone.
Characteristics: Red in colour. Poor in nitrogen, potash, organic matter (poor humus content). Lateritic soils
are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH < 6.0).
But such soils can be made suitable for cultivation by adding manures and fertilizers. After adopting
appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu,
this soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.
Areas Occupied: Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east.
Arid Soil Board Questions:
Such sols are formed under the arid and semi-arid conditions. 1. Mention any three features of arid
Characteristics: Red in brown in colour. Very low nitrogen and humous soil. (2014)
2. describe nay five different
content. Sandy and saline in nature. Low moisture content. Due to high
characteristics of ‘Arid Soils’. (2015)
temperature evaporation rate is higher. In the lower horizons Kankars
are found that restrict infiltration of water. Such soils are cultivatable under proper irrigation system. Indira
Gandhi Canal has increased the cultivation area in the arid reasons of Western Rajasthan.
Areas Occupied: Western Rajasthan.

Forest Soil
These soils are formed due to the deposition of organic matter derived from the forest growth.
Characteristics: Abundance of humus but acidic and low humus in snow covered areas. Soil textures varies
from mountain to mountain. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
Areas Occupied: hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available- Jammu & Kashmir,
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and eastern hilly areas.

Soil Erosion:
Wearing away, washing, washing down or removal of the top soil Board Questions:
1. Mention any two activities which are
cover by natural agencies like water, wind, glacier is termed as soil
responsible for the process of soil
erosion. erosion. Explain the two types of soil
Soil formation and soil erosion go simultaneously in an almost erosion mostly observed in India. (2012)
balanced manner but this balance is disturbed because of human
activities like- deforestation, over-grazing, construction work and mining, defective methods of farming
etc.

Types of Soil Erosion

Gully Erosion: In areas of clayey soil, running water cuts through making deep channels called gullies.
These are termed as ‘bad lands’ and are unfit for cultivation. Such bad lands are called ‘ravines’ in the
Chambal Basin.
Sheet Erosion: When water flows down the slope as a sheet, the top soil is washed away. This is termed as
sheet erosion.
Wind erosion: wind erosion is generally confined to arid and semi-arid areas with high temperature. Due to
the removal of vegetation the top soil becomes extremely loose to be easily carried away by wind in large
quantities.

Methods to Control Soil Erosion

Contour Ploughing: This type of farming is practiced in the hilly areas. Ploughing is done along the contours
to prevent water from running down the slopes.
Strip Farming: In strip cropping, large fields are divided into strips in between, grasses are left to grow
which help in restricting the force of wind.
Terrace Cultivation: To restrict soil erosion, steps are cut on the slopes making terraces.
Shelter Belts: To reduce the force of wind, lines of tress are planted to create shelter belts. It helps in
checking wind erosion of soil.
Afforestation: It helps in checking soil erosions as well as improving environment and maintaining
ecosystem.
Schemes of Government: Land reclamation schemes to convert ravines and bad lands into cultivable lands.
Plugging gullies and leveling surface, control and afforestation are also included in govt. programs. Indira
Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan has brought a lot of area under cultivation.
 Forest and wildlife resources

Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India

Conservation refers to preservation of wildlife population and forestry from being depleted.
• It preserves the ecological diversity.
• It also protects of support system – land, air, water.
• It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of
species.
Eg. In agriculture we are dependent on traditional crop variety and fisheries are too
heavily dependent on maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.

Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972)

• By 1970s environmentalists started demanding wildlife protection program, thus

IWP act was passed in 1972 with provisions for protecting habitats.
• It published all India list of protected species.
• The thrust of the program was to protect the remaining population of endangered
species.
• It banned hunting and gave legal protection for habitat.
• It also restricted trade in wildlife.
• Under this act central & state governments established national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries.
• Several projects has been announced for protecting gravely threatened specific
animals such as Tigers, Rhinoceros, Kashmir stag(hangul), crocodiles (salt water
crocodiles, gharials), Asiatic lions, Indian elephant, black buck(Chinkara), Indian
bustard (godawan), snow leopard.

Project Tiger

• This was implemented in the 1973, with an objective to save an endangered specie
and also with a equal importance to preserve biotype of sizeable magnitude.
• This created 39 tiger reserves in India which covered 32137.14 sq km of area. Some
of them are :
a) Jim Corbett National Park – Uttarkhand
b) Sunderbans National Park – West Bengal
c) Bandhavgarh National Park – Madhya Pradesh
d) Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary – Rajasthan
e) Manas Tiger Reserve – Assam
f) Periyar Tiger Reserve – Kearala
• It prohibits poaching of tigers for skin , use of their bones in traditional medicines.
• It has also concerned towards shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species,
growing human population etc which are major threats for tiger population.
 • India and Nepal have 2/3rd surviving tiger population and thus these countries
became target for poaching and illegal trade.
• According to reports of 1973, tiger population decreased from 55,000 to 1,827 in just
60-70 years of time.

Note
• Conservation projects are now focusing on the biodiversity.
• Even insects have found a place in conservation planning.
• Under wildlife protection act of 1980 and 1986, several butterflies, moths, beetles
and dragonfly have been added to list of protected species.
• In 1991 plants were added to the list for the first time.
• National Tiger conservation Authority has been established under Ministry of
Environmental Forest by government of India.
• Rhino and deer reserves – Kaziranga National Park.

Types and Distribution of Forest and wildlife Resources

It is very difficult to manage, control and regulate the vast forest and wildlife resources. In
India much of them are owned by govt through Forest department. Thus they are classified
as:

1) Reserved Forest :
• In India more than half of total forest land has been declared as reserved
forest.
• They are most valuable as far as conservation is concerned.
• They are also referred as permanent forest estates.
• They are maintained for timber and other forest produce.
• Madhya Pradesh has largest permanent forest estates, constituting 75% of its
total forest area.
• J & K, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal etc have larger area
of reserved forest out of their total forest land.

2) Protected Forest :
• Almost 1/3rd of India’s total forest land is protected forest, as said by forest
dept.
• They are been protected from further depletion.
• Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Odisha, Rajasthan have a bulk of protected forest.

3) Unclassed Forest :
• These are other forest and waste lands.
• They belong to both government and private individuals and communities.
• All north eastern states and parts of Gujarat have high unclassed forest areas.
Community and Conservation

Forest are also the home to some of the traditional communities, where some local
communities are struggling to conserve habitats along with govt in India.

• In Sariska Tiger Reserve of Rajasthan , villagers fought against mining by citing the
wildlife protection act.
• The people of 5 villages of the Alwar district of Rajasthan declared 1200 hectares of
forest as “Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri” . They also made their own rules and
regulations rejecting govt involvement.
• Chipko movement : It successfully resisted and also showed community
afforestation. Attempts to revive traditional conservation methods or developing
new methods were now widespread. It proved production of crops without use of
synthetic chemicals are possible.
Eg. Beej Bachao Andolan (Tehri), Navadanya.

Joint Forest Management (JFM)

• This program involves local communities in management & restoration of degraded

forests.
• The program has been formal since 1988 when Odisha passed it for the first time.
• JFM depends of formation of local institutions that protect degraded forest land
managed by the forest department.
• In return the members get benefits like non-timber forest produces and share in the
timber harvested by successful protection.
• This shows that local communities have to involved in natural resource
management.
• Communities should accept and carry only those activities which are people centric,
environment friendly and economically rewarding.

Sacred Groves
• Indian society comprises several cultures, where nature worship is a old tribal belief
based on premise that all creations of nature have to be protected.
• Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred
groves (the forest of God and goddesses).
• These patches of forest have been untouched by local people, any interference with
them is banned.
• 1) Santhals and Mundas of Chotanagpur worship – Mahua (Bassia Latifolia),
Kadamba ( Anthocaphalus cadamba).
2) Tribals of Odisha worship – Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Mango (Mangifera
indica).
3) Peepal and Banyan trees are also considered as sacred.
• Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountains, plants, animals etc
• Macaques and langurs around temples are fed daily.
• In Bishnoi village of Rajasthan, herds of Blackbuck (chinkara), Nilgai and peacocks
are the integral part of community and no one harms them.
 Water Resources
Water is a renewable resources, nearly 3/4th of the earth’s surface is covered with water,
but only a small proportion of it accounts for fresh water which is mainly obtained from
surface run off and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through
hydrological cycle ( All water moves within this cycle ensures water is renewable)
• 96.5% of total water is estimated as ocean water.
• 2.5% are fresh water.
• Nearly 70% of fresh water occurs in sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and
mountainous regions of the world.
• Less than 30% of fresh water stored as groundwater.
• India receives nearly 4% of global precipitation and ranks 133 in world terms of
water availability per person annum.
• Total renewable water resources of India are estimated at 1,897 sq km per annum .

Water scarcity and the need for water conservation and management

• Though water is a abundant renewable resource, we face the problem of water

scarcity.
• They are related to areas receiving scanty rainfall or drought prone areas.
• We visualize deserts of Rajasthan, women balancing matkas for collecting water.
• Water resources in India is unevenly distributed, it varies over space and time.
• This is due to variation in seasonal and annual precipitation.
• Exploitation of water resource, Excessive use of water and Unequal access to water
among different social groups are the reasons for water scarcity.

Causes for water scarcity

• Population Explosion : Growing population has created greater demand for water
and unequal access to it. A large population means more water for domestic use and
also to produce more food.
• Expansion of Irrigation : Due to increase in acute shortage of food grains, grain
production became essential . Thus farmers exploited water through over irrigation
in dry seasons.
• Overuse of Ground water : Increase in number of open well and tube wells show the
expansion of irrigation through ground water to facilitate higher production.
• Industrialisation and urbanization: This has increased pressure on existing fresh
water resources. Industries are heavy users of water required to run the machine.
• Bad quality of water: Much of the water has been polluted by domestic and
industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture. Thus
making it hazardous to human use.
Need for conservation of water

• To safeguard ourselves from health hazards.

• To ensure food security.
• To ensure continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities.
• To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystem.
• To combat ecological crisis.

Multi purpose river projects & integrated water resources Management

Hydraulic structures of Ancient India

• We have been constructing hydraulic structures like dams built in stone rubble,
reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation.
• These were built during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya.
• In 1st century B.C Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting
system channelling the flood water of river Ganga.
• We have found some evidences in Kalinga, Nagarjunakonda, Bennur, Kolhapur etc.
• In 11th century Bhopal lake one of the largest artificial lake was built.
• In 14th century tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish.

Dams

• A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow
often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
• They have section called spillway or weir through or over which it is intended that
water will flow either intermittently or continuously.
• Based on structure dams are classified as timber dams, embankment, masonry dams
• On the basis of their heights they are low, medium and high dams.

Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects

MPRVP were launched after independence with integrated water resource management
approach. They were considered as vehicle that would leads nation to development and
helps us to overcome the handicap of colonial past. Thus Nehru called them as “Temples of
Modern India”.

Advantages

1) Electricity generation 5) Irrigation

2) Water for domestic use 6) Flood control
3) Recreation 7) Fish breeding
4) Inland Navigation 8) Industrial use
 List Of Major Dams in India State River

Bhavani Sagar dam Tamil Nadu Bhavani

Tungabhadra Dam Karnataka Tungabhadra

Rihand Dam Uttar Pradesh Rihand

Maithon Dam Jharkhand Barakar

Koyna Dam Maharashtra Koyna

Bisalpur Dam Rajasthan Banas

Mettur Dam Tamil Nadu Kaveri

Krishnarajasagar Dam Karnataka Kaveri

Indira Sagar Dam Madhya Pradesh Narmada

Cheruthoni Dam Kerala Cheruthoni

Sardar Sarovar Dam Gujarat Narmada

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Telangana Krishna

Hirakud dam Odisha Mahanadi

Bhakra Nangal Dam Punjab-Himachal Pradesh Border Sutlej

Tehri Dam Uttarakhand Bhagirathi

Disadvantages

• Regulating and damming of river water affect their natural causing poor sediment
flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir.
• It makes difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate and for spawning.
• It submerges existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition.
• Large scale displacement of local communities has been seen due to dams.
• It has lead to environmental movements like Narmada bachoa andolan & Tehri Dam
andolan
• Dams have become the reason for changing cropping pattern, where farmers are
shifting to water intensive and commercial crops.
• It has increased the salination of the soil.
 • It has become a reason for social gap between rich and poor. Eg, in Gujarat there
was a riot over higher priority given to urban than rural in water supply.
• It is also a cause for interstate water dispute.
• Dams have caused floods due to sedimentation in the reservoirs.
• Sedimentation due to floods have caused land degradation.
• Dams are also cause of earthquake, water borne diseases, pollution etc.

Rainwater harvesting

In ancient India there existed an extraordinary tradition of water harvesting system as

people had in-depth knowledge in rainfall regimes, soil types etc. Thus water harvesting
system was a viable alternative, both social-economically and environmentally.

• Guls or Kul’s: In hill and mountainous regions people built diversion channels like
guls and kul’s of western Himalayas for agriculture. In the flood plains of Bengal,
people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
• Khadins and Johads : In arid and semi arid regions, agricultural fields were converted
into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil.
They are called as khadins in Jaisalmer and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan.
• Rooftop Rain water harvesting : In this system rain water is collected using a PVC
pipe and then filtered using sand and bricks. Underground pipe takes water supply
for immediate usage. Excess water from the sump is taken to the well.
• Tankas system :In this system the houses have traditionally built underground tanks
inside the main house or in the courtyard. They are connected to the sloping roofs of
the houses through pipe. The rain water travels through the pipes and stores in
underground tankas. The first spell of rain water is not collected as they would clean
the roofs and pipes. Eg. Bikaner, Phalodhi, Barmer regions of Rajasthan have this
system.
• Bamboo Drip irrigation : In Meghalaya 200 years old system tapping and spring
water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent. About 18-20 liters of water enters
bamboo gets traoed over hundreds of meters and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per
minute at the site of plant.

Note

1. Rainwater stored in tankas are the most reliable source of drinking water.
2. Rain water is referred as Palar Pani in the arid and semi arid regions of Rajasthan.
3. Underground rooms have been also built adjoining to tankas to beat the summer
heat.
4. Rajasthan has seen the decline in Rainwater harvesting as they have got the benefits
of perennial canals. But still many people go with it because as they don’t like the
taste of tap water.
5. Rooftop R.W.H is most common is Meghalaya because the capital Shillong faces
acute shortage of water.
6. Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which has made Rooftop R.W.H compulsory to
all the houses across the state.
Gendathur village of Karnataka

• It is a remote village in Mysuru of Karnataka, which has installed househol’s

rooftops.
• Nearly 200 houses have installed this system, and the village has earned rare
distinction of being rich in rain water.
• This village receives annual rainfall of 1,000 mm and with 80% of collection efficiency
and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect & use about 50,000 liters of water.
• From 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually to 1,00,000 liters.

Shiva Kumar Nayak

Assistant Teacher (TGT)
8904770720
 Agriculture
Political Science

Agriculture is derived from two Latin words – ager (field, land, soil) and cultura (cultivation)
It can be defined as the cultivation of crop plants or livestock (animal farming). It is a primary activity which includes
farming, fisheries, forestry, horticulture etc. Agriculture also produces raw materials for various industries. 2/3 of
India’s population is engaged in agriculture.

Types of farming
Primitive Subsistence farming
• Small patches of land are used
• Trees, plants, grass are cut down and burnt to clear the land for cultivation.
• No use of machines or fertilizers. Remaining ash fertilises the soil.
• Productivity is low.
• Production is done for self-consumption.
• Cultivators keep on shifting from one patch of land to another
• This type of farming is harmful to the environment.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

• It is labour intensive farming
• It is practised in high population density areas.
• It is practised in well-irrigated areas.
• Machine tools and fertilizers are used.
• Multiple cropping pattern is adopted.
• The yield per unit is high.
Example: Rice and wheat
Regions: Indo-Gangetic plains in Bihar, West Bengal, UP, and parts of Haryana.

Commercial Farming
• Crops are raised for markets and earning.
• Modern technology is used.
• Crop specialisation is a feature.
• Cultivators use HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc.
Example: Oilseeds, cotton, jute, tea, coffee

Plantation
• It is a mix of industry and agriculture.

• Large tracts of land are used to grow a single crop for commercial purposes.
• It is capital intensive and migrant labourers are employed.
• It needs well-developed support of transport and communication network.
• Markets play an important role in the feasibility of plantation agriculture.
• Example: Banana, rubber, sugarcane, tea etc.

Cropping Pattern
The physical and cultural diversities of India are also reflected in agricultural practices and cropping patterns in our
country. Food crops, fibre crops, fruits, spices, condiments etc. are examples of the variety of crops. India has three
cropping seasons.

Rabi Crops:
• Rabi crops are grown in winter and from October to December and are harvested in summer from April to June.
• Such crops get rain due to western temperate cyclones
• It is grown in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J & K, Uttarakhand and in UP.
• The green revolution has also been an important factor in the growth of Rabi crops in Northern parts of India like
Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Rajasthan.
• Examples of crops: Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.

Kharif crops:
• It is a monsoon cropping season and begins with the onset of monsoon in India.
• It is grown in the month of June and July and harvested in September-October.
• Examples of crops: Rice, Bajra, Jowar, oilseeds, cotton, pulses like urad, moong, arhar(tur)
• Major rice-growing regions: Assam, UP, Bihar, W. Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, coastal regions of Odisha, Konkan coast (Maharashtra).
• Three paddy crops: Aus, Aman and Boro paddy crops are grown in a year in Assam, W. Bengal and Odisha.

Zaid Season
• This is a short season that comes in summer in between Rabi and the Kharif Season.
• The sowing time lies around March.
• Early maturing crops are grown
• Example of crops: watermelon, bitter gourd, fodder crops, moong dal.

Major Food Crops with Geographical Conditions

Rice (Kharif Crop): It is a major staple food crop of the majority of people in India. It occupies around one-fourth
of total crop area grown in India.

Climate: Warm and humid

Rainfall: Above 100cm and standing water required during growth. Different Means of Irrigation help grow
rice in less rainfed areas like Punjab and Haryana.

Temperature: High temperature (above 25° C)

Soil type: Clay, loamy fertile soil with good water retention capacity.

Production area: Plains of North and north-eastern India, coastal areas and delta regions.

Leading producers: West Bengal (India) China (world), India ranks 2nd in the world.

Varieties of Rice: Sabarmati, Padma

Wheat (Rabi Crop): It is the 2nd most important crop of India. It occupies around 14% of the crop area in India.
The green revolution has made India self-sufficient in wheat production.

Climate: Cool and bright sunlight

Rainfall: 50 – 75 cm, moderate and evenly distributed rain. Water should not stagnate in the wheat field.

Temperature: 15° to 20°C with bright sunshine.

Soil type: Well-drained fertile soil rich in humus and mineral content.

Production area: Ganga-Sutlej plain and black soil region. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan.

Leading producers: Uttar Pradesh (India) China (world), India ranks 2nd in the world.

Varieties of Rice: Sonalika, Heera

A comparative study of differences between wheat and rice farming.

Geological Conditions Rice Wheat

Crop type Kharif Rabi

Rainfall Above 100 cm 50 – 75 cm

Temperature Above 25° C 15 ° C

Plains of North and north-

Producing regions western India North and north-west

Major Producing States West Bengal Punjab

Millets

Climate
Leading Producing
Crops Soil
Regions
Temperature Rainfall

20 -3 2° C 30 – 100 cm
Maharashtra
Well-drained sandy (other states: Karnataka
Jowar • Third important crop of India.
and loamy soil.
• Needs moist area to grow. M.P. Tamil Nadu)

Sandy, shallow black Rajasthan

25 - 30° C 45 cm
soil (U.P. Maharashtra, Gujrat,
Bajra Haryana)
Warm and dry climate
Red Karnataka
20 - 30° C 60 – 80 cm
Black (Tamil Nadu, Himachal
• Grows in the dry region. Sandy Pradesh, Jammu and
Ragi • Has high nutritional value being rich Loamy Kashmir, Arunachal
in iron and calcium and Shallow black Pradesh)
micronutrients
Maize:
• It is both, food as well as fodder crop.
• It provides starch and glucose for industrial purpose.
• It is sown as Kharif and in some parts sown as Rabi crop.
• Use of modern technology, HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation facilities
Temperature: 21° C - 27° C
Rainfall: 50 – 100 cm
Soil: old alluvial soil
Growing states: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh. Bihar, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
Leading producers: Andhra Pradesh (India) The USA (World)
Varieties: Ganga, Dhawal

Pulses (Kharif crop)

• India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses.
• Major source of protein in vegetarian diet in India.
• It is leguminous crop and therefore sown mostly in rotation with other crops.
Climate: cool, dry, cleaner and frost-free climate
Temperature: 20 – 13°C
Rainfall: 50 – 100 cm
Soil type: Well-drained aerated soil, soil health is improved by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in soil.
Example of Pulses: Arahar, urad, moong
Producing regions: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka
Leading Producers: Madhya Pradesh (World)

Sugarcane (Cash Crop)

• It is grown for commercial and industrial purposes
• It is a labour-intensive crop
• Sugarcane Products: Jaggery (gur), khandsari, molasses
Climate: Hot, wet-tropical regions, High-solar radiation
Temperature: 21° to 27°C
Rainfall: 75 – 100 %, needs irrigation in case of low rainfall
Soil type: well-drained soil
Producing regions: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana
Leading Producers: Uttar Pradesh (India) Brazil (World)

Tea
• Queen of beverages
• Introduced in India by the British in 1823
• Labour intensive and needs abundant cheap and skilled labours.
• Tea is processed within the tea garden
 Climate: Tropical and subtropical, warm, moist and frost-free days
Temperature: 20°C to 30° C is the ideal temperature
Rainfall: 150 – 300 cm, evenly distributed showers throughout the year. No waterlogging
Soil type: Deep fertile and well-drained soil, loamy soil acidic in nature, rich in humus and organic matter
Major regions of production: Darjeeling, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
Leading producer: Assam (India) China (World)

Coffee
• Indian varieties are known all over the world for their good quality products
• Varieties Produced: Robusta, Arabica (brought in India from Yemen)
Temperature: 16°C to 28°C
Rainfall: 150 – 250 cm
Soil type: Well-drained forest and loamy soil
Major regions of production: Baba Budan hills and Nigiri hills in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Leading Producers: Karnataka (India) Brazil (World)

Major Non-Food Crops with Geographical Conditions

Rubber:
• It is obtained from the latex of rubber plant.
• Varieties: wild rubber, synthetic (70 – 80% of total use by people), plantation rubber
• Uses: auto tyres and tubes, footers, sports goods, mattresses etc.
Climate: Equatorial, tropical and sub-tropical regions
Temperature: High at 25 to 35°C
Rainfall: Annual rainfall above 200cm throughout the growing period.
Soil type: Loamy soil
Major Producing Regions: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Garo hills in Meghalaya
Highest Producer: Kerala (India) Thailand (World) India ranks 4th in the world

Cotton (Fibre Crop)

• It is also called universal fibre owing to its worldwide use
• India is its original home
• It is a raw material for cotton textiles industries
• It is a labour-intensive crop
• Different categories: Long staple, short-staple, mediums staple
Climate: It is a Kharif crop and needs 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine.
Temperature: Hight at 20°C to 30°C
Soil type: Black soil
 Maturing time: 6 to 8 months
Producing regions: Maharashtra, Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Haryana, Punjab
Highest Producers: Gujrat (India) China (World) India is the 2nd largest producer of cotton.

Jute: (Fibre Crop)

• It is also called ‘Golden Fibre’
• Uses: Gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, artefacts
• It is losing market as it is costly and also facing competition from synthetic fibres
Temperature: 20 to 30 °C
Rainfall: Plenty of rainfall (150-20 cm)
Soil type: Well-drained fertile soil renewed every year, sandy and loamy soil
Maturing time: 8 – 10 months
Growing regions: Flood-plains, Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region, W. Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Meghalaya
Highest Producers: W. Bengal (World)
Highest Exporter: Bangladesh in the world.

Oil Seeds:
• Covers approximately 12 per cent of the total cropped area of the country
• Uses: edible oil for cooking. Raw material to produce soaps, cosmetics, ointments, paints etc. Oil cake is used as
fertilizer and to feed cattle with fodder.

Crop Season
Groundnut
• accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country) Kharif
• Gujrat leads followed by Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu
Lin seed Rabi

Mustard Rabi

Sesamum Kharif in North and Rabi in South

Castor both as rabi and Kharif

Horticulture (cultivation of fruits and vegetables)

Crop Growing regions

Mango India is the leading Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh
producer both and West Bengal
Orange tropical and Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
temperate fruits as
Banana well as vegetables Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
Pineapple like pea, Meghalaya
Grapes cauliflower, onion, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra
cabbage, tomato,
lichi and guava brinjal and potato. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Apple, pears, apricots and walnuts Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
 Technological and Institutional Reforms
Agriculture has been the main mainstay of most of the people in India. Lack of incorporating techno-institutional
changes in the sustained use of land has affected the growth of agricultural development. Indian agricultural is still
more dependent on rain and natural fertility of the soil. Various technical and institutional reforms need to be
introduced and implemented to make Indian agriculture the support of 60% of the farmer population in India. Some
of such reforms are discussed below.

Institutional Reforms

• Collectivisation and consolidation of landholdings.

• Abolition of zamindari system
• Land Reforms was the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.

Agrarian Reforms

• India govt introduced agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s
• The Green Revolution based on package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were the
strategies adopted to improve agricultural productivity and milk production.
• A comprehensive land development programme was initiated in the 1980s and 1980s.
• Gramin banks and cooperative societies were established to extend loan facilities to farmers at lower
interest rates.

Schemes for farmers

• Kisan Credit Card (KCC)

• Personal Accident Insurance Schemes (PAIS)
• Crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease
• Subsidy on purchase of seeds, fertilisers etc.
• Announcement of minimum support prices (MSP) to procure agricultural products directly from farmers to
check exploitation of farmers by middlemen and speculators.
• Use of media like DD Kisan Channel and weather bulletins on radio
• Gramin Banks and cooperative societies provide loans to farmers at lower rates of interest.

Contribution of Agriculture to the Indian economy

• Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy as most of the people, around 52% (years 2010-110), are
engaged in the agriculture sector for their sustenance.
• The matter of concern is that the share of agriculture has been on the decline since 1951. This decline affects
other sectors of the economy and ultimately its effect is felt by society. Share of the three sectors is as -
Agriculture: 17.9%, Industrial sector: 24.2%, Services sector: 57.9%
• Government took some corrective measures to modernise agriculture. Some of them are listed below.
o Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established in
o Agricultural universities were set up.
o Veterinary services and animal breeding centres were opened.
o The government gave priority to promoting horticulture development, research and development in
the field of meteorology and weather forecast etc
o Efforts to improve rural infrastructure was also considered important.
Some reasons behind the decelerating growth of Indian Agriculture (low employment in agriculture)

• Indian farmers are facing competition from developed countries in the international market
• Government is reducing investment in agriculture sector especially in irrigation, power, rural roads,
mechanisation etc
• Government is also reducing subsidies on agricultural inputs like fertilisers.
• Reduction in import duties on agriculture products.
• Farmers are losing interest in investment in the agriculture sector.

Impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture

• International trade is an important factor in globalisation and India was part of it during colonisation. Indian
spices were exported to the world and are still an important part of Indian export items.
• The British showed interest in the cotton belt of India and cotton was exported as raw material to England to
feed the cotton industries there in cities like Manchester and Liverpool. Indigo was also in demand in England
and the farmers were forced to grow indigo in place of food crops.
• After 1909, the Indian farmers have been facing competition in the international market from developed
countries who provide heavy subsidy to farmers.

Today Indian agriculture is at the cross roads

• Proper thrust should be given to improve the condition of the marginal and small farmers.
• Green Revolution increased production but at the same time, the heavy doses of fertilisers, pesticides and
chemicals have degraded land and affected biodiversity.
• The keyword today is ‘gene revolution’ which is based on genetic engineering that helps in inventing HYV
seeds.
• Environment friendly organic farming should be adopted to avoid use of chemical elements that affect
environment and degrade land.
• Some economists do not see future for farmers in traditional farming on small land holdings. Rural
population is about 833 million (2011 census) and available agricultural land is about 250 million that
amounts to half a hectare per person. Farmers should diversify the cropping pattern.

• Diversified farming should be adopted. Pattern of cropping should move toward growing high-value crops
like fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba. Such crops increase
income as well as reduce environment degradation. The diverse climate of India permits the growth of wide
variety of high-value crops.
 Minerals and Energy Resources
Geography
Minerals
A homogeneous, naturally occurring substance (crystalline elements or of elements) with a definable internal structure.
All rocks on earth’s surface or below it contains Minerals.
e.g. hardest as diamond and softest as talc.
Economic or commercial viability of minerals depend upon various factors like- concentration of minerals in ores, ease of
extraction and closeness of market and other supportive infrastructure and services

Rocks: A combination of minerals in varying proportions.

Ores: A collection of any mineral mixed with other elements. Minerals are extracted from these ores if there is sufficient
concentration of mineral.

Mode of occurrence or forms in which minerals are found

Igneous and metamorphic rocks- (veins and lodes) e.g. Tin, Cooper, zinc, lead
Sedimentary rocks- (beds and layers) e.g. coals, iron (due to intense heat and pressure) gypsum, potash salt and
sodium salt (due to evaporation)
Residual mass of weathered material- e.g. bauxite
Alluvial deposits- e.g. gold, silver, tin and platinum.
Ocean water- common salt

Ferrous Minerals
Iron Ore (Australia first and India 4th in the world)
Iron is the backbone of modern civilization and industrial development It is a basic mineral in our life.
India is rich in iron reserves both by quality and quantity.
The two important variety of iron ores-
Magnetite - up to 70 % iron content (excellent magnetic properties and used in electrical industries)
Hematite - 50 to 60 %iron content (a major industrial ore in terms of the quantity used in industries)

Major Iron belts of India

1. Odisha-Jharkhand belt: good quality of hematite iron ore found
• Odisha- Badampahar mines in Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts
• Jharkhand- Gua and Noamundi mines in Sighbhum district
2. Durg- Bastar: Chandrapur belt (Chattisgarh and Maharashtra)
Bailadila Range of hills (Bastar district of Chhattisgarh)
High grade hematite iron ore suitable for steel making steel.
Exported to Japan & S Korea via Vishakhapatnam Port
3. Ballare – Chitradurga-Chikkamangaluru Tumakuru belt (Karnataka)
• Kudremukh mines – in western ghats of Karnataka
100% export unit
Mangalore port
One of the largest reserves in the world
4. Maharashtra-Goa belt
Not high-quality iron ores found
Found in Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra
Exported through Marmagao port

Manganese (South Africa First and India 6th in the world)

Odisha- the largest producer
Uses- to make alloys. Added to all steels (10 kg manganese for 1 tonne of steel), also used in paints, batteries
insecticides, bleaching powder.
Non-Ferrous Minerals
Copper (Chile is the largest producer in the world)
India is deficient in copper reserves and production of copper.
Major producers: Balaghat mines (Madhya Pradesh) Khetri mines (Rajasthan) and Singhbhum district
(Jharkhand)

Bauxite (Australia first in world and India 5th)

Bauxite ore is the world’s primary source of aluminium. It contains 15-25% aluminium.
The ore is chemically processed to produce alumina (aluminium oxide). Alumina is then smelted using
electrolysis process to produce pure aluminium metal.
Aluminium is good combination of strength and lightness.
It is malleable and good conductor also
Distribution:
Amarkantak plateau
Maikal Hills
Bilaspur-Katni region
Panchpatmali in Koraput district of Odisha.
Odisha the largest producer of Bauxite

Non-Metallic Minerals
Mica (India first in the world)
Mica is a group of minerals. It is made up of a series of plates and leaves.
Comes into colours -black, green, yellow, or brown.
Uses- used in electrical and electronics industries due to its-
di-electric strength
insulating properties
low power loss factor
resistance to high voltage
Distribution:
North edge of Chhota Nagpur Plateau
Kodarma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt
Azmer (Rajasthan)
Nellore mica belt (Andhra Pradesh)

Hazards of mining (A Killer Industry)

1. It is called a killer industry because of the high risks involved Board Questions:
How is mining activity injurious to
2. The dust and the poisonous fumes inhalation cause pulmonary health of miners and environment?
diseases Explain. (2015)
3. Collapsing of roofs, inundation and fire risks in coal mines
4. Contamination of water sources near monies
5. Dumping of wastes and slurry causes land degradation, soil and river pollution
Stricter safety regulations and proper implementation of environmental laws are essential to prevent mining from
becoming a ‘killer industry’.
 Energy Resources
Classification of Energy Resources

Conventional sources Non-conventional sources

1. Are in use since long past 1. Have in use from recent times
2. Cause pollution 2. Generally eco-friendly and pollution free
3. Are exhaustible and non-renewable 3. Renewable and inexhaustible sources of energy
4. Generation of these resources is expensive 4. E.g. solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal, biogas and
5. E.g. petroleum, natural gas, electricity firewood, atomic energy
(cattle dung cake is most common in rural area),

Conventional sources of energy

Coal
Importance:
India is highly dependent on coal to meet energy requirements.
Used for power generation, energy supply and meet domestic needs.
Formation:
Coal is an organic deposit of forest vegetations and formed over millions of years due to compression of plants material.
It is found in layers of Sedimentary Rocks.
Varieties: (depends on compression, depth and time of burial)

i. Peat – less than 50% carbon, high moisture content and low heating capacity.
i. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.

ii. Lignite – Contains 60% carbon, low grade brown coal, soft, low moisture content.
i. Increased temperature and depth form this coal.
ii. Uses – generation of electricity
iii. Major reserves- Niveyeli in Tamil Nadu

iii. Bituminous – 60%-80% carbon, high grade coal,

i. Uses- commercial use, as metallurgical coal used in smelting blast furnace

iv. Anthracite- 80% carbon, highest quality coal, high heating capacity, black and compact.
It is found in Jammu and Kashmir.
Distribution of Coal
Coal deposits India are found in rocks of two different geological ages- Gondwana and Tertiary ages
1. Gondwana age -( over 200 million years ago)
Major areas - Damodar Valley (W. Bengal-Jharkhand) Bokaro, Raniganj, Jharia.
The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys

2. Tertiary age- (about 55 million years old)

Major deposits- N.E. States - Meghalaya, Assam Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

Petroleum: (by 2017 data Russia is the top crude oil producer in the world)
Derived from Latin words Petra (means Rock) and oleum (means oil)
It is also called rock oil
It contains hydrogen and carbon is varying amounts.
India is heavily dependent on oil imports which is 78% of the needs
Uses of petroleum or its importance
It provides fuel for heat and lighting
Lubricants for machinery
Raw material for manufacturing industries
Petroleum refineries act as 'nodal industry' for synthetic textile & chemical industries.
Petroleum is found
In rocks of the tertiary age in the folds, anticlines and fault traps.
Oil bearing layers are porous limestone and sandstone
Distribution: Assam is the oldest oil producing state in India.
Mumbai High (offshore oil field) …. 63% of total production
Ankleshwar (Gujarat)….18%
Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran-hugrizan (Assam)….16%
E.g. of offshore fields…. Mumbai High, Bassien, Aliabet

Natural Gas
Fuel for the present century.
It is clean and environment friendly fuel because of low CO 2 emission
A source of energy and raw material for petrochemical, power and fertilizer industries.
CNG is replacing liquid fuel like petrol and diesel.
Key users of natural gas - power and fertilizer industries
Distribution
Krishna-Godavari basin region
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Along west coast – Mumbai High and gulf of Cambay
Supply through pipeline
Hazira- Vijaipur-Jagdishpur gas pipe line
17000 Km long and has provided impetus to gas production.
Links Mumbai High and Gujarat gas field and Gujarat gas field with N.W India

Electricity: Two ways of generating electricity

Hydro-electricity: Produced by a number of multi-purpose projects like Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, the
Kopili Hydel Project.
Thermal Electricity: It is produced by using non-renewable fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Non-conventional sources of Energy

Need to use non-conventional sources of energy

We are heavily dependent on Fossil fuels to fulfil the most of our energy Board Questions:
1. The use of non-
requirements conventional sources
Rising prices of oil hit the economy hard. India is heavily dependent on import of of energy is becoming
necessary in our
oil.
country? Give reasons.
Potential shortage of Fossil fuel reserves (2011)
Uncertainty over supply of energy in future 2. What are non-
conventional sources
National economy is affected due to disruption in energy supply chain of energy? Why is
The non-conventional resources like natural gas are eco-friendly. Environmental there pressing need to
use these sources of
problems arise out of Fossil fuel use in the form of different kinds of pollutions
energy? (2013, 14)
They are an aid to sustainable path of development
They are comparatively economical and less expensive than conventional sources.

All these scenarios make it the need of the hour to search for alternative renewable sources of energy which we find
in non-conventional sources of energy like- Solar energy, wind, tide biomass etc.
Nuclear Energy:
Nuclear or atomic Power is obtained when radioactive elements like uranium or thorium break up into small atoms. The
heat released is used to generate electric power.
Board Questions:
Uranium in India- Jharkhand and Aravalli ranges in Rajasthan.
Thorium- Monazite sands of Kerala. India possesses 50% of world’s 1. “Nuclear energy is expected to play an
thorium. increasingly important role in India.” Give
arguments to support this statement.
Negative impacts of nuclear energy:
(2016)
Nuclear energy has its own hazards. Radioactive wastes cause 2. Mention the negative impacts of wastes
environmental pollution. from the Nuclear plants. (2013)
Mention the negative impacts of waste from the nuclear plant.
Dumping of nuclear wastes in deep sea water puts aquatic life to threat.

Solar Energy
Importance:
The energy that we get from sun is called solar energy. Photovoltaic technology is used to convert sunlight directly into
electricity.

It doesn’t cause environmental problems because it is pollution free

It is inexhaustible resource and India has abundance of sunlight.
In rural areas it can help minimise the dependence on firewood and dung cakes. It will help in conservation of
environment. The dung can be used as manure in agriculture
India has enormous possibility of tapping these non-conventional sources of energy.

Bright future of solar energy in India:

Solar energy can solve the energy problem in India to some extent.

India is a tropical country with enormous possibility of tapping the solar energy. Abundance of sunlight is
available to use this energy.
It is a renewal source of energy. Besides in urban area it is getting popular in rural areas also
It is easy to establish solar plants. The cost of solar panels is also coming down making it accessible to common
people also.
It minimises the dependence of rural people on firewood and
Board Questions:
dung cakes.
1. What is solar energy? What is its importance?
Considering the good availability of sunshine government can (2013)
do its every bit to make its use popular among people. 2. How can solar energy solve the energy
problem to some extent in India? Give your
There is an urgent need to shift to non-conventional sources opinion. (2015)
of energy. Solar energy can be a very effective alternative to
conventional sources which cause environmental problems and also are non-renewable.

Wind Energy:
India now ranks as the wind super power in the world.
The rotation of Windmill causes turbine to turn

Wind farm locations in India:

Largest cluster of wind farm -” Nagarcoil to Madurai in Tamil Nadu

Other areas – Andhra Pradesh, Karnatka, Kerala,
Jaisalmer is also known for effective use of wind energy.
Biogas
Biogas provides twin benefits to the rural people in the form energy and quality manure.

Biogas is produced from shrubs, farm wastes, animal and human wastes.

It produces gas having higher thermal efficiency kerosene and charcoal

It is perfectly suitable for rural areas as organic wastes like cow dung and shrubs are easily available.

The rural people can make use of biogas for cooking and lighting purposes

The exhausted material in the biogas plant acts as a good manure for agricultural purposes.
Biogas is a model of optimum utilisation of organic wastes in rural areas.

Suggestions to promote the establishment of biogas plants Board Questions:

i. People be made aware of energy crisis and benefits of biogas energy 1. How can Biogas solve the energy
problem in the rural areas? Give your
ii. Govt should honestly provide every assistance of whatever kind to rural suggestions. (2015)
people 2. Explain any five points of
significance of bio-gas generation in
iii. Relevant advertisement can help in the promotion of biogas awareness. the rural areas of India. (2013)

Tidal Energy:
The oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. The tidal water is let in through inlet of the floodgate dams and when
it recedes back it is passed through a pipe to turn the turbine.

Regions of Tidal power in India- Gulf of Kuchh (Gujarat) and Sunderban regions in West Bengal

Geo-thermal
Geothermal energy uses heat which is generated in the interior of the earth. At the palaces of high gradient of
geothermal ground water heats and is released as steam to the earth’ surface.

Hot springs, and geysers are found in volcanic regions or in those areas where geothermal gradient is high.
Two experimental projects- 1. Parvati Valley in Himachal Pradesh.
2. Puga Valley in Laddakh in Kashmir

Conservation of Minerals and Energy Resources

Mineral resources and their conservation:
Need for conservation of mineral resources:

The importance of minerals has made them an indispensable part of our life. Industrial and agricultural
sector is strongly dependent on mineral resources.
Formation of minerals is a slow geological process. It takes millions of years to form and get
replenished.
They are finite, non-renewable and would exhaust one day.
Extremely valuable mineral deposits are our short-lived possession.
Rate of mineral replenishment of mineral resources is infinitely small in comparison to rate of
consumption
Methods of conservation of minerals
Concerted efforts are needed to use mineral in a planned and sustainable manner so that made available for a
longer time.
Improving and evolution technologies to efficiently use low grade Board Questions:
ores at low cost. Technological improvements reduce the wastage
1. Explain the importance of conservation of
at the time of mining and processing of minerals.
minerals. Highlight some measures to
Recycling of metals. Used metals can be recovered, melted and conserve minerals. (2016)
reused
2. Why is it necessary to conserve mineral
Using scrap metals and other substitutes. A proper awareness
resources? Explain any four ways to
and will of people can play a great role in searching for better conserve minerals. (2010, 11, 12, 13, 14,
alternatives to replace minerals with non-minerals like wood, 17)
plastic, glass etc.

Energy resources and their conservation

Need to conserve energy resources:
Energy resources are a basic requirement for all activities. Every sector of economy needs inputs of energy
Since independence, National developmental plans have required increasing amount of energy to remain
operational
Rate of consumption of energy is steadily rising due to rapid increase in population and Industrial activities.
India is presently one of the least efficient country in the world.

Methods of conservation of energy resources:

Conservation of energy needs urgent attention. As a concerned citizen we should contribute our bit to conserve energy
resources.
Board Questions:
We need to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our
1. "Consumption of energy in all forms has
limited energy resources. been rising all over the country. There is
Use public transport instead of individual vehicles. Use of bicycles an urgent need to develop a sustainable
or walking have healthy effect on our health as well as save energy path of energy development and energy
and conserve environment savings". Suggest and explain any three
measures to solve this burning problem.
Switching of electricity when not in use
(2016)
Using power saving devices to make efficient use of energy. The
different star levels on electronic items indicate their power 2. “Energy saved is energy produced.”
efficiency. Justify the statement by giving any six
measures to conserve the energy
Increased use of renewable sources of energy. Non-conventional
resources. (Delhi-2017)
sources of energy be used like solar energy, wind, tidal and
geothermal energy. 3. “Crude oil reserves are limited all over
the world. If people continue to extract it at
Using biogas in rural areas. It will curb the use the firewood and
the present rate, the reserves would last
dung cakes. only 35-40 years more.” Explain any three
Educational awareness among one and all to make them sensitive ways to solve this problem. (2019)
toward saving energy.
After all, “energy saved is energy produced”
 MANufACTuRINg INdusTRIes
Geography

Manufacturing and Its Importance

Manufacturing

Production of goods from goods or merchandise in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called Manufacturing.
It involves value addition to raw materials. The products may be aimed directly for consumers or for use in other
industries for further processing and value addition.
Example- sugar from sugarcane, paper from wood.

Importance of Manufacturing (17% of GDP)

Manufacturing sector is the backbone of development. The strength of a country is measured by the development of
manufacturing industries. Board Questions:
• Manufacturing industries aid in modernisation of agriculture 1. Analyze the role of the manufacturing sector in
• Reduce dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them the economic development of India. (2019, 18,
17, 16)
jobs
2. “The economic strength of a country is
• Help in eradicating unemployment and poverty measured by the development of manufacturing
• Bring down regional disparities by public sector and joint ventures in industries.” Support the statement with
backward and tribal areas arguments. (2018, 17, 16)
3. “Manufacturing sector is considered as the
• Trading in export earns valuable foreign exchange backbone of economic development of a
• Prosperity lies in the diversification of manufacturing industries with country.” Support the statement with
examples. (2017)
quality and valuable products.

Relation between Agriculture and industry (not exclusive of each other but move hand in hand)

• The agro-industries have helped in increasing agricultural productivity Board Questions:

• Agro-industries depend on agricultural sector for raw materials Explain the examples of the
• Agro-industries sell to farmers the products like- irrigation pumps, fertilizer, interdependence of agriculture and
insecticides, tools etc. industries. (Delhi 2017)
• The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries
• The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries help agricultural productivity and as well as
makes the production system more efficient.

We are in the era of globalisation. To compete in the in the international the Indian goods must be at par with
international standards.

Contribution of industry to National economy

• The share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP.

• The share of this sector is much lower than some East Asian countries with between 25 to 35 %. It is 36 % in
China and 35 % in Thailand. The Make in India initiative is essentially to create the right environment for
manufacturing sector to grow.
• The 7 % rate of growth in manufacturing sector has shown some trends of growth at 9 to 10 % since 2003.
• The desired growth rate has been set at 12 percent
• NMCC- (National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council) has been set up to achieve the desired growth rate
with the help of appropriate govt. policies and renewed efforts to improve productivity.

Factors of Industrial location

Board Questions:
• Physical factors- availability of raw material, water, climate, power Explain any five factors affecting the location
• Human factors- labour, capital, market, transport, govt. policies of an industry. (2019, 15, 14)
 • The key decisions of the of the factory location- least cost, govt. policies, and specialised labour.
• Factors of production- land, labour, capital, entrepreneur, infrastructure.
Industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand

• Normally industrialization even in remote areas coverts it into an urban area. Required infrastructure, facilities
and services get available and people throng there for jobs.
• Sometimes Industries are located in or near cities.
• Cities provide market and other services- banking, insurance, transport, consultants, financial advice. Etc.
Agglomeration of economies
The industries come together to locate near each other to make use of advantages of urban centre- large
market, lower transport costs and other related benefits. All this lead to agglomeration of economies which
gradually results in large industrial agglomeration

Classification of Industries
1. On the basis of source of raw materials used:
Board Questions:
Agro Based Industries: Cotton, woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil. 1. Classify industries
on the basis of source
of raw material. How
Mineral Based Industries: Iron and steel, cement, aluminum, machine tools, petrochemicals are they different from
each other? (AI 2016)
2. Classification of industries according to their main role:
2. Classify industries
Basic or Key Industries: These industries supply their products or raw materials to manufacture on the basis of their
other goods, e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminum smelting. main role. How are
they different from
each other? (Foreign
Consumer Industries: These industries produce goods which are directly used by consumers, e.g.,
2016)
sugar, paper, electronics, soap, etc.
3. Classify industries
on the basis of capital
3. On the basis of capital investment:
investment. How are
they different from
Small Scale Industry: Maximum investment allowed on the assets of a small-scale industry unit is 1 one another? Explain
crore. This limit keeps changing over a period of time. with examples.
(2016)
Medium Scale Industry: When the overall investment is more than Rs. 5 crores, and also less than 4. Classify the
Rs. 10 crores. industries on the basis
of ownership and give
one example of each
Large Scale Industry: When the overall investment is more than Rs. 10 crores.
category. (2012)

4. On the basis of ownership:

Public Sector: Owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc. • Private Sector: Owned and operated by
an individual or a group –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is
jointly owned by the public and private sector.

Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or
both. The resources are pooled by each stakeholder and profits or losses are shared proportionately. AMUL which is a
milk cooperative is a good example. The sugar industry in Maharashtra is another example, coir industry in Kerala.

5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
Heavy Industries: Heavy raw materials used are Iron and Steel.

Light Industries: Light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

Agro-Based Industries

TExTILE InDUsTRY
(Has a unique place in Indian Economy)
 • Textile industry comprises mainly cotton and jute textile industries Board Questions:
• It alone contributes 14% to the Industrial production 1. "The textile industry is the only industry in the
country which is self-reliant and complete in
• Provides direct employment to around 35 million which is second largest the value chain". Justify the statement. (2016)
employment after Agriculture 2. "The textile industry occupies a unique position
in the Indian economy". Elaborate this
• Earns 24% of total foreign exchange for India statement with appropriate arguments. (2012,
14, 15)
• In India it is the only self-reliant industry with a complete value chain set
up – from raw materials to finished products

• Textile industry also supports demands for other Industries.

All these contributions make textile industry a very important component of Indian economy. It has a unique place in the
development of India.

COTTOn TExTILEs
First successful cotton textile mill was established in 1854 in Bombay in. Around 80 % of the textile mills operate under private sector.
• India ranks second after China in terms of installed spindles
• India has World class global level spinning production capacity.
• India has about one-fourth share in the world in trade of yarns.

Importance
• It has close links with agriculture. Provides living to many – farmers, cotton boll pluckers.
• Indirect employment to workers engaged in weaving, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
• Support to cottage industry- large scale employment to weavers in their homes.

Concentration of textile mills in Maharashtra and Gujarat

Board Questions:
1. Availability of raw material - large production of cotton in the reason ensures Why was the cotton textile industry
good supply of raw cotton to the industry. concentrated in the cotton growing belt
2. Moist climate - Such climate in the region is suitable for the growth of cotton Maharashtra and Gujarat in the early years?
Explain. (2015, 14)
3. Cheap labour - There is no dearth of labour force in the cities of Mumbai and
Ahmedabad. Moreover, migrated people to earn a living are available there.
4. Port facilities - Major export is made from Mumbai port.
5. Transport and market - a good network of roadways, railways, water ways help in the movement of raw materials to
industries.

Export of yarn to countries: Japan, U.S.A. U.K. Russia, France, East European countries, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Africa
countries.

Problems faced by Cotton Textile Industries:

• Shortage of good quality cotton – It has to be imported from countries like Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Tanzania, U.S.A. and Peru.
• Erratic power supply – A big problem which results in loss of man hours, low productivity.
• Low productivity of labour – Compared to other countries like Japan and U.S.A., an Indian worker handles less spindles and
looms causing low output per labour.
• Synthetic substitutes – Synthetic fibres are hitting hard as synthetic fibre are cheaper available. At low cost leading to low
cost of production.
• Competition in international market – India has to face competition from countries like Taiwan, S. Korea and Japan which
produce cheaper and better-quality goods.

JUTE-TExTILEs
• The first jute mill was established in 1859 at Rishra in W. Bengal in
• India is the largest producer of raw jute
• Second largest exporter after Bangladesh
• National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005.
• Jute industry mostly located in West Bengal along Hugli river.
• Jute is exported to USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, UK and Australia.
Location of Jute industries mainly in Hugli River Basin
Board Questions:
There are about 80 jute mills (2010-11) in India mostly located along Hugli river in Which. Bengal. The jute-textile industry is mainly
The reasons or factors responsible are: concentrated in the Hooghly basin.
Mention five factors or reasons for the
• Proximity of the jute producing areas. Raw jute is easily available as West Bengal is the same. (2016, 14, 12, 11, 09, 08)
largest producer of jute in the world.
 • Abundant water for processing of jute. This industry requires a lot of water.
• Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa, UP
• Cheap water transport and Good network of roadways, railways facilitate movement of goods
• Port facilities. Kolkata port is used for export purposes
• Kolkata is a metro city with good services of banking, insurance and other commercial facilities.

Problems faced by Jute Industry

Board Questions:
• Stiff Competition from synthetic substitutes has caused decline in demand for jute. 1. Explain the problems faced
• Competition from countries like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. by jute Industry. State any one
• After partition most of the jute producing areas have gone to Bangladesh creating shortage of step taken by the government
raw jute in India. to stimulate the demand for
jute. (2017, 11, 12)
2. What were the major
Steps taken by govt. to stimulate demand for jute products
objectives of the National Jute
• Govt. adopted a policy of mandatory use of jute packaging Policy 2005? (2017, 13, 11)
• National Jute Policy was formulated by govt. with the following objectives
⎯ Increasing productivity
⎯ Improving quality
⎯ Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers
⎯ Increased the yield per hectare
⎯ Diversification of product
• Moreover, global concern for natural and biodegradable materials has opened the opportunity for jute
producers.

SUGAR InDUsTRY
• India ranks second in production of sugar (Brazil is first). India ranks first in the Gur and khandsari production.
• Major sugar belt- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra (more than 60% sugar mills in UP and Bihar)

Problems faced by sugar industry

• High cost of production due to old and inefficient methods of production

• Heavy, weight losing and perishable
• Delay in transportation of sugarcane to mills
• Low sugar content
• Seasonal nature of sugar industry
• Sugarcane Industry suits most to cooperative sector
• Need to maximise the use of bagasse.

Reasons behind Sugar mills shifting to Southern and Western states Board Questions:
Why are sugar mills concentrated in sugarcane
• The sugar content sucrose is higher in sugarcane of Southern and Western
producing areas? Explain problems faced by sugar
states than that of Northern states. industry in India. (2016)
• Longer crushing season due on cooler climate in these regions.
• Successful working of cooperative sector in these dates.

Mineral-Based Industry

IROn AnD STEEL InDUsTRY

Board Questions:
Importance as a basic and heavy industry Why is iron and steel industry is called
the basic Industry? Explain any three
➢ As a basic Industry- reasons. (2013, 2012)
• Supports as all other kind of industries depend on it for their machinery
• Production of iron and steel is an index of development of a country
• Steel is required o manufacture various engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific
equipment and many consumer goods.
➢ As a heavy industry-
• All its Bulky and heavy raw materials are - iron ore, limestone, coking coal, magnesium (Basic input ratio of iron ore,
coking coal and limestone- 4:2:1. Finished products are equally heavy.
• SAIL is the premier marketing authority for public sector iron and steel industries.
Chhota Nagpur plateau has the maximum concentration of iron ore and steel industry- Reasons are as follows:

• Low cost of iron ore- the transportation cost is low because of Board Questions:
nearness to ores-sites. The required inputs are easily available. Give reasons why the iron and steel industry in India is
concentrated around the Chhota Nagpur plateau region.
• Proximity to high grade raw materials- Limestone, coking coal are (2015, 12, 10, 08)
easily available for the Industry at minimal delay to make it run
efficiently.

• Cheap labour-The adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand provide cheap labour force to the Industry cutting the cost
of production.

• Market potential- The home market in India itself has a lot of potential for the growth of this industry. The production of steel
is well consumed in domestic market.

Recent developments like Favourable government policies, Liberalisation, FDI and efforts by entrepreneurs have have given boost
to the Industry

Iron & steel industry not able to perform to its potential because of the following problems faced by iron and steel industry:

a) High cost
Board Questions:
b) Limited availability of coking coal 1. "Though India is an important iron and steel producing
c) Lower productivity of labour country in the world yet we are not able to perform to our full
d) Irregular or erratic supply of energy potential.” Why? (2019, 17,13)
e) Poor infrastructure 2. Explain any three problems faced by Iron and steel industry
in India. (2011)
f) No proper allocation of resources for research and development.

ALUmInIUm SmELTInG
• It is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
• It is malleable, light, resistant to corrosion and good conductor of heat.
• It can be made stronger by mixing with other metals and is used in manufacturing aircrafts, utensils and wires.
• It is a popular substitute of steel, Zinc and lead.
• Aluminium is obtained from bauxite which is a bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
• Two factors that affect the location of aluminium industry are: (i) regular supply of electricity and (ii) assured
supply of raw material.

CHEmIcAL InDUsTRY
• The chemical industry is fast growing in India both in organic and inorganic sectors.
• This industry comprises both large and small manufacturing units.
• It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies the 12th place in the world.
Board Questions:
• It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP Analyse the role chemical industries in the
Indian Economy. (2017)
• The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
• Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, rubber, plastics
and dye stuffs.
• Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints etc.
• Example: Sulphuric acid- used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs.

CEmEnT InDUsTRY
• The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.
• Cement is a prepared from bulky raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
• It is used for construction purpose like building of houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams etc.
• Cement industry is also growing in production and the quality produce have markets in E. Asia and S. Asia,
Middle East and Africa.

FERTILIsER InDUsTRY
Fertiliser industry produces mainly
• Nitrogenous fertilisers (urea)
• Phosphatic fertilisers
• Ammonium phosphate (DAP)
 • Complex fertilisers – (Combination of NPK)
• Potash is entirely imported as India lacks in commercially viable reserves of potash.
• After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country – Gujrat, Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab and Kerala.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

• Software Technology Parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to the software experts. These
act as software exporting units.

• Software Technology Parks of India, is an Autonomous Society set up by the Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology Government of India in 1991, with the objective -encouraging, promoting and boosting the Software Exports from
India.

Significance in India
• The electronic industry supplies all needs pertaining to Telecommunication industry. From a
Board Questions:
simple consumer needs of telephone and computers to defence equipment like radars. What are software technology
parks? State any two points of
• IT industry has put India as a global leader in IT software sector
significance of information
• Employment generation is another charm of the electronic industry. Women account for 30%
technology (IT) industry in India.
(2012)
of the total employment in the electronics sector. According to 2011 data 20 lakh
professionals were employed in IT sector.

• BPOs (Business Processes Outsourcing sector) have become a major foreign exchange earner for India.

• Continuous growth in hardware and software is the key to success of IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

InDUsTRIEs ARE REspOnsIbLE fOR fOUR TYpEs Of pOLLUTIOns

1. Air Pollution

Caused by rise in proportion of undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide. Airborne particulate material
like dust, sprays, smoke by factories, brick, smelting plants, kilns, refineries, burning of fossil fuels.

Effects- on human, animals, plants, buildings and atmosphere Board Questions:

1. Explain five types of ‘industrial Pollution’ .
2. Water pollution (2019)
2. How are industries responsible for
Caused by organic and inorganic Industrial wastes and affluent. Main gents are environmental degradation? Explain with
pulp, paper, chemical, dying, refineries, fertilizer, electroplating industries examples. (2019, 16)
plastics, rubber etc. Solid wastes include fly ash, physio-gypsum and iron and
steel slags.

3. Thermal pollution

• Caused by release of untreated hot water into rivers and ponds.

• Effects- on humans and acratic life. Nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer, birth defects and
miscarriages.
• Soil pollution by dumping of non-biodegradable wastes also contaminates water.

4. Noise pollution
Unwanted or undesired sounds from transport vehicles, Industrial units, construction work, drill machines as well human
activities cause noise pollution.
 Effect- stress, irritation, hearing impairments, increased heart rate and blood pressure and other physiological defects.

MEAsUREs TO cOnTROL EnvIROnmEnTAL DEGRADATIOn.

1. Minimising use of water, recycling or reusing it in successive stages

Board Questions:
2. Rainwater harvesting 1. How can the Industrial pollution of fresh water
3. Treatment of Industrial effluents before releasing them in rivers and be reduced? Explain various ways. (2019)

ponds 2. State any three steps to minimize the

environmental degradation caused by the
4. Particulate matter in the air can be fixed by fitting smoke stacks to industrial development in India. (AI 2016)
factories with electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, fabric filters and
inertial separators.
5. Smoke emission in air can be reduced by replacing coal by oil and gas.
6. Reduction in noise pollution can be done by fitting generators with silencers, upgrading and redesigning of
machinery
7. Use of noise absorbing material like earplugs and earphones.

Besides the above measures, a proper and vigilant awareness of rising environmental concerns is necessary among
people. Checking environmental degradation should become the greatest issue in our country during elections and socio-
economic forums to make it an issue of every home.

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS
Board Questions:
(Environment Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach
Explain the pro-active approach by
for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels
in places where it is setting up power plants. This has been possible through the National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC) for preserving
i. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading the natural environment and
resources. (2015)
existing equipment.
ii. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
iii. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles
for afforestation.
iv. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
v. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.