(2

CHAPTER
Solutions

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Liquid-Liquid Colligative
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Abnormal
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Ideal
Non-Ideal
12 Vapour
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8 Solutions
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Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis

Difficulty Level Revision Rating Total Number of Questions
8/10 204
710
NEET-JEE
Chapter's Heavy Weights
+ ldeal and Non-ldeal Solutions
of Molar Mass
Colligative Properties and Determination
 28
CHEMISTRY Modle
INTRODUCTION METHODS TO EXPRESS THE

Most of the substances present around us are not pure. These are
TRATION OF SOLUTIONS CONCEN
mixtures containing two or more pure substances. For example, O Composition ofasolution can be described in tenm
air is a mixture of gases, water contains small amounts of various concentration.
salts dissolved into. Solution have universal importance in O The concentration of a solution is defined as the am
industry, medicines and environment.
Components of solution solute present in the given amount of the solution.
Standard Solutions: The solution whose concentration is kn
Solute Solvent Dilute Solution: The solution which contain relatively
" The component which is The component which is
amount of solute as compared to solvent.
present in small amount is present in large amount Concentrated Solution: The solution which contain er
in solution. in solution. solute, in a fixed quantity of the solution.
Each element could be Solvent determines the There are several ways by to describe the concentratio
solid, liquid, or gaseous. physical state in which solution quantitatively. These are as follows.
" Example : Sugar present solution exists.
in sugar solution is solute
() Percentage(%)
Example: Water present in (a) Mass Percentage (w/w): It is defined as the mas
sugar solution is solvent
solute present in 100 g of solution.
Mass % of a component
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Mass of of component in the solution x100
Total mass of the solution
O Solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances in same or diferent physical phases. In Ex. 20% w/w sucrose solution = 20 g of sucrose is preser
Homogeneous mixture, composition and properties remain 100g of solution.
uniform throughout the mixture. =20 g of sucrose is present in 80 g of water.
O The substances which form the solution are known as Test Your
components of the solution. Knowledge
O Binary solutions are solutions having two components in Q. 20 grams of a solute is dissolved in 80 grams of
them. solvent. Its mass percent in solution is
Tiypes of solution a. 20 b. 25
c. 10 d. 15
Types of Solute Solvent Common Examples
Solution Ans. (a) Weight of solute =20g
Gaseous Gas Air
Weight of solvent =80g
Gas
Percentage (%) by wt.=
wt.of the solute (g)100
Solutions Liquid Gas Water Vapour in air wt. of the solutiong
Solid Gas Smoke particles in air 20
CO, dissolved in water x100 = 20
Liquid Gas Liquid 80+10
Solutions Liquid Liquid Methanol dissolved in
water
Solid Liquid (b) Volume Percentage (V/V) : It is defned as the vol
Salt dissolved in water of solute (in mL) present in 100 mL of solution,
Solid Gas Solid Hydrogen gas adsorbedon solute and solvent will be liquid.
solutions the surface of platinum Volume of the component0
Mercury with sodium Volume % of a component = Total volume of solution
Liquid Solid
(amalgam)
Copper dissolved in gold Ex. 30% (V/V) methanol solution in water = 30 mL of me
Solid Solid Is dissolved in water to make un a total volume of 100
(alloys) solution.
das
Key Note (c) Mass by Volume Percentage (w/):tis defined
of solute dissolved in 100 mL ot solution.
Solute and solvent can be defined according to the number of mnoles. Mass of solute
For solute, moles will be less and for solvent, moles will be more. %w/V= x100
Volume of solution
Solutions 29

x 40% (w/v) ethanol solution. 40 g of ethanol is present in 100

mL of solution. 10
Ans. (a) Number of moles of glucose 180
But not 40g of glucose is present in 90 mL of water
0.0555 mol
Key Note 90
Number of moles of water =5
18
For dilute solution:
Volume of solution = Volume of solvent =5 moles
Number of moles of solution = 5.0555
ii) Parts Per Million (PPM) Mole fraction of glucose
Number.of moles of Glucose 0.0555
n PPM is used when a solute is present in trace quantities. 0.01
Number. of moles of solutíon 5.0555
n It is defined as the number of parts of solute present in
million (10) parts of the solution Q. What willbe the mole fraction of alcohol to water if 138
Parts per million = g ethanol is mixed with 72 g of water?
Number of parts of the component a. 3:4 b. 4:5
x10 c. 3:7 d. 1:1
Total number of parts of all components of the solution
138
Ans. (a) No. of moles of C,H;OH= =3 moles
Test Your 46
72
Knowledge No. of moles of H.0= =4 moles
3
Q. What is the concentration, in ppm, if 0.025 g of KCl is Mole fraction, XcH,OH
dissolved in 100 grams of water? 3+47
44
b. 250 ppm
a. 4x 10 ppm
d. 2.5 ppm
KHo3+4 7
c. 2.5 x 10 pp 3
Ans. (b) ppm= (mass of solute/ mass of solution)x10 3
-(0.025 g/ 100 g) x106 Kc,H,OH_1:
KH,0 4 4
3:4

-250 ppm
Hence, the ratio of mole fraction of alcohol to water
o Key Note is 3:4.

Mass of and PPM are independent of temperature.

C Key Note
ii) Mole Fraction () The relation between x, and x, is:
DIt is defined as the ratio of number of moles of one XtX=l
particular component to the total number of moles of all Mole fraction is independent of temperature.
the components of solution.
Mole fraction of component (iv) Molarity (M)
Number of moles of the component OMolarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute
Total number of moles of all components dissolved per litre of solution. Its symbol is M. Unit of
molarity is mol L!.
Let n, be the moles of the solute andn, is the moles of Moles of solute
solvent. Then, Molarity =Volume of solution in litre

M
V(in litres)
n +ng
Where, n= no of moles of solute; V= Volume of solution
in litres.
Test Your n=VM

Knowledge
Q. In 10% w/w glucose solution, the mole fraction of
M= Wt1
M.Wt Vi
glucose is:
W 1000
a. 0.01 b. 0.08 M=
C. 0,05 d. 0.04 M.Wt VnL
 30 CHEMISTRY Mody
b. 0.14
a. 0.07
Key Note
c. 0.28 d. 0.35
Molarity is temperature dependent that is it decreases with increase Ans. (a) For HCIsolution,
in temperature.
For dilute solutions: M,V, = M,V, Molarity =0.1 M
As, M,V, =M,V,;
..25 x M, =0.1 x 35
(v) Molality (m) 0.1x35 0.1×35
M, = :..M= =0.07
D Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the solute 25 25x2
dissolve per kilogram (kg) or 1000 g of the solvent. Its
symbol is m. Unit of molality is mol kg.
Moles of solute
Molality (m) (vi) Normality (N)
Mass of solvent in kg
ONormality is defined as the number of gram equivalent
n solute dissolved in one litre of a solution. Unit of norma
m 1S g equivalents / litre.
Wsolvent(in kg) Number. of gm equivalents of sol
Normality (N) =
m
W Volume of solution in litres
M.wt Wsolvent in kg W 1
N=
W 1000 E.W Vits
m= = IM
M.W Wsolvent ing W 1000 NxE.WxV
N= W:
Key Note E.W VmL 1000

Molality is independent of temperature. Key Note

Normality decreases with an increase in temperature.
For dilute solutions:
Test Your
N,V, = N,V,
Knowledge
Q. No of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution
is known as : Equivalent Weight (E)
a. Molality b. Molarity O The equivalent weight of an element is defined as the
c. Formality d. Normality of atomic weight to valency factor.
Moles of solute D Itis arelative value which has no units
Ans. (b) Molarity =
Volume of solution in litre
O Itdepends on the type of the substance.
Q. What is the molarity of 4% (w/v) solution of NaOH ? Equivalent weight for Acids
a. 0.1 b. 0.8
Molecular weight
C. 0.09 d. 1.0 Eacid
Basicity
4x10
Ans. (d) Molarity = 40
=1M
Basicity is defined as the no. of replaceable hydrogen ato
Q. What volume of 0.8M solution contains 0.1 mole of the by metal ions in a molecule of an acid.
solute? Equivalent weight for Bases
a. 100 mL b. 125 mL
Molecular weight
C. 500 mL d. 62.5 mL Ebase Acidity
nx1000
Ans, (b) M= V=x1000 mL Acidity is the no. of hydroxyl groups present in a no
M
of the base.
Q. 25 mL of a solution of barium hydroxide on titration
with a0. Imolar solution of hydrochloric acid gave a Key Note
titre value of 35 mL. The molarity of barium hydroxide
solution was In thecase of salts, total number of positive or negative charg
be equal to valency factor.
Solutions

Relatíonship between Molarity (M) and Normality (N) O Dissolution: On the addition of solid solute to the solvent,
M Molecular weightNx Equivalent weight some solute dissolves which increases the concentration in
solution. This process is known as dissolution.
M.W
N=Mx DCrystallisation: There are some solute particles in
EW solution which collide with the solid solute particles
Strength of solution and get separated out of solution. This process is called
crystallisation.
It is defined as amount of solute (in gram) dissolved per litre
(1000 mL) of solution. It's unit is g/litre. c Key Note
Strength Equivalent weight x Normality At a stage when dissolution and crystallisation occur at the same
Strength =Molar mass x Molarity rate, number of solute particles going into solution will be equal to
the solute particles separating out and a state of dynamic equilibrium
Test Your is reached. Hence, Solute + Solvent Solution
Knowledge
Q. Conc. H,SO, has a density of 1.98 gm/mL and is 98% Saturated Solution
H,SO, by weight. Its normality is O Asolution in which no more solute can be dissolved further
a. 2N b. 19.8 N at a given temperature and pressure is known as a saturated
C. 39.6N d. 98 N solution.

Ans. (c) It is given that Unsaturated Solution

Density of H,SO,= 198 gm/ml. O Asolution in which more solute can be dissolved at the
same temperature is known as an unsaturated solution.
Strength of H,SO, = 98 x 19,8 glitre
S= Eq. wt, x N; N=
S 98x19.8
39,6
Factors Influencing the Solubility of Solids
cq. wt. 49
The nature of solute and solvent ’ Based on the "like
Q. Normalities of Ba and CI ina normal solution of dissolves like" rule.
BaCl,, are in theratio Pressure ’ Generally, pressure does not affect solubility as
a. 4:5 b. 1:2 solids and liquids are incompressible.
c. 1:1 d. 5:1 Temperature ’ The solubility increases with a rise in
Ans. (c) Gram equiavalents are always cqual temperature in the case of dissolution exothermic process i.e.
A, H<0.
Q. The normality of 2.3 MH,SO, solution is
a. 2.3 N b, 4.6 N Let study the effect of these factors on the solubility of a
c. 0.46 N d. 0.23 N solid in a liquid and solubility of a Gas in a liquid.
Ans. (b) Normality of 2.3 MH,SO,- MxValency Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
2.3 x 24.6 N O Many gases dissolve in water. Solubility of gases in liquids is
Hence, normality of solution4.6 N greatly influenced by pressure and temperature.
Factors Affecting the Solubilityofa Gas
(a)Nature of Solvent
SOLUBILITY Gases that can form ions in aqueous solution are more
soluble in water as compared to other solvents.
Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a solute that eg.HCI, NH, etc.
can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent at a specified
(b)Nature of Gas
Cemperature.
Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid O Easily liquifiable gases will be more soluble. e.g. C0, is
more soluble than 0, and H,.
QIt has been observed that every solid does not dissolve
In a given liquid. A solute dissolves in a solvent if the (c) Effect of Temperature
intermolecular interactions are similar in them. This is O Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with an increase in
based on the "like dissolves like" rule which states that temperature at constant pressure.
polar solute will dissolve in polar solvent and non-polar O Heat gets evolved in the dissolution of a gas in liquid,
solute gets dissolved in non-solvent. hence it is an exothermicprocess. The dissolution process
Example: Sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily in involves dynamic equilibrium and thus must follow Le
Water (polar solvent) , naphthalene and anthracene dissolve Chatelier's Principle. As dissolution is an exothermic
teadily in benzene (non-polar solvent). process, the solubility should decrease with an increase of
temperature.
 32 CHEMISTRY Mod
(d) Effect of Pressure proportional to the mole fraction of tthe
The solubility of gases will an increase with an increase solution". gas 0
of pressure. Henry was to give the quantitative relation It is expressed as p= K, Where K is the Hen
between pressure and solubility which as known by the constarnt.
name of Henry's law.
Henry's law: This law states that at a constant temperature, Key Note
the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the
partial pressure of the gas. Higher the value of solubility constant at agiven pressure, the lo
willthe solubility of the gas in the liquid.
O In terms of mole function, Henry's law states that the
partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is directly
Henry 's Law Constant for Some Selected Gases in Water
Gas Temperature/K Kkbar Gas Temperature/K Kkbar
He 293 144.97 Argon 298 40.3
H, 293 69.16
Co, 298 1.67
293 76.48
Formaldehyde 298 1.83×105
303 88.84
293 34.86 Methane 298 0.413

0, 303 46.82 Vinylchloride 298 0.611

Applications of Henry's law 2. The molarity of 0.2 N Na,CO, (sodium carbonat

O The bottle is sealed under high pressure which increases solution is :
the solubility of CO, in soft drinks and soda water. a. 0.1 M b. 0 M
OThe tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted c. 0.5 M d. 0.8 M
with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% 3. Hydrogen sulphide (H,S) is a toxic gas used
oxygen) to avoid a condition known as "bends' which are qualitative analysis. Find the value of K, ifit is give
every painful and dangerous to life. that solubility of HS in water at STP is 0.195 m.
D At high altitudes, when partial pressure of 0, is less, a. 0.298 bar b. 30.16 bar
it leads to a condition known as Anoxia' which person c. 750 bar d. 282 bar
cannot think clearly.
4. Find the molality of a solution if 3g of a salt (mol. w
Limitations of Henry's Law =30) is dissolved in 250 g of water.
O Henry's law is only applicable at moderate temperature and a. 0.4 b. 0.5
pressure. c. 0.9 d. 0.8
O The gases which obey Henry's law should not be associated 5. The lowest value of Henry's law constant is present
or dissociated while dissolving in the solvent. which of the following gas ?
a. Helium b. Nitrogen
OOnly the less soluble gases will obey Henry's law.
c. Carbon dioxide d. oxygen
The gases reacting with solvent do not obey Hernry's law.
Ans. 1. (b), 2. (a), 3. (d), 4.(a), 5. (c)
Key Note
The solubility of gases in liquids increase with a decrease in VAPOUR PRESSURE OF PURE LIQUID
temperature and due to this aquatic species are more comfortable in
AND SOLUTION
cold waters rather than in warm waters.

The formation of liquid solutions takes place when solven

Try it Yourself liquid. The solute can be either solid, liquid ora gas. Solue
be volatile or not but liquid solvent is volatile.
1. Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution
willcause Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions
a. Decrease in molality Raoult's lawfor volatile solute
b. Decrease in molarity OIt states that for a binary solution of two volatile lhqu
soluti
c, Decrease in mole fraction partial vapour pressure of each component offthe
directly proportional to its mole fraction present in s
d. Decrease in % w/w that is.
Solutions

P, X, and p, X, and Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

P,P x; P, P O In a pure liquid, the entire surface is occupied by molecules
Here, p is the vapour pressure of pure component l and p of the liquid.
is the vapour pressure of the pure component 2 at the same D If a non - volatile solute is added to a solvent to give a
temperature solution, the vapour pressure of the solution is taken solely
from the solvent alone.
O This vapour pressure of the solution at a given tenperature
is lower than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent at the
(([II)
solution I),
pressureof same temperature.
Vapour
pressure
Totalvapour
B. Vapour
pressure
of
Sure O In the solution, the surface contains both solute and solvent
molecules, thus the fraction of the surface covered by the
Pa
solvent molecules gets reduced.
O As a result, the number of solvent molecules escaping from

Lpres ure of A(). the surface is correspondingly reduced, thus, the vapour
pressure is also reduced.
O The decrease in the vapour pressure of solvent will depend
Mole Fraction on the quantity of non - volatile solute present in the solu
tion, irespective of its nature.
Vapour pressure behaviour of liquid-liquid solution of Raoult's law states that the partial vapour pressure of each
two volatile compounds obeying Raoult's law. The dashed volatile component in the solution is directly proportional
line I and I represent the partial vapour pressure of the to its mole fraction.
components. The total pressure is given by the line Il (solid line).
According to Raoult's law:
Dalton's law of partial pressures P, <, and p, =%, P
OThe total pressure (P)over the solution phase in the Where, p, is the vapour pressure of the solvent, z, is its mole
container is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the fraction, p is its vapour pressure in the pure state.
solution's components and is expressed as: Vapour pressure
PotalP,tp, of pure solvent
1.e..
Vapour
pressure
Poap+tx, p!
=(1-x)px, P
Mole fraction in the vapour phase
9 Ify, is the mole fraction of the component 1 and y, is the
mole fraction of the component 2 in the vapour phase then,
using Dalton's law of partial pressures:
0
P,Y,Potal Mole fraction of solvent 1

P,=Y, Ptotal Xsolvent’

Key Note IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS

Vapour pressure depends on nature of the liquid and temperature.
Volatile liquids have weak intermolecular forces and hence, have Ideal Solutions
high vapour pressure. Liquid - Liquid solutions can be classified as ideal and non
Vapour pressure of a liquid is directly proportional to temperature. ideal solutions.
On comparing the equations for Raoult's law and Henry's law, it can
De observed that the partial pressure of the volatile component is O The solution which obey Raoult's law exactly at the entire
directly related to the mole fraction. range of concentrations are known as ideal solutions.
O The enthalpy of mixing of the pure components to form the
Limitations of Raoult's Law solution is zero i.e A H=0
It is only applicable to very dilute solutions having non OThe volume of mixing is also equal to zero i.e., A V=0
volatile solute only. O Those solutions in which solute-solute (B-B) and sol
it is applicable to solutions which contain solutes, that vent-solvent (A-A) interactions are almost of same mag
heither under association nor dissociation. nitude to solvent solute (A-B) interactions are known as
4 t is only applicable to ideal solutions. ideal soutions.
34
O Mixture of acetone and aniline,
CHEMISTRY: Mod
O Examples of ideal solutions are chlorobenzene and chloroform and
Bromobenzene, Benzene and Toluene n-hexane and chloroform and diethyl ether etc. behave as ninOn-tric
n-helptane etc. solution.
Vapour
pressure po
PTota P,P. Vapour
pressure’

p, idealp
p PP

X1=1 Mole fraction

X20 X=1

The plot of vapour pressure and mole fraction of an ideal

solution at constant temperature
A
Non-ideal Solutions XA=1 Mole fraction >
O Solutions which do not obey Raoults law over the entire
range of concentration is known as non ideal solution Asohution that show negative deviation from Raoult s Law
O For such solutions,
Azeotropic Mixture Constant boiling mixture
AH mix #0
OAzeotropic mixture is defined as a mixture of two lig
AV0 mix which boils at a constant temperature like a pure liquid
Type of Non ideal Solutions distils over in the same composition.
(I) Positive Deviations from Raoult's Law OThese are formed by non-ideal solutions.
For such solutions, Two Types of Azeotropes
D A- B interactions are weaker as compared to A -A and B There are generally two type of Azeotropes.
-B interactions Minimum Boiling Azeotrope
O AH 0and AV mix >0 O It is ormed by liquids showing a large positive devi
from Raoult's law.
O Potal>PåXA t Pg-XB
O Mixtures of acetone and ethyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and OAn intermediate composition of liquids with highest v
water etc. show possible deviation. pressure, thus lowest boiling point gives this azeotrop
Vapour pressure of solution Such azeotropes have boiling points lower than eith
the pure components.
OExample : Amixture of 94.5% ethyl alcohol and 4.5%
Vapour
pressure
’p by volume.
PB Maximum Boiling Azeotrope
O It is formed by liquids showing large negative devi
from Raoult's law.
PA OAn intermediate composition of liquids with mint
vapour pressure, thus highest boiling point gives
azeotrope.
DSuch azeotropes have boiling points higher than eith
the pure components.
Mole fraction
O Example : Amixture of 68% HNO, and 32% water
an azeotrope by mass.
Test Your
Asolhution that shows positive deviation from Raoult s Law
Knowledge
(2) Negative Deviations From Raoult's Law Q. A liquid mixture boils without changing constitue
For such solutions, called
O A-B intermolecular interactions are stronger as compared a. Stable structure complex
to A-A and B-B intermolecular interactions b. Binary iquid mixture
c. Zeotropic liquid mixture
AHmix <0 and AV <0
d. Azeotropic liquid mixture
O Pota<PAZA t+ P-XB
Solutions

Ans(d) Azeotropes are binary miXtures having the same b. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to
composition in liquid and vapour phase and boils at mole fraction of solute
particular temperature. c. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is
proportional to the amount of solute in solution
0. Allform ideal solutions except
a. C,H,Br and C,HI d. The vapour pressure of the solution is equal to the
mole fraction of solvent
b. CH,Cland CH,Br Ans. 1. (a), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (d), 5. (b)
c. C,H, and CH,CH,
d. C,Hl and C,H,OH
Ans. (d) Among the given options, C,HI and C,H,OH do not COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES AND DETER
form ideal solution. MINING MOLAR MASS
Q. Anegative deviation from Raoult's law is observed in :
a. Benzene - acetone b. Ethyl alcohol - acetone The properties that depends only upon the number of solute
c. Methanol - benzene d. Chloroform - acetone
particles in a solution irrespective of their nature are known as
colligative properties.
There are generally four types of collative properties:
Ans. (d) CHCI, and CH-C-CH, 1.Relative lowering of vapour
(Chloroform) (Acetone)
Chloroform and acetone will show a -ve deviation 2. Elevation in boiling point
due to their association after mixing. 3. Depression in freezing point
4. Osmotic pressure

Try it Yourself 1.Relative lowering of Vapour Pressure

OWhen a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, its vapour
1. Benzene and toluene form nearly ideal solutions. At pressure decreases.
20°C, the vapour pressure of benzene is 75 torr and ORaoult established that the 1lowering of vapour pressure
that of toluene is 22 torr. The partial vapour pressure
of benzene at 20°C for a solution containing 78g of depends only on the concentration of the solute particles
benzene and 46g of toluene in torr is eand is independent of their identity.
a. 50 b. 25 OAccording to Raoult's law,
c. 37.5 d. 53.5 p° -P
2. The vapour pressure of water depends upon s
a. Surface area of container
Where . is mole fraction ofsolute;P, -P is lowering of
b. Volume of container vapour pressure.
c. Temperature
P°-P n,
d. All
po n, +n,
3. A solution of two liquids boils at a temperature more
than the boiling point of either of them. Hence, the
ns
binary solution shows:
n +n,
a. Negative deviation from Raoult's law
b. Positive deviation from Raoult's law a b
c. No deviation from Raoult's law M W
d. Positive or negative deviation from Raoult's law
depending upon the composition. For dilute solutions n<n,
4. Which among the given is true for an ideal solution p° -P a W ax W p°
with P,> P,? or M=
po Mb b
(P-P)
b. (%)spgud 2. Elevation in Boiling point
O Boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at
which the vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the
5. For a dilute solution, Raoult's law states that atmospherie pressure (ie., one atmosphere).
a. The lowering of vapour pressure is equal to mole O As the vapour pressure (P) of a solution containing a non
fraction of solute volatile solute is lower as compared to vapour pressure of
 36
the pure solvent (P0), the boiling point of solution (T) will
CHEMISTRY MoÙ
a. 48004 g mot b. 25.3 g mol!
be higher than the boiling point of pure solvent (TO). c. 14.31g mol d. 43.92gmol
(T-T)=A T,, where AT, is elevation of Boiling point. M xW,
The increase in boiling point is known as elevation in boiling Ans, (d)
AT, x W,
point, AT,
0.52 x12.5 52x125
Boiling point of
Solvent Solution 0.80 x0,.185 0.80x 18S
(185 g=0.185 kg)
’
latm
43.92 g mol
Solvent

(atm) Solution
0. Which among the given does not represent the collig
property?
pressure
a. Elevation in boiling point
b. Depression of freezing point
Vapour ATs c. Optical activity
d. Relative lowering of vapour pressure
T Ans. (c) (i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure
(i) Elevation of boiling point
Temperature>
(ii) Depression of freezing point
The vapour pressure curve for solution lies below the curve for (iv) Osmotic pressure
pure water
Q. If0.15 gofa solute dissolved in 15gofsolvent is boi
D For dilute solution,the elevation of boiling point (ATb) is at a temperature higher by O.2 16° C than that of the
directly related to the molal concentration of the solute in
a solution. solvent, the molecular weight of the substance (ma
elevation constant for the solvent is 2.16° C) is
i.e., AT, c m. a. 1.01 b. 10
OAT, and K, are related by the equation, AT, = K, Xm C. 10.1 d. 100
1000 m=bXwxl000 2.16x0.15x1000
Where, m is molality, AT, = K; XM b Ans, (d) 100
AT, xW 0.216x15
The elevation in boiling point observed in one molal
solution ofa non-volatile solute is known as molal elevation Hence, molecular weight of substance = 100g
constant (Kb) or Ebullioscopic constant. The unit of Kb is
K kg mol-1
3. Depression in Freezing point
Key Note OThe freezing point of substance is defined as the temper
at which the solid form of liquid begins to separate
The formula to calculate K, is: from the liquid. At this temperature solid and liquid w
MRT,? in equilibrium.
K,= AvapHx1000 OWhen non volatile solute is added to the solvent, the fre
point decreases.
Here, M is molar mass, R is a gas constant, T, _is the solvent's
boiling point and A His the molar enthalpy of vaporisation. O AT, T-T, is known as depression in freezing point A
vap
DThe curves are considered almost linear for dilute solu
Liquid
solvent
Test Your
Solution
Knowledge Frozen-solvent

O. Ifthe elevation in boiling point of asolution containing

12.5 g of non-electrolyte substance in 185 g of water is
0.80 K, then find the molar mass of asubstance: (k, =
0.52 K kg mol')
a. 48004 g mol b. 25.3 g mol-! AT,
C. 14.31g mol! d. 43.92g mol Dsme
Ans. (d) 43.92 g mol! T,
9. Ifheelevation in boiling point of asolution containing 12.5 g Temperature>
of non-electrolyte substance in 185 g of water is 0,80 K, then
Diagram showing 4T,, depression of the freezing Po
find the molar mass of asubstance: (k, 0.52 Kkg mol') solvent in a solution
Solutions

n In the case of dilute solution, depression of freezing point is At a given temperature T, the osmotic pressure is directly
directly related to the molality of the solution proportional to the molarity C, of a dilute solution.
i.e., AT, oc m Therefore,
O AT, and K, are related by the cquation: II= CRT
AT =K, Xm Here, P is the osmnoticpressure and R is thegas constant.
1000
AT, =K,xx b Determination of Molar mass
II=(n,/V) RT
The depression of freezing point observed in 1 molal Here, Vis volume of a solution in litres containing n, moles of
solution of a non volatile solute is known as Kf. solute. If w, grams of solute, of molar mass, M, is present in the
oK. depends on chemical nature of solvent but not solute solution, then n, = w,/ M, and we can write,
present in the solution.
II V= W,RT
Test Your M,
Knowledge W,RT
or M, =
Q. What happens to freezing point of benzene when IIV
naphthalene is added?
Key Note
a. Increases
b. Decreases Diffusion is the phenomenon which molecules move from a region
c. Remain unchanged of higher to lower concentration.
d. First decreases and then increases
Ans. (b) The freezing point of a pure solvent decreases on Test Your
addition of solute.
Knowledge
Q. Which of the following has the least freezing point? Q. Osmotic pressure of asolution containing 2 g dissolved
a. 1% sucrose b. 1% NaCI protein per 300 cm² of solution is 20 mm of Hg at 27°C.
c. 1% CaCI, d. 1% glucose The molecular mass of protein is:
Ans. (c) CaCl, ’ a +2CI a. 6239.3 g mol b. 12315.5 g molH
Three ions

Thus; 1% CaCl, has the least freezing point. c. 3692.1 gmo! d. 7368.4 g mol
Q. Which among the given statement is correct ? Ans. (a) II-"RT WB
a. The freezing point of the solution is raised on adding Mg
more of solute II-a, RT Ma, RT
b. On addition of more solvent, the freezing point of the M, V ’ M,
solution gets lowered 2x0.0821x300x 760
c. The boiling point of the solution falls on increasing the 0.3x20
amount of the solute
d. The freezing point of the solution decreases on =0.0821 x 100 x 760 = 6239.6 g mol
increasing the amount of the solute
Q. The osmotic pressure is expressed in which of the
Ans, (d) The freezing pointof solution decreases on increasing following unit ?
the amount of a solute.
a. mol L b. Calorie
4. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure C. kg mol! d. atm

O Osmosis is defined as the phenomenon of the spontaneous Ans. (d)

flow of the solvent through semipermeable membrane
from puresolvent to solution (or) from a dilute solution to Isotonic solutions
concentrated solution.
DThe solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given
The membranes which only allow solvent molecules temperature are known as isotonic solutions.
to pass through it but not solute molecules is known as
OExample : 1.0 Mglucose solution will be isotonie with 1.0 M
semipermeable membrane. fructose solution.
Osmotic Pressure() OConsider two solutions I and ll containing n, and n, moles
4Osmotic pressure is defined as the hydrostatic pressure of the solute in V, and V, litres of the solution respectively.
developed on the solution that stops the osmosis of Suppose,P, and P,be their osmotic pressures at the same
temperature (T), then,
pure solvent into the solution through a semipermeable
membrane.
 CHEMISTRY Mo
P P (isotonie solutions) Hypotonic soButions: If osmotic pressure is lower a
of the solution fom which it is separated by a
W membrane, then solution is known as hypotonic. semipe
M,
and n, M Reverse Osmosics
O Ifapressure is greater than the osmotic pressure an
M,V, M, V, the solution side, the solvent will flow from the solus
the pure solvent through the semi-pemmeable men
this phenomenon is knowWn as reverse osmosis
Hypertonic Solutions: If osmotie pressure is higher than that
of the solution from which it is separated by a semipermeable Itis used in desalination of sea water.
membrane, then solution is known as hypertonie.
Semipermeable Semipermeable
membrane (SPM) membrane (SPM)
Piston

Fresh Fresh
Water W3ter Water Wrter
outlet

Water moves to Water nmoves to

Osmosis Reverse osmosis
(a) (b)
Desalination ofwater (a) Osmnosis and (b)Reverse osmosis.

ABNORMAL MOLAR MASSES Experimentalvalue of colligative property

Calculated value of colligative property
OObserved colligative properties deviate from their normal Observed osmotic pressure
calculated values due to association or dissociation of
molecules. Calculated osmotic pressure
OColligative property and molar mass of solute are inversely Key Note
related to each other i.e, Colligative property x 1/M
AP
O Therefore, molar mass of electrolytie solutes determined
experimentally is less than true value. po iXisohute
Association of solute particles AT,iKm AT, ik, m
O Number of particles or number of ions in the solution Il iCRT
decreases due to association due to which magnitude of
colligative property decreases. Therefore, molar mass of Test Your
such solute will be higher than true value. Knowledge
O Example: Dimerisation of ethanoic acid Q Which of the following compounds corresponds
2CH, COOH (CH,COOH), in benzene. Hott tactor i' to be equal to 2 for dilute solutioa"
Dissociation of solute particles a K_So, b. NatlSO,
e. Sugar d. MgSO,
O The total number of particles increases due to dissociation
due to which the value of colligative properties of solution Ans, (d) Among the given opions, MgSO, dissocta
will be higher, Therefore, molar mass of such solute will be produce 2 ions,
less thar true value. Q. Van'tHoft factor of Ca(NO), is
Vant Hoff Factor () One b. Two
d. Four
Q Van'tHoff introduced s factor i to determine the level of
association or dissociation As, (c) Ca(NOCa+2NO, three
Its van't hott factor is 3because itt furnishes
Normal molar maSS
per formula unit.
Abnormal molar mass
Solutions 39
Van't Hoff factor and extent of association
Try it Yourself
O For solutes undergoing association
If 'n' molecules of'A' combining to give A,, 1. At anormal boiling point of the solvent, an aqueous
nA An solution of 2% non-volatile solute exertsa pressure of
1 0
1.004 bar. The molecular mass of the solute is :
(a-degree of association at the given a. 31.6 mo! b. 41.35 gmol
1-a c. 10gmol-! d. 51.6 g mo!
n

concentration) 2. The relative lowering of vapour pressure produced by

dissolving 71.5 g of substance in 1000 g of water is
Therefore, total particle after association =1-a+ 0.00713. The molecular weight of the substance will
n
be

i= i-a-) a. 18.0
C. 60
b. 342
d. 180
3. Assuming NaCl (sodium chloride) to be 100% dissociated
or in water, the freezing point of one molal NaCl, is: (molar
a association
C'gssociation depression constant is 1.86)
n a. -4.84°C b. -3.72°C
C. 4.84°C d. 3.72°C
Van't Hoff factor and extent of dissociation
4. A solution contains non-volatile solute of molecular
DFor solutes undergoing dissociation, let a solute on mass M. Which of the following can be used to
ionisation gives 'n' ions (particles) and 'a' is degree of calculate molecular mass of the solute in terms of
ionisation at the given concentration, we will have [1+n osmotic pressure (m= Mass of solute, V= Volume of
1)] particles (ions) after ionisation solution and =Osmotic pressure)?

A, NA
a. M, =II VRT
m )RT
1-a na
b. M, =vI
i= Number of particles after dissociation m II
Number of particles before dissociation c. M, = RT

i+(n-1)a] ; i-l=(n-1)a d. M, =RT

m

1
i-1 5. The mass of glucose that should be dissolved in 100 g
Therefore, a of water in order to produce same lowering of vapour
n-1
pressure as is produced by dissolving 1 g of urea
a is degree of dissociation or ionisation. (mol. Mass = 60) in 50 g of water is : (Assume dilute
Values of vant Hoff factor, i, at various concentration for NaCl, solution in both cases)
KCI, MgS0, and K,S0, a. lg b. 2 g
Van't Hof Factor ifor complete dissociation c. 6g d. 12 g
Salt
of solute 6. Ifa is the degree of dissociation of Na, SO, the van't
NaC 2.0 Hoff's factor (i) used for calculating the molecular
mass 1s:
KCI 2.0
a. 1+a b. 1-a
2.0
MgSO, 3.0 c. 1+2 a d. 1-2a
K,SO, 7. Which of the following term will be used for a
solution which has higher Osmotic pressure than its
Key Note standard solution?
Ihe value of Van't Hoff factor i is less than unity in the case of a. Isotonic b. Hypertonie
association and the value of 'i' is greater than unity in the case of c. Isoelectronic d. Hypotonic
dissociation. Ans. 1. (b), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4.(b), 5. (c), 6. (c), 7. (b)