principle of DC Generator
DC generators' primary function is to convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
DC generators generate electricity using the principle of Faraday's law
of electromagnetic induction.
When a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an
electromotive force gets induced within the conductor.
This induced e.m.f magnitude is measured using the equation of the
electromotive force of a generator.
If the conductor is provided with a closed path, the induced current will
circulate within the closed path. In this generator, field coils will
generate an electromagnetic field as well as the armature conductors
are turned into the field.
Therefore, an electromagnetically induced electromotive force (e.m.f)
will be generated within the armature conductors.
principle of DC motor
When kept in a magnetic field, a current-carrying conductor gains
torque and develops a tendency to move. In short, when electric fields
and magnetic fields interact, a mechanical force arises. This is the
principle on which the DC motors work.
EMF Equation of DC Generator
The derivation of EMF equation for DC generator has two parts:
1. Induced EMF of one conductor
2. Induced EMF of the generator
Derivation for Induced EMF of One Armature Conductor
For one revolution of the conductor,
Let,
Φ = Flux produced by each pole in weber (Wb)
and
P = number of poles in the DC generator.
therefore,
Total flux produced by all the poles
And,
Time taken to complete one revolution
Where,
N = speed of the armature conductor in rpm.
Now, according to Faraday’s law of induction, the induced emf of the
armature conductor is denoted by “e” which is equal to rate of cutting
the flux.
Therefore,
Induced emf of one conductor is
Induced emf of one conductor is
Derivation for Induced EMF for DC Generator
Let us suppose there are Z total numbers of conductor in a generator,
and arranged in such a manner that all parallel paths are always in
series.
Here,
Z = total numbers of conductor
A = number of parallel paths
Then,
Z/A = number of conductors connected in series
We know that induced emf in each path is same across the line
Therefore,
Induced emf of DC generator
E = emf of one conductor × number of conductor connected in series.
Induced emf of DC generator is
Simple wave wound generator
Numbers of parallel paths are only 2 = A
Therefore,
Induced emf for wave type of winding generator is
Simple lap-wound generator
Here, number of parallel paths is equal to number of conductors in
one path
i.e. P = A
Therefore,
Induced emf for lap-wound generator is
So, the torque equation is given as:
For a particular DC Motor, the number of poles (P) and the number of
conductors per parallel path (Z/A) are constant.
Where
Thus, from the above equation (5) it is clear that the torque produced in the
armature is directly proportional to the flux per pole and the armature
current.
EMF Equation Of A DC Generator
Consider a DC generator with the following parameters,
P = number of field poles
Ø = flux produced per pole in Wb (weber)
Z = total no. of armature conductors
A = no. of parallel paths in armature
N = rotational speed of armature in revolutions per min. (rpm)
Now,
Average emf generated per conductor is given by dΦ/dt (Volts) ... eq. 1
Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution = dΦ = PΦ ….(Weber),
Number of revolutions per second (speed in RPS) = N/60
Therefore, time for one revolution = dt = 60/N (Seconds)
From eq. 1, emf generated per conductor = dΦ/dt = PΦN/60 (Volts) …..
(eq. 2)
Above equation-2 gives the emf generated in one conductor of the generator. The
conductors are connected in series per parallel path, and the emf across the generator
terminals is equal to the generated emf across any parallel path.
Therefore, Eg = PΦNZ / 60A
For simplex lap winding, number of parallel paths is equal to the number of poles (i.e.
A=P),
Therefore, for simplex lap wound dc generator, Eg = PΦNZ / 60P
For simplex wave winding, number of parallel paths is equal to 2 (i.e P=2),
Therefore, for simplex wave wound dc generator, Eg = PΦNZ / 120
Torque Equation Of A DC Motor
When armature conductors of a DC motor carry current in the presence of stator field
flux, a mechanical torque is developed between the armature and the stator. Torque is
given by the product of the force and the radius at which this force acts.
Torque T = F × r (N-m) …where, F = force and r = radius of the armature
Work done by this force in once revolution = Force × distance = F × 2πr (where,
2πr = circumference of the armature)
Net power developed in the armature = word done / time
= (force × circumference × no. of revolutions) / time
= (F × 2πr × N) / 60 (Joules per second) .... eq. 2.1
But, F × r = T and 2πN/60 = angular velocity ω in radians per second. Putting these in
the above equation 2.1
Net power developed in the armature = P = T × ω (Joules per second)
Armature Torque (Ta)
The power developed in the armature can be given as, Pa = Ta × ω = Ta × 2πN/60
The mechanical power developed in the armature is converted from the electrical
power,
Therefore, mechanical power = electrical power
That means, Ta × 2πN/60 = Eb.Ia
We know, Eb = PΦNZ / 60A
Therefore, Ta × 2πN/60 = (PΦNZ / 60A) × Ia
Rearranging the above equation,
Ta = (PZ / 2πA) × Φ.Ia (N-m)
directly proportional to the product of the flux and the armature current i.e. Ta ∝ Φ.Ia
The term (PZ / 2πA) is practically constant for a DC machine. Thus, armature torque is
Shaft Torque (Tsh)
Due to iron and friction losses in a dc machine, the total developed armature torque is
not available at the shaft of the machine. Some torque is lost, and therefore, shaft
torque is always less than the armature torque.
Shaft torque of a DC motor is given as,
Tsh = output in watts / (2πN/60) ....(where, N is speed in RPM)
