2.

4 Exponential Function Manipulation

AP Precalculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Let 𝒇 𝒙 be a function on which a transformation occurs. Let 𝒈 𝒙 be a transformation of 𝒇. For each
problem, name the transformation(s) of 𝒇.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 2. 𝑓 𝑥 5 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 125

3. 𝑓 𝑥 11 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 4. 𝑓 𝑥 7 and 𝑔 𝑥 49

5. 𝑓 𝑥 6 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 6. 𝑓 𝑥 6 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 36

7. 𝑓 𝑥 16 and 𝑔 𝑥 2 8. 𝑓 𝑥 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥

9. 𝑓 𝑥 3 and 𝑔 𝑥

Evaluate the function at the given input values.

10. Let ℎ 𝑥 5 ∙ 2 ⁄ . Find ℎ 1 11. Let ℎ 𝑥 2∙3 ⁄
. Find ℎ 2

⁄ ⁄
12. Let ℎ 𝑥 5∙4 . Find ℎ 2 13. Let ℎ 𝑥 6∙7 . Find ℎ 1

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 Answers to 2.4 CA #1
1. Shift right 5 units. 2. Shift left 3 units. 3. Reflection across the 𝑦-axis. 4. Horizontal dilation
8. Reflection across the 𝑥-axis
5. Horizontal dilation and
6. Shift left 2 units. 7. Horizontal dilation and vertical dilation by a
reflection across the 𝑦-axis.
factor of 2.
9. Shift right 3 units. 10. 5√2 11. 2 √9 12. 13.
√ √

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2.5.A Exponential Function Context and Data Modeling
AP Precalculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
𝒙
Below is a table of values for exponential functions in the form 𝒇 𝒙 𝒂 𝒃 𝒌. Write the equation that
represents each table.
1. 2.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑓 𝑥 7 16 34 70 142 𝑓 𝑥 4 13 49 193 769

3. Mr. Sullivan left out his Pico-Chile-Mucho-Caliente salsa, and it is starting to grow mold. The table below
gives the area of the mold, in square centimeters, at time 𝑡 days.

Day
1 3 6 8
(𝑡)
Area
0.5 2 10 23
(square centimeters)

a. Use an exponential regression 𝐴 𝑡 𝑎𝑏 to model these data. Round to three decimals but store the
original equation in your calculator.

b. According to the model in your calculator, how large will the surface of the mold be after 7 days?

c. According to the model in your calculator, how large will the surface of the mold be after 10 days?

d. When will the area of the mold reach 34 cm ?

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4. Mr. Kelly has agreed to take over The Algebros social media accounts, and he feels the best way to grow it is by
regularly posting his infinite amount of dad jokes. Below is a table of values for the number of followers The
Algebros have for selected values of 𝑚, in months, since Mr. Kelly takes over the accounts.

Month 1 4 9 14 24
Followers 500,000 310,000 200,000 150,000 75,000

a. Use an exponential regression 𝐹 𝑚 𝑎𝑏 to model these data. Round to three decimals but store the
original equation in your calculator.

b. According to the model in your calculator, how many followers will The Algebros have after 1 year?
(round to the nearest whole number)

c. When will there be 100,000 followers?

d. When will there be 50,000 followers?

Answers to 2.5.A CA #1
4a.
3a. 𝑦 0.335 1.725
𝑦 459,604.662 0.925
3b. 15.233
4b. 179,498
1. 𝑓 𝑥 9 2 2 2. 𝑓 𝑥 3 4 1
3c. 78.164
4c. 19.466 months
4d. 𝑥 8.473 days
4d. 28.313 months

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2.5.B Exponential Function Context and Data Modeling
AP Precalculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Identify the percent increase or decrease of each function.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 10 0.985 2. 𝑓 𝑛 1.4 2.85 3. 𝑦 6 1.516 4. 𝑓 𝑥 10 0.2

For each problem, create a function to model the scenario.

5. A house sold for $350,000. 6. The number of visitors 𝑣 to 7. Mr. Kelly’s IQ (𝐼) is currently
Housing prices 𝑝 are expected flippedmath.com doubles every 105, but it is decaying at a rate
to increase 2.1% per year 𝑡. 7 months 𝑚. There are of 5.8% every decade 𝑑.
currently 120,000 visitors to the
website.

8. The rodent population p in a 9. A virus is spreading through the 10. There are 3 cockroaches c
large city is being controlled by United States. On day zero, behind Mr. Brust’s microwave,
a new poison that kills half the there are 121 cases 𝑐 who have and their population doubles
the virus, but it spreads at a rate every 14 days d.
population every 2 months m.
of 582% increase every day 𝑑.
There are currently 1,000,000
rodents in the city.

11. The value 𝑣 of a new motorcycle purchased for 12. There is 207 grams 𝑔 of radioactive material. Its
$11,000 decreases by 15.7% per year 𝑡. half-life is 6,000 years 𝑡.

For each of the problems below, identify how the equivalent form reveals a different property.
13. If 𝑓 𝑚 1.1 indicates that the quantity 14. If 𝑓 𝑡 3 indicates that the quantity increases
increases by a factor of 1.1 every minute, then by a factor of 3 every month, then what does
⁄ ⁄
what does 𝑓 𝑚 1.1 indicate? 𝑓 𝑡 3 indicate?

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 Answers to 2.5.B CA #1
1. 1.5% decrease 2. 185% increase 3. 51.6% increase 4. 80% decrease

5. 𝑝 𝑡 350,000 1.021 /
6. 𝑣 𝑚 120,000 2 7. 𝐼 𝑑 105 0.942
/
/
8. 𝑝 𝑚 1,000,000 9. 𝑐 𝑑 121 6.82 10. 𝑐 𝑑 3 2
/
11. 𝑣 𝑡 11,000 0.843 12. 𝑔 𝑡 207

13. The quantity increases by a factor of 1.1 every hour. 14. The quantity increases by a factor of 3 every year.

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2.7B Composition of Functions (Part 2)
AP Precalculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Let 𝒇 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 𝟖 𝒙𝟑 .
1. Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 2. State the domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔

3. Find 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 4. State the domain of 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓

Let 𝒇 𝒙 √𝒙 𝟏 and 𝒈 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 .
5. Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 6. State the domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔

7. Find 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 8. State the domain of 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓

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 Express 𝒉 as a composition of two simpler functions 𝒇 and 𝒈 where 𝒉 𝒙 𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 .
9. ℎ 𝑥 𝑒 10. ℎ 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥

𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥

Answers to 2.7B CA #1
1. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 16 2𝑥 2. All real numbers 3. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 8 8𝑥 4. All real numbers 5. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 √𝑥 1

9. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 10. 𝑓 𝑥
6. ∞, 1 1, ∞ 7. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 1 8. 1, ∞
𝑔 𝑥 3𝑥 1 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥

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2.8 Inverse Functions
AP Precalculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
𝟏
Find the inverse of each function and list the domain and range of 𝒇 𝒙 .
1. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 8 4 for 𝑥 8 2. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 9 6 for 𝑥 9 3. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 7 1

Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 : Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 : Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 :

Range of 𝑓 𝑥 : Range of 𝑓 𝑥 : Range of 𝑓 𝑥 :

4. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 1 3 5. 𝑓 𝑥

Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 :
Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 :

Range of 𝑓 𝑥 :
Range of 𝑓 𝑥 :

The graph of a function is given below. Identify if the function is invertible. Sketch the graph of the inverse
regardless of whether or not it is invertible.
6. 7.

𝑔 𝑥
𝑔 𝑥

Is 𝑔 𝑥 invertible? Is 𝑔 𝑥 invertible?

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 Use the tables below to find the given values.
8. 9.
𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙
1 6 7 2

2 4 2 13

3 2 0 1

4 1 1 6

5 3 6 7

6 5 13 0

a. 𝑓 1 d. 𝑓 4 a. 𝑓 1 d. 𝑓 0

b. 𝑓 6 e. 𝑓 2 b. 𝑓 13 e. 𝑓 7

c. 𝑓 1 f. 𝑓 6 c. 𝑓 2 f. 𝑓 6

Answers to 2.8 CA #1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 4 8 2. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 6 9 3. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 1 7 4. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 3 1
Domain: 𝑥 4 Domain: 𝑥 6 Domain: 𝑥 1 Domain: 𝑥 3
Range: 𝑦 8 Range: 𝑦 9 Range: 𝑦 7 Range: 𝑦 1
6. Yes, it is invertible 7. No, it is not invertible.

𝑔 𝑥
5. 𝑓 𝑥 5
𝑔 𝑥
Domain: ℝ, 𝑥 0
Range: ℝ, 𝑦 5

8a. 6 8d. 2 9a. 6 9d. 13

8b. 5 8e. 4 9b. 0 9e. 2
8c. 4 8f. 1 9c. 7 9f. 1

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2.9 Logarithmic Expressions
AP Precalculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Directions: Rewrite the following logarithms as exponents.
3 #
1) 𝑙𝑜𝑔! 8 = 2 2) log #$$$ = −3

Directions: Rewrite the following exponents as logarithms.

!
3) 25" = 125 4) 63 = 216

Directions: WITHOUT using a CALCULATOR, find the value of logarithm.

#
5) 𝑙𝑜𝑔" $# 6) 𝑙𝑜𝑔% 128

Directions: Use a CALCULATOR to find the value of logarithm. Round to three decimal places.
7) 𝑙𝑜𝑔$ 6200 8) log 438

Directions: For the given data construct a plot using a LOGARITHMIC scale using the given
bases. Be sure to label your axis and show your math..
9)
Item Weight in Milligrams
Pencil 5 mg
Eraser 45 mg
Calculator 6000 mg
Backpack 375,000 mg

Base 5

Base 10

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 Answers to 1.1 CA #1
! 1 3
1. 4 = 8
" 2. 10&" = 3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔%' 125 = 4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 216 = 3 5. -4
1000 2

6. 7 7. 4.199 8. 2.641 9. SEE BELOW

9.
Item Weight in Milligrams
Pencil 5 mg
Eraser 45 mg
Calculator 6000 mg
Backpack 375,000 mg

Base 5

Base 10

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 2.11 Logarithmic Functions
AP Precalculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Instructions: Find all relevant information from the given function. Sketch a graph. No calculator.
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 − 5) − 2 2) 𝑓(𝑥) = −5 𝑙𝑜𝑔! (𝑥 + 2) − 9

Asymptote: Asymptote:

Domain: Range: Domain: Range:

End Behavior: End Behavior:

Graph: Graph:

3) 𝑓(𝑥) = log(7 − 𝑥) + 4 4) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 𝑙𝑜𝑔" (2 − 𝑥) + 4

Asymptote: Asymptote:

Domain: Range: Domain: Range:

End Behavior: End Behavior:

Graph: Graph:

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 Answers to 2.11 CA #1
1) A: x = 5
D: (5, ∞)
R: (−∞, ∞)
EB:
𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞
𝑥 → 5! 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞

2) A: x = -2
D: (−2, ∞)
R: (−∞, ∞)
EB:
𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞
𝑥 → −2! , 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞

3) A: x = 7
D: (−∞, 7)
R: (−∞, ∞)
EB:
𝑥 → 7" , 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞
𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞

4) A: x = 2
D: (−∞, 2)
R: (−∞, ∞)
EB:
𝑥 → 2" , 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞
𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞

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2.12 Logarithmic Function Manipulation
AP Precalculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1

Instructions: Let x and y be positive constants. Write each as a single logarithm.

1. 2𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑥 − 6𝑙𝑜𝑔! 𝑦 "
2. 6ln 𝑥 + # ln 𝑦

" "
3. $
(log 𝑥 + 2log 𝑦) 4. #
𝑙𝑜𝑔% 𝑥 $ − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔% 𝑦

Instructions: Let x and y be positive constants. Write each expression as a sum or difference of logarithms.
5. ln 𝑥 ! 𝑦 &!
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔$ 0 '

7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1𝑥 $ 𝑦 % 8. log(10𝑥 − 30)

Instructions: Find the domain/range and describe any transformations on the function.
9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔# (8𝑥)

Domain: Transformations:

Range:

10. 𝑙𝑜𝑔$ (27 − 27𝑥)

Domain: Transformations:

Range:

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 Answers

&!
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔!
'"
(
2. ln 𝑥 1𝑦
#
3. log 1𝑥𝑦 #
√& #
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔% '!
5. 4 ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑦
"
6. # (2𝑙𝑜𝑔$ 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔$ 𝑦)
"
7. (3𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 + 5𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑦)
#
8. 1 + log(𝑥 − 3)
9. Domain: (0, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞) Transformations: Vertical translation up 3.
10. Domain: (−∞, 1) Range: (−∞, ∞) Transformations: Vertical translation up 3, horizontal translation
right 1. Horizontal reflection.

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