Chapter (Taming forces concept; moment of a force; forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity, (discussions using simple ‘examples and simple numerical problems). ‘Scope of syllabus ~ Elementary introduction of translational and rotational motions; moment (tuning effect) of a force, also called torque and its C.GS. and S.J. units; common examples — door, steering wheel, bicycle pedal, etc; clockwise and anticlockwise moments; conditions for a body to be in equilibrium (translational and rotational); principle of moments. and its verification using a metre rule suspended by two spring balances with slotted weights hanging from it; simple numerical problems; centre of gravity (qualitative only) with examples of some regular bodies and irregular lamina. ii) Uniform circular motion, Scope of syllabus ~ As an example of constant speed, though acceleration (Force) is present. Differences between centrifugal ‘and centripetal force. In class IX, we have read that a force applied on a perfectly rigid body only only causes motion in it, while when applied on a non-rigid body it causes both a change in its size or shape and motion as well. In a quantitative way, force applied on a body is defined as the rate of change in its linear a _ dim) > . 7 Migs G : momentum i.e, F = T= “T or F = ma’ (if mass m is constant). Force is a vector quantity and its S.1. unit is newton (symbol N) or kilogram-force (symbol kgf) where 1 kgf = g N if g is the acceleration due to gravity at that place (= 9-8 m s average value on the earth’s surface). (A) MOMENT OF A FORCE AND EQUILIBRIUM 1.1 TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL example in Fig. 1.1, on pushing a ball lying on a MOTIONS floor, it begins to move in the direction of push. A rigid body when acted upon by a force, can have two kinds of motion : (1) linear or translational motion, and (2) Rotational motion Now consider a body pivoted at a point ie. not free to move and_a force is applied on the (2) rotational motion. body at a suitable point, it rotates the body about | , the axis passing through the pivoted point. This n 4 (1) Linear or translational motio is the turing effect of the force and the motion When a force acts on a stationary rigid body oF the body is called rotational motion. For which is free to move, the body starts moving in example, if a wheel is pivoted at its centre and a straight path in the direction of the applied force. a force is applied tangentially on its rim as shown This is called linear or translational motion. Fot iy Fig, 1) the wheel en Ball at Whe rotates about an axis ” ~\ _ through its centre. — Deecion of Similarly when a force ——> mot : moten is applied normally on al Fig. 1.1 Translational motion the handle of a door, Fig. 42 Rotational motionthe door be, BINS to rotate about an axis passing through the hinges on which the door rests. 1.2 MOMENT (TURNING EFFECT) OF A FORCE OR TORQUE Consider a body which is Pivoted at point O. When a force F is applied horizontally on the body with its line of action in the direction AP as shown in Fig. 1.3, the force is unable to produce linear motion of the body in its direction because the body is not free to move, but this force tums (or rotates) the body about the vertical axis passing through the point O, in the direction shown by the arrow in Fig. 1.3 (ie, the force rotates the body anticlockwise). Factors affecting the turning of a body The turning effect of a force on a body depends on the following two factors : (1) (the magnitude of the force applied, and (2) the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from the axis of rotation (or pivoted point).) Indeed, the turning effect on the body depends on the product of both the above stated factors. This product is called the moment of force (or torque). Thus, the body rotates due to the moment of force (or torque) about the pivoted point. In other words, "The turning effect on the body about an “is Gué to the moment of force (or applied on the body. rt Fig. 13 Moment of aforce 0 the product of the magnitude of “and the perpendicular’ distance of the In Fig. 1.3, the line of action of force F is shown by the dotted line AP and the perpendicular drawn from the pivoted point O on the line of action of force is OP. Therefore, i 2 Moment of force about the axis passing iy, 4 Pugh ty point O . = Force x Perpendicular qj of force from = Fx OP y) Note : For producing maximum turning ¢ body by a given force, the force is es te body ata point for which the perpendicular gy of the line of action of the force from the gat rovation is maximum. In this situation, rhe) {force provides the maximum torque 10 tum the bt Units of moment of force Unit of moment of force = unit of force x unit of Aistang stance Point o The Si. nit of force is newton and ihr g distance is metre, so the S.J. unit of money of force is newton x metre. This is abbreviate as N m* The C.GS. unit of moment of force ig dyne x om. But if force is measured in gravitational Unit, then the unit of moment of force in S.L. system is kgf x m and in C.GS. system, the unit js gf x cm. ‘These units are related as follows : (i N m= 10° dyne x 10° cm fl) and 1 gf x cm=980 dyne cm Clockwise and anticlockwise moments: Conventionally, if the effect on the body is to tum it anticlockwise, the moment of force is called anticlockwise_moment and it is taken pasitive, while if the effect on the body is to tum it clockwise, the moment of force is called clockwise moment and it is taken negative. The moment of force is a vector quantity. The direction of anticlockwise moment is along the axis of rotation oupwards i.e. towards the observe while that of clockwise moment is along the ax of rotation in from the observer le 0 ybwease moment of force (or torque) snot ever, the unit Nm for work or energy is writen joule torque isa vector, while work or energy is a scalar quanti aOn applying a force on a pivoted body, its direction of rotation depends not only on the direction of force but also on the point of application of the force. Thus the direction of rotation of a body can be changed by two ways : (1) @ By changing the point of application of Tore — Fig. 1.4(a) shows the anticlockwise and clockwise moments produced in a disc pivoted at its centre by changing the point of application of the force F from point A to point B. 3 ile i A A ANTICLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE (PosiTive) (NEGATIVE) (@) By changing the point of application of force oe ks roe EDF (Xx Ke: Kanes ANTICLOCKWISE clockwise (Positive) (NEGATIVE) (©) By changing the drecton of force Fig. 1.4 Anticlockwise and clockwise moments By changing the direction of Fig. 1.4(b) shows the anticlockwise and clockwise moments produced on a pivoted axle by changing the direction of force F at the free end of the axle. Common examples of moment of force (a) a To open or shut a door, we apply a force (push or pull) F normal to the door at its handle P which is provided at the maximum distance from the hinges as shown in Fig. 1.5. You must have experienced that on applying the force at a point Q (near the hinge R), much greater force is required to open the door and if the force is applied at the hinge R, you are not able to open the door howsoever large the force is applied (because for the force at R, torque is zero). Thus, it is for this reason that the handle P is provided near the free end of the door so that a smaller force being at a larger perpendicular distance from the hinges produces the maximum moment of force that is required to open or shut the door. 3 (2) 3 @ FRAME (thes in wal) HANDLE olf D 5 Opening of a door The upper movable circular stone of a hand flour grinder is provided with a handle near its rim (i.e., at the maximum distance from the centre) so that it can easily be rotated about the iron pivot at its centre by applying a smaller force at the handle. For turning a steering wheel, a force is applied tangentially on the rim of the wheel (Fig. 1.6). The sense of rotation of the wheel can be changed either by reversing the direction of force or by changing the point of application of force without changing the direction of force. In Fig. 1.6 (a), when force F is applied at point A of the wheel, the wheel rotates anticlockwise; while in Fig. 1.6 (b), the wheel rotates clockwise when the same force F is applied in the same direction at point B of the wheel. 8 sm iF (b) CLocKWise ROTATION Fig, 16 Sense of rotation changed by the change of point of application of force In a bicycle, to turn the rear wheel anticlockwise, a small force is applied on the foot pedal of the front toothed wheel of size bigger than the rear wheel so that the perpendicular distance of the point of See of force from the axle of the wheel F (@) ANTICLOCKWISE ROTATION Fig. 1.7 Turning of toothed wheel of a bieycle's large (Fig. 1.7). The front toothed wheel is Joined to the tear wheel by a chain passing over their teeth, The chain pulls and drives the rear wheel when the pedal is pushed down. A spanner, used to tighten or loosen a nut, has a long handle to produce a large moment of force by a small force applied normally at the end of its handle as shown in Fig. 1,8. ‘The spanner is tured anticlockwise to loosen the nut by applying the force in the direction shown in Fig. 1.8, while it is tumed clockwise to tighten the nut by applying the force in a direction opposite to that shown in Fig. 1.8. HANDLE Nur} FORCE Fig. 1.8 Spanner (wrench) used to loosen a nut A jack screw used to lift a heavy load such as a vehicle, has a long arm so that less effort is needed to rotate it so as to raise or lower the load table. Conclusion : From the above examples, we conclude that the turning of a body about an axis depends not only on the magnitude of force, but it also depends on the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the applied force from the axis of rotation, Larger the perpendicular distance, less is the force needed to produce the same turning effect and vice-versa. 1.3 COUPLE A single force alone does not cause rotation of a pivoted body. Actually rotation is always produced by a:pair of forces. In the above examples, rotation occurs due to the force extemally applied and the force of the reaction at the pivoted point. The force of reaction produced at the pivot is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the applied force. The moment of the force of reaction about the pivot is zero because its distance from the axis of rotation is zero, so the force of reaction at the fixed point (or pivot) is not explicitly shown in Fig. 1.3 to Fig. 1.8. The pair of forces, formed by the external force andthe force of reaction, is called a couple. Thus, wo equal and opposi (5) 6) ESS ak Os lel forces, not acting along the same lin, wos ‘A couple is always needed to woe” rotation’ For example, when we open a door rotation of the door is produced by a oy ! consisting of two forces : (i) the force which ve exert at the handle of the door, and (ii) an eo” and opposite force of reaction at the hinge, Sometimes when we require a larger tunyn effect, then two forces, equal in magnitude ay d opposite in direction, are applied on the bo, explicitly such that both the forces tum the bay in the same direction. Example : To open the nut of a car wheel we apply equal forces, each F, at the two endg of a wrench’ arm in opposite directions as shown in Fig. 1.9. (@) Car wrench (b) Wrench F Fig. 1.9 Opening the nut of acar wheel bya wrench Similarly, while turing a water tap (Fig. 1.10), tightening the cap of an inkpot (Fig. 1.11), tuming the key in the hole of a lock (Fig. 1.12), winding a clock (or a watch) with a key, turning the steering wheel of a truck (Fig. 1.13), pushing the pedals of a bicycle, etc., a pair of forces or couple is applied for rotation. Is) KG Fig. 110 Turningawatertap Fig, 1.11 Tightening the cap Fig, 1.13 Turning Fig, 1412 Turning a key steering wheel ina lock ad— Moment of couple : Fig. 1.14 illustrates the effect produced by a couple. AB is a bar which is pivoted at a point O. At the ends A and B, two equal and opposite forces, each of magnitude F, are applied. The perpendicular distance between the two forces is AB (= d) which is called the couple arm. The two forces cannot produce translational motion as their resultant sum in any direction is zero, but each force is capable of producing a turning effect on the bar in the same direction. Thus, the two forces together form a couple which rotates the bar about the point O, In Fig. 1.14, the two forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction. Fig. 1.14 Couple action Moment of force F at end A = FxOA (anticlockwise) Moment of force F at end B = Fx OB (anticlockwise) Total moment of couple (ie., moment of both the forces) = F x OA + F x OB = Fx (OA + OB) = F x AB = Fxd (anticlockwise) (ii) the algebraic sum of moments of all the forces about the fixed point is zero, so they do not change the rotational state of the body. A body preserving its state (static or dynamic) in the presence of two or more forces is said to be in equilibrium. Thus, Kinds of equilibrium Equilibrium is of two kinds : equilibrium, and (2) dynamic equilibrium. (J) Static equilibrium : When a body remains in a state of rest under the influence of several (1) static forces, the body is in static equilibrium. Examples : (i) In Fig. 1.15, if a body lying on a table top is pulled by a force F to its left and by an equal force F’ to its right (along the same line), the body does not move. The reason is that the applied forces are equal and opposite and also along the same line, so they balance each other (i.e., there is no net horizontal force on the body). Hence, the body remains at rest (ie., in static equilibrium). /|Moment of = Either force x perpendicular! distance between the two forces (or couple arm) (1.3) 1.4 EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES We have read that when a single force acts on a body, it can produce translational motion if the body is free to move or can produce rotational motion if the body is pivoted or fixed at a point, But in certain circumstances it is possible for a body to preserve its state of rest or motion even when several forces are acting on it. For this to happen, the force must satisfy the following two conditions: (i) the resultant of all the forces is zero, so they do not change either the state of rest or of linear motion of the body, and Fe 115 Abody in static equilibrium If a book is lying on a table, the weight of the book exerted on the table vertically downwards is balanced by an equal and opposite force of reaction exerted by the table on the book vertically upwards. Thus, the book is in static equilibrium. (iii) In a beam balance, when the beam is balanced in horizontal position, the clockwise moment of force due to the object on its right pan balances the anticlockwise moment of force due to the weights on its left pan and the beam has no rotational motion i,, it is in static equilibrium,et re or rotational), under na fe Neher pean nal) influence of several forces, the body is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. Examples : (i) A rain drop reaches the earth's surface with a constant velocity. The weight of the falling drop is balanced by the sum of the buoyant force and the force due to friction (or viscosity) of air. Thus, the net force on the drop is zero, so it falls down with a constant velocity. (i) An aeroplane moves at a constant height when upward lift on it balances its weight downwards. (iii) A stone tied at the end of a string when whirled in a circular path with a uniform speed is in dynamic equilibrium because the tension in the string provides the centripetal force required for circular motion*. Similarly, the motion of a planet around the sun or the motion of a satellite around the planet or the motion of an electron around the nucleus of an atom, are examples of dynamic equilibrium. In each case, the force of attraction on the moving body provides the necessary centripetal force for circular motion. Conditions for equilibrium From the above examples, we find that the following two conditions must be satisfied for a body to be in equilibrium. (1) The resultant of all the forces acting on the body should be zero. The algebraic sum of moments of all the forces acting on the body about the point of rotation should be zero i.e., the sum of the anticlockwise moments about the axis of rotation must be equal to the sum of the clockwise moments about the same axis. 1.5 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS When several forces act on a pivoted body, they tend to rotate it about an axis passing through the pivot. The resultant moment of all the forces about the pivoted point is obtained by taking the algebraic sum of the moment of each force about that point. To find the algebraic sum, 2) * Refer section 1.8. 6 the anticlockwise moment is taken positive, Wile the clockwise moment is taken negative According to the principle of moments, if»), algebraic sum of moments of all the forces, actin on the body, about the axis of rotation is zens the body is in equilibrium. Thus, , Avcording 10 the principle of moments Ip of the anticlockwise moments ~~ = sum of the clockwise moments A physical balance (or beam balance) works on the principle of moments. Verification of the principle of moments Suspend a metre rule horizontally from a fixed support by means of a strong thread at O as shown in Fig. 1.16. Now suspend two spring balances A and B on the metre rule on either side of the thread. Suspend some slotted weights W and W, on the spring balance A and § respectively. The metre rule may tilt to one side, Now adjust either the slotted weights on the spring balances or the position of the spring balances on either side of the thread from O in such a way that the metre rule becomes horizontal again, sss SUPPORT —— ah i \ We / A] Fig, 116 Verification of principle of moments Let the weight suspended from the spring balance A on the right side of the thread be W, at a distance OA = |, while the weight suspended from the spring balance B on the left side of the thread be W, at a distance OB = |, The weight W, tends to turn the metre rule clockwise, while the weight W, tends to tum the metre rule anticlockwise.Clockwise moment of weight W, about the point o=W, xl, Anticlockwise moment of weight W, about the point O= W, x by @ ) A body is pivoted at a point. A force of 10.N is applied at a distance of 30 em from the pivot. Calculate the moment of force about the pivot. Given, F = 10N, r= 30cm = 03 m Moment of force = Fx r= 10 x03 3Nm ‘The moment of a foree of § N about a point P is 2N m, Calculate the distance of point of application of the force from the point P. Given, moment of force =2.N m, F=5N If the perpendicular distance of the point of application of force from the point P is r metre, then Moment of force = force x distance or 2=5xr 2 a re Fettm A mechanic can open a nut by applying a force of 150 N while using a lever handle of length 40 em, How long a handle is required if he wants to open it by applying a force of only 50. N ? In the first case, F = 150 N, r= 40 cm = 04 m ‘The moment of force needed to open the nut 150 N x 04 m= 60.N m In the second case, F = 50 N, fhe uses the handle of length Lm, then “Moment of force = 50.N x Lm =50L Nm From eqns. (i) and (ii), SOL = 60 wf) eli) 60 or L= 5g = 12m The iron door of a building is 3 m broad. It ean be opened by applying a force of 100 N normally at the middle of the door, Calculate : (a) the torque needed to open the door, (b) the least foree and its point of application to open the door. Given, F = 100 N, distance of point of application of fore, r= 3 x breadth of door = $x3m=1Sm Moment of Force (torque) needed t0 open the door =Fxr =100Nx1Sm=150Nm (i) The force required will be least if it is applied at the farthest point from the hinges. Therefore the force should be applied normally at the free end of the door. ie., at a distance of 3 m from the hinges. horizontal, it is found that W, /, EXAMPLES - o In equilibrium, when the metre rule is Waly ie., clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment This verifies the principle of moments. Let the force required be F’ newton, then Moment of force = Fx 3.Nm From eqns. (i) and (i), ai) F' x3 = 150 150 F = =50N In Fig. 1.17, a roller of diameter 0-4 m is raised on the pavement XY by forces F, and F, each of magnitude 10 N. Compare the torques produced by the two forces. Given, F, ON Fig. 117 Perpendicular distance of point of rotation X from the force F, is d, = 0-4 m while that of force F, is 4,= 5 x04m=02m ‘Torque produced by force F, Fi xd ‘Torque produced by force F 1 The wheel shown in the diagram (Fig. 1.18) has a fixed axle passing through O, The wheel is kept stationary under the action of (j) a horizontal force F, at A and (ii) a vertical force F, at B, (a) Show the direction of force F, in the diagram, (b) Which of the force, F, a or F,, is greater ? Find the ratio between the forces F, and Fy. Given : AO = 25 em, BO’ = 15 em and O'0 =20 em. ‘The force F applied at A produces a clockwise ‘moment on the wheel. It can be balanced by applying the force F, at B in a direction such that it produces an anticlock ‘moment, Therefore vertical force of magnitude F, at B Fy © (a)should be applied in the downward direction as shown in Fig. 1.19 such that in equilibrium, F,x OA = F, x00", Since the perpendicular distance OA of point of application of force F, from O is greater than the perpendicular distance OO’ of point of application of force F from O, so in magnitude, force F, has to be greater than force F, to achieve equilibrium. ‘Moment of force F, about O = F, x OA (clockwise) Moment of force F, about O = F, x 00" (anticlockwise) When the whee! is in equilibrium position, Clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment (b) © ie, F,xOA = F, x00" 4 Fr, o ‘i S i ook enol) Given, OA = 25 em and OO! = 2.0 cm Substituting the values of OA and OO’ in eqn. (i), the ratio of forces Fa Re 2s 20 | ‘1. The following diagram (Fig. 1.20) shows two parallel and opposite forces F, and F, each of magnitude 5 N, with their lines of action separated by a distance of 2 m. A point X is pivoted midway between F, and F, while a point Y is pivoted on F,. (a) Calculate the total moment of the two forces about the points (1) X, and (ii) Y. (b) State the effect produced by the Avo forces about the points (i) X, and (ii) Y. y t F, 2m | or FF, 24 F,=5N Fig. 1.20 (a) (i) Perpendicular distance of point X from either of the forces F, or F, is ° x2m=im z+ Moment of force F, about X = 5 N x 1m = 5.N m (clockwise) ‘and moment of force F, about X = 5 Nx 1m = 5.N m (clockwise) Hence total moment of the two forces about X =545=10 Nm (clockwise) (ii) Perpendicular distance of point Y from the force F, is 2 m, while it is zero from the force Fy. c Moment of force F, about ¥ = 5 Nx 2m = 10 N m (clockwise) and moment of force F, about Y = 0 Hence total moment of the 1vo forces about Y = 10 N m (clockwise) (by. Gi) The effect of the two forces about the point X is 1 luce clockwise rotation (ii) The effect of the 10 forces about the point Y is 4p produce clockwise rotation. ‘two forces each of magnitude 2 N act vertically upwards and downwards respectively atthe two ends fa uniform rod of length I m which is pivoted at itg centre, Draw a diagram of the arrangement ang determine the resultant moment of forces about the mid-point of the rod. ‘The arrangement is shown in Fig. 1.21 given below. AB js the rod which is pivoted atits centre O. F=2N o Fig. L21 er) Given, AB= 1m. OA=OB=05m Moment of force F (= 2 N) at A about the point 0 = Fx OA = 2x05 = 10N m (clockwise) Moment of force F (= 2 N) at B about the point © = Fx OB = 2x05=10N m (clockwise) ;. Total moment of forces about the mid-point O = 10+10= 20 N m (clockwise). ‘A uniform metre rule rests horizontally on a knife edge at the 60 cm mark when a mass of 10 g is suspended from one end. Draw a diagram of the arrangement. (a) At which end must this mass be suspended ? (b) What is the mass of the rule ? (e) The 10 g mass is now shifted to the 90 cm mark. In which direction must the knife edge be shifted to make the rule horizontal again ? Fig. 1.22 shows a uniform metre rule AB which rests horizontally on the knife edge at © (60 em mark. Let M g be the mass of the rule. A uniform rule has uniform distribution of mass throughout its length, so its weight Mg acts at its middle point, ie. at the 50 cm @ mark. ° 50 60 109. a © 109 ~ lg Fig, 122 ‘The weight Mg of the rule produces an anti-clockwise moment about the knife edge O. In order to balance it, 10 g mass must be suspended at the end B (ie at the mark 100 cm) to produce a clockwise moment about the knife edge O.— o © 10. nL. From the principle of moments, ‘Anticlockwise moment = Clockwise moment 0 Mg x (60 ~ 50) = 10 g x (100 — 60) io Mgx10 = 10gx40 Mass of rule M = 40g. When the 10 g mass is shifted to the 90 cm mark, its distance from the knife edge reduces resulting in decrease of clockwise moment. So the knife edge must be shifted away from the 10 g mass to reduce the distance between the knife edge and mass M so as to make the anti- clockwise moment by M equal to the reduced value of clockwise moment, On a see-saw, {wo children of masses 30 kg and 50 kg are sitting on one side of it at distances 2 m and 2:5 m respectively from its middle. Where should a man of mass 74 kg sit to balance it 2 Let two children be sitting on the left arm. They will produce anticlockwise moment due to their weights about the middle point of see-saw, Total anticlockwise moment 30 kgf x 2 m +50 kgf x 2.5 m = 60 kef x m + 125 kgf x m= 185 kgf x m To balance it, the man should sit on the right arm so as 10 produce a clockwise moment about the middle point. Let his distance from the middle be x m. Then Clockwise moment = 74 kgf x xm =74.x kgf x m By the principle of moments, in equilibrium Anticlockwise moment = Clockwise moment 185 = 74x Iss ‘i or x = Gm =25 m (on the other side). ‘The man should sit at a distance 2:5 m from the middle on the other side. Fig, 123 below shows a uniform metre rule AB pivoted at its end A at the zero mark and supported at the other end B by a spring balance when a weight of 40 kgf is suspended at its 40 cm mark. This rule stays horizontal. Find the reading of the spring balance when the rule is of (1) negligible mass, (i) mass 20 kg. SPRING BALANCE A Pwvor 8 10 20 9 do 50 60 70 6 9 100m RY 40 kot Fig. 1.23, has: (a) translational motion, (b) rotational motion. ‘Ans. (a) When the body is free to move (b) When the body is pivoted at a point (i) When the rule is of negligible mass: In the absence of support at the end B by the spring balance, the rule will tum clockwise about the pivot A due to weight 40 kgf at the 40 cm mark. To keep the rule in equilibrium (i., horizontal), a force F (say) is needed upwards at the end Bas shown in Fig. 1.24 which is provided by the spring balance. So the reading of the spring balance will be F. 1 ——— 00 <— aon F RY Vat Fig. L24 In equilibrium, as shown in Fig. 1.24, Clockwise moment about the point A = Anticlockwise moment about the point A or 40 kgf x 40 cm = F x 100 cm $028 oreo ht Thus the reading of spring balance will be 16 kgf. (ii) When the rule is of mass 20 kg i.e, weight 20 kef The weight 20 kgf of the rule will act at the 50 cm mark, since the metre rule is uniform. As shown in Fig. 1.25, both the weight 40 kgf and the weight of rule 20 kgf produce clockwise ‘moments about the point A, so a force F is needed "upwards at the end B to keep the rule horizontal. A ¢—__19en —____ “5 eae ae okt Fig. 1.25 In equilibrium, as shown in Fig. 1.25, Total clockwise moment about the point A = Anticlockwise moment about the point A or 40 kgf x 40 cm + 20 kef x 50 em =Fx10 (40x40) + (20x50) * or P= het = 26 kg ‘Thus the reading of spring balance will be 26 ker. EXERCISE-1(A) + State the condition when on applying a force, a body + Define moment of force and state its S.1. unit - State whether the moment of force is a scalar or vector quantity ? ‘Ans, Vector quantity State nwo factors affecting the wuming effect of a force5 When do 2 0 does a body rotate ? State one way to change the ditection of rotation of the body. Give a suitable example to explain your answer. Write the expression for the moment of foree about @ given axis, + What do you understand by the clockwise and anticlockwise moment of force ? When is it taken Positive ? State one way to reduce the moment of a given force about a given axis of rotation. 6 State one way to obtain a greater moment of a force about a given axis of rotation, Why is it easier to open a door by applying the force atthe free end of it ? The stone of a hand flour grinder is provided with a hhandle near its rim. Give reason. It is easier to turn the steering wheel of a large diameter than that of a small diameter. Give reason A spanner (or wrench) has a long handle. Why ? A jack screw is provided with a long arm. Explain why ? 8 408m ey 8 A Fig. 1.26 10. uM. 12, 13. 14, 1S. A, B and C are three forces each of magnitude 4 N acting in the plane of paper as shown in Fig. 1.26. O lies in the same plane. (i Which force has the least moment about O ? Give reason. Gi) Which force has the greatest moment about O ? Give reason. iii) Name the forces producing (a) clockwise, (©) anticlockwise moments. iv) What is the resultant torque about the point O ? Ans. (i) C, because force C is nearest to O (i) A, because force A is farthest from O. (iii) (a) A and B, (b) C (iv) 4-4 N m (clockwise). 16, The adjacent diagram (Fig. 1.27) shows a heavy roller, with its axle at O, which is to be raised on a pavement XY. If there is friction between the roller and pavement, show by an arrow on. the diagram the point of application and the direction of force to be applied. If pivoted at 0, now will it go up? 17. A body is acted upon by two forces each of magnitude F, but in opposite directions, State the effect of the forces if (a) both forces act atthe same point ofthe body. Fig. 1.27 (othe to fooes act at tW0 ferent pins body at a separation ¢ ‘Ans. (a) Resultant force = 0, moment of forces = g motion (i) Resultant force = 0, money forces = Fr: The forces tend to rotate the pat about the mid-point between the tW9 fora, Draw a nat labeled digram to show the dition or two forces acting on @ body to produce roan jy » Aso mark the point © about which the rotation tas place. What do you understand by the term couple? Sut effect on a body. Give vo examples in our daily jp where couple is applied to turn a body, Define moment of couple. Write its S.. unit . Prove that Moment of couple = Force x couple arm, What do you mean by equilibrium of a body 2 19. State the condition when a body is in (i) static, (ii) dynamic equilibrium. Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibrium, State hwo conditions for a body, acted upon by severa forces, to be in equilibrium. 25, State the principle of moments. Name one device ‘based on it. Deseribe a simple experiment to verify the principle of moments, if you are supplied with a metre rule, a fulcrum and two springs with slotted weights, 26. 27. Complete the following sentences : @) The S.L unit of moment of force is... (ii) In equilibrium, algebraic sum of moments of all forces about the point of rotation 8 ean. (ii) In a beam balance when the beam is balanced in horizontal position, it i$ iM ...nonn equilibrium. (iv) The moon revolving around the earth is in . equilibrium. Ans. (i) N m Gi) zero (i) static (iv) dynamic MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE 1, The moment of a force about a given axis depends (a) only on the magnitude of force (b) only on the perpendicular distance of force from the axis (©) neither on the force nor on the perpendicular distance of force from the axis (@) on both the force and its perpendicular distance from the axis. iy Ans. (d) on both the force and axis perpendicular distance from the 102. A body is acted upon by two unequal forces in opposite directions, but not along the same line. The effect is that : (a) the body ‘only have rotational motion (b) the body ‘only have translational motion (€) the body will have neither rotational motion nor ‘tanslational motion (d) the body will have rotational as well as translational motion, ‘Ans. (d) the body will have rotational as well as translational motion NUMERICALS [Note : For a uniform rod, its weight acts at its mid-point] 1, The moment of a force of 20 N about a fixed point O is 10 N m. Calculate the distance of the point O from the line of action of the force. Ans. 05 m 2. A nut is opened by @ wrench of length 25 cm. If the least force required is 10 N, find the moment of force needed to turn the nut Ans. 25 Nm 3, A wheel of diameter 2 m is 8 shown in Fig. 1.28 with axle at O. A force F = 2N is applied at B in the direction shown in figure. Calculate the moment of force about (i) the centre O, and Gi) the point A. Ans. (i) 2 N m (clockwise), (i) 4 N m (clockwise) 4. ‘The diagram in Fig. 1.29 shows two forces F, = 5N and F, = 3 N acting at points A and B respectively of a rod pivoted at a point O, such that OA = 2 m and OB = 4m, Fe2n a Fig, 1.28 A amo am 8 F,25N Fig. 129 Calculate (the moment of Yorce F, about O. Gi). the moment of force F, about O. Gi) total moment of the two forces about ©. Ans. (i) 10 N m (anticlockwise), (i) 12 N m (Clockwise), (ii) 2 N m (clockwise), ‘Wo forces each of 10.N ‘magnitude 10 N act vertically upwards and downwards respectively at the two ends A and B of a uniform rod of ul Jength 4 m which is pivoted at its mid point O as shown in Fig. 1.30. Determine the magnitude of the Fesultant moment of forces about the pivot O. ‘Ans, 40 N m (clockwise) Fig. 1.31 shows two forces each of magnitude 10 N acting at points A and B at a separation of 50 em, in opposite directions. Calculate the resultant moment of the fwo forces about the point (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) O situated exactly at the middle of the two forces. Fig. 1.31 Ans, (i) 5N m clockwise, (ii) 5 N m clockwise, (iii) 5.N m clockwise A steering wheel of diameter 0-5 m is rotated anticlockwise by applying two forces each of magnitude 6 N. Draw.a diagram to show the application of forces and calculate the moment of the forces applied. Ans. 3 Nm YOR uniform metre rule is pivoted at its mid-point. A weight of 50 gf is suspended at one end of it. Where should a weight of 100 gf be suspended to keep the rule horizontal ? ‘Ans. At distance 25 em from the other end. 9A uniform metre rule balances horizontally on a knife edge placed at the 58 cm mark when a weight of 20 gf is suspended from one end. (i) Draw a diagram of the arrangement. Gi) What is the weight of the rule ? Ans. (i) 105 gf 10. ‘The diagram below (Fig. 1.32) shows a uniform bar Supported at the middle point O. A weight of 40 gf is placed at a distance 40 om to the left of point O. How can you balance the bar with a weight of 80 gf? oy 6 0m om we wom Fig. 132 Ans, By placing the weight of 80 gf at a distance 20 cm to the right of point O. AL. Fig. 1.33 shows a uniform metre rule placed on a fulcrum at its mid-point O and having a weight 40 gf at the 10 em mark and a weight of 20 gf a the 90 em, mark. (i) Is the metre rule in equilibrium ? If not, howwill the rue tum ? (i) How can the rite be brought in equilibrium by using an additional weight of 40 pf? ‘Ans. (i) No. The rule will tum anticlockwise i) By placing the additional weight of 40 gf at the 70 em mark. 12. When a boy weighing 20 kgf sits at one end of a 4m long see-saw, it gets depressed at this end. How can it be brought to the horizontal position by a man weighing 40 kgf Ans. If the man sits at a distance | m from the centre ‘on the side opposite to the boy. 13. A physical balance has its arms of length 60 cm and 40 em, What weight kept on the pan of the longer arm Will balance an object of weight 100 gf kept on the other pan? Ans. 6667 ef ‘The diagram in Fig. 1.34 shows a uniform metre rule weighing 100 gf, pivoted at its centre ©. Wo weights 150 gf and 250 gf hang from the points A and B respectively of the metre rule such that OA = 40 cm and OB = 20 em, Calculate : (i) the total anticlockwise ‘moment about O, (ii) the total clockwise moment about . (iii) the difference of anticlockwise and clockwise ‘moments, and (iv) the distance from © where a 100 gf ‘weight should be placed to balance the metre rule. 20.em-> (ii) How can it be made horizontal by applying a least force ? ‘Ans. (i) 500 gf em (ii) By applying a force 5 gf ‘upwards at the 100 cm mark 6. A uniform half metre rule can be balanced at the 29.0 em mark when a mass 20 g is hung from its one end (a) Draw a diagram of the arrange (b) Find the mass of the half metre rule (¢) In which direction would the balancing point shift if 20 g mass is shifted inside from its one end? nt ‘Ans. (b) 105 g (c) towards 25 cm mark Wh A uniform metre rule of mass 100 g is balanced on a fulcrum at mark 40 em by suspending an unknown mass m at the mark 20 em. (i) Find the value of m. Gi) To which side the rule wil tlt if the mass am is moved to the mark 10 em ? (iiiy What is the resultant moment now ? (iv) How can it be balanced by another mass of 50g? Ans. (i) m= 0 g. (ii) on the side of mass m, (iii) 500 gf x cm (anticlockwise), (iv) by suspending the mass 50 g at the mark 50 em. Wn Fig, 1.35, a uniform bar of length 1 m is supported at its ends and loaded by a weight W kgf at its middle. In equilibrium, find the reactions R, and Ry atthe ends. x 8 ° W igh Fig. 134 25001 i ‘ ‘Ans. (i) 6000 gf em, (ii) $000 gf em, (ii) 1000 gf em, eens: (iv) 10 cm on the right side of O. [Hint : In equilibrium R, +R, = W 15, A uniform metre rule of weight 10 af is pivoted at ts| and Rx 4 = Rx 4] 0 mark. Caaeaeaeae aerate ¥ () What moment of force depresses the rule ? Ans. y= 3 kf and Ry = "> het = Te RAAT a ~(B) CENTRE OF GRAVITY 1.6 CENTRE OF GRAVITY umber of particles of weight), yy yy. « AS We have read in class IX that the gravitational force between two masses is always attractive Earth attracts every particle towards its centre by the force of gravity acting on the particle which is called the weight w of the particle. Each body can be considered to be made up of a large (a eg the size of the body is quite small in comparison to the size of the earth, the force of gravity w acting on these particles can be assumed to be parallel to each other as shown in Fig. 1.36. All these parallel forces acting in the same direction (ie., vertically downwards towards the centre of 2 a 4 veFig. 1.36 Centre of gravity earth) can be replaced by a single force W of magnitude equal to the sum of all these forces ie, W= Ww, + W, + w+... where W is the total weight of the body. Now the question arises where should the weight W act ? The weight W is considered to act at a point G such that the algebraic sum of moments due to weights w), Wy . of each particle about the point G is zero. The point G is called the centre of gravity of the body. In other words, the body can be considered as a point particle of weight W placed at its centre of gravity G. Thus, The centre of gravity (C.G) of a body is the point about which the algebraic sum of moments of weights of all the particles constituting the body is zero. The entire weight “of the body can be considered to act at this point, howsoever the body is placed. ) highs (Note : (1) (The position of the centre of gravity of a body of given mass depends on its shape i.e., on the distribution of mass (of particles) in it. It changes if the body is deformed. Example : The centre of gravity of a straight uniform wire is at the middle of its length. But if the same wire is bent into the form of a circle, its centre of gravity will then be at the centre of the circle,) >! (2) It is not necessary ‘that the Centre of gravity always be within the material of the body. Example : The centre of gravity of a ring or a hollow sphere lies at its centre where there is no material. | 13 a (3) By the concept of centre of gravity, a body of weight W can be considered as a point particle of weight W at its centre of gravity. Centre of gravity of some regular uniform objects Object Position of centre of gravity 1. Rod 2. Circular dise 3. Solid or hollow Mid-point of rod. (Fig.1:37), Geometric centre (Fig. 1.37). Geometric centre ofthe sphere sphere 4, Solid or hollow | Mid-point on the axis of cylinder cylinder Fig. 1.37) 5. Solid cone ‘Ata height 4/4 from the base, on its axis (if h = height of cone). ‘At aheight 4/3 from the base, on its axis (if h= height of cone). Centre of ring (Fig. 1.37). The point of intersection of smedians (Fig. 1.37). The point of intersection of the diagonals (Fig. 1.37). 6. Hollow cone 7. Circular ring 8, ‘Triangular lamina or sealene triangle 9. Parallelogram, rectangular lamina, ‘square or rhombus Fig 1.37 shows the position of centre of gravity by the point G for a circular ring, a circular disc, a triangular lamina, a rectangle, a parallelogram, a square lamina, a rod, and a cylinder. Qe@ A CIRCULAR RING: CIRCULAR DISC TRIANGULAR LAMINA. Px] by Dd a =) c =i Fig. 1.37 Centre of gravity of some regular objects Centre of gravity and the balance point A solid body can be balanced by supporting it at its centre of gravity. For example, @ uniform metre rule has its centre of gravity at the50 cm mark. It can be balanced on a knife edge (or finger tip) by keeping it exactly below the 50 cm mark as shown in Fig. 1.38. It is possible because the algebraic sum of moments of the weights of all the particles of the rule about the knife edge (or finger tip) is zero. A Metre rule ji or 7 7 i Liat Wits Fig. 1.38 A metre rule supported on a knife edge at its mid-point Similarly, a square thin sheet (or lamina) can be balanced on the tip of a nail as shown in Fig. 1.39. SQUARE LAMINA Vv NAIL Fig. 1.39 A square sheet balanced on the tip of @ nail When a body is freely suspended from a Point, it comes to rest (i.e. stops oscillating) in such a position that its centre of gravity lies vertically below the point of suspension. This fact can be used to locate the position of the centre of gravity of an irregular lamina. Determination of centre of gravity of an irregular Iamina by the method of balance using a plumb line Let A be an irregular lamina in Fig. 1.40, for which the position of the centre of gravity is to be determined. Make three fine holes at a, b and c, near the edge of the lamina. Now suspend the given lamina along with a plumb line from the hole a, on a pin (or a nail) clamped horizontally on a retort stand. Check that the lamina is free to oscillate on the nail about the point of suspension. When the lamina has come to rest, draw a straight line ad along the plumb line. Repeat the procedure by suspending the lamina through the hole b and then through the hole c for which we get straight lines be and of respectively. It is noticed that the lines ad, be and of intersect each other at a common point G which is the position of the centre of gravity of the lamina. Fig. 140 Centre of gravity of lamina ‘Note ; For the stable equilibrium of a body, its centre“of gravity must be as low as possible. It must be above the base and near the geometric centre of the body. } EXERCISE-1(B) LA® Define the term ‘centre of gravity of a body’. 5. At which point is the centre of gravity situated in 2. Can the centre of gravity of a body be situated outside (a) a triangular lamina and its material ? Give an example. (b) a circular lamina ? Ans. Yes. e.g. CG of a ring ‘Ans. (a) At the point of intersection of its medians. _A® State a factor on which the position of the centre of (b) At the centre of circular lamina, gravity of a body depends. Explain your answer with | 6. Where is the centre of gravity of a uniform ring an example. situated ? ‘Ans. At the centre of ring. _A. Whaat is the position of the centre of gravity of a : 7. A square card board is suspended by passing a pin (a) rectangular lamina (b) cylinder ? through a narrow hole at its one corner. Draw a na diagram to show its rest positon. In the diagram, mark Ans. (a) At the bag fi oUt ee the point of suspension by the letter $ and the centre (b) At the mid po yilner. of gravity by the letter G. 4 Lbs,8. Explain how will you determine experimentally the position of the centre of gravity for a triangular lamina (or a triangular piece of card board). State whether the following statements are true or false. @ on of the centre of gravity of a body remains unchanged even when the body is deformed.” “The centre of gravity of a freely suspended body always lies vertically below the point of suspension’. Ans. (i) False (ii) True ‘A uniform flat circular rim is balanced on a sharp vertical nail by supporting it at a point A, as shown in Fig. 1.41. Mark the position of the centre of gravity of the rim in the diagram by the letter G (i) 10. IL, Fig. 1.42 shows three pieces of card board of uniform thickness cut into three different shapes. On each diagram draw two lines to indicate the position of the Fig, 142 centte of gravity G. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE 1. The centre of gravity of a uniform ball is : oY (@) at its geometrical, centre (b) at its bottom (©) at its topmost point (@) at any point on its surface. Ans. (a) at its geometrical centre 2, The centre of gravity of a hollow cone of height h is, at distance x from its vertex where the value of x is : (WB (b) hia (©) 2W3 (@) 3hi4 Ans. (¢) 263 nae " (C) UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION” 1.7 JINIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION y By NORTH When a particle moves with a constant speed in“a circular path, its motion is said to be c a ee uniform circular motion. Jn such a motion, a particle am travels equal distances“along the circular path in so equal intervals of time, so the speed of particle is uniform, but the direction of motion of the particle changes at each point of the circular path. The continuous change in the direction of motion implies that the velocity of the particle is non-uniform (or variable) i.e., the motion is accelerated. Direction of velocity atvany instant in a circular path : Fig. 1.43 shows a particle moving in a circular path in a horizontal plane with uniform speed v in an anticlockwise direction. The particle travels each quarter of circle AB, BC, CD and DA in the same interval of time ¢ = T/4 where T is the time taken by the particle to complete one round of the circular path. Thus, the speed of the particle is constant (or uniform), but Fig. 143 Direction of velocity in uniform eirelar motion the direction of motion of the particle is different at different points of the circular path.(Ar any point, the direction of motion is along the tangent drawn at that point of the circular path. At the point A, the direction of motion of the particle is towards north; after completing quarter of circle, at the point B, the direction of motion of the particle is towards west; after completing half circle, at the point C, the direction of motion of the particle is towards south and after completing three-quarters of circle when the particle is at the point D, its direction of motion is towards east. Thus, the velocity of 15the particle in circular motion is variable ot the circular motion is an accelerated motion even though the speed of the particle is uniform. Difference between uniform circular motion and uniform linear motion : In uniform linear motion, the speed and velocity, both are constant and acceleration is zero i.e., uniform linear motion is an unaccelerated motion, while in a uniform circular motion the velocity is variable (although the speed is uniform), so it is an accelerated motion. 1.8 CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE Centripetal force : We have read that a force is needed to change the direction of motion of a particle (or to change the velocity of a particle) i.e., to produce acceleration. A particle moving in a circular path, continuously changes its direction of motion at each point of its path. This change in direction of motion can not be brought without a force. Thus, the motion in circular path is possible only under the influence of a force which is termed as the centripetal force*. At each point of the circular path, this force is directed towards the centre of the circle as shown in Fig. 1.44. Thus, the direction of force and also of acceleration changes at each point of the circular path, but its magnitude remains the same i.e., acceleration is variable (or non-uniform). Hence, for a body moving in a circular path, a force is needed which acts as the centripetal force. Ties Gente force is the force acting on a body moving in a circular path, in a direction towards the centre of the circular path.) 8 . Fig. 1.44 Direction of force in uniform circular motion, The word centripetal means centre seeking Examples : (1) In an atom, an electron moves around the nucleus in a circular path for which the required centripetal force is obtained from the electrostatic force of attraction on the negatively charged electron by the positively charged nucleus. A planet moves around the sun in an elliptical path for which the gravitational force of attraction on the planet by the sun provides the necessary centripetal force. Moon moves around Earth in an elliptical path for which the gravitational force of attraction on Moon by Earth provides the required centripetal force. When a stone tied at-the end of a string is whirled in a circular path holding its other end in the hand, the tension in the strin provides the centripetal force. In the absence of this force ie., tension, the stone will not tum to move in a circular path, In all the above examples, the body moves in a circular or near circular path with a uniform speed under the influence of a centripetal force and it is in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Centrifugal foree : A force assumed (by an observer moving with the body) to be acting on the body in a direction away from the centre of circular path, is called centrifugal force. Thus, centrifugal force is in a direction opposite to the direction of centripetal force. Its magnitude is the same as that of the centripetal force. But the centrifugal force is not the force of reaction of the centripetal force because action and reaction do not act on the same body. It is not a real force, but it is a fictitious force assumed by an observer moving in a circular path alongwith the body. To understand this force, consider the following experiment. Experiment : Fig. 1.45 shows a ball tied at one end of a string, the other end of which is tied at the centre of a merry-go-round. Initially when the platform of merry-go-round is stationary, the ball is seen stationary and the string is loose. As the platform starts rotating, the ball rolls towards 16 (2) (3) (4)Man (on the ground) Path of the ted ball as saen by man at M Merry-go-round ~~ S Fig. 145A ball tied at the end of a siring moving in circular path on a merry-go-round the edge of the merry-go-round and the string becomes tight due to tension T developed in it. Now let us consider the state of the ball as seen by two observers (i) standing outside the mgiry- go-round on the ground at M, and (ii) standing on the platform of the merry-go-round at A. The person standing on the ground at M outside the merry-go-round observes that the ball is moving in a circular path (shown by dotted line), while the person standing on the merry-go- “round at A observes that the ball is stationary placed just in front of him at P. As the merry- go-round rotates, the position of the person on the platform changes from A to A’, A”, A”, ..... and the ball reaches at the position P’, P”, P’”, respectively, as if it remains at rest always just in front of him. The different observations of the same motion by the two persons at M and A are explained as follows, Explanation : For the person at M, the ball moves in a circular path because the tension T in the string provides the centripetal force needed for the circular motion. The person at A observes the ball as stationary. He needs to consider the following fwo forces to be acting on the ball in order to understand his observation. Ly the tension T of the string towards the centre of merry-go-round, and Gay the centrifugal force away from the centre. 0 Since the ball according to his observation always remains stationary in front of him, the above two forces must be equal and opposite, so that the net force on the ball is zero. Thus, a person on the rotating platform can explain his observation only when he considers the centrifugal force alongwith the force of tension in the string. Case : If the string breaks when the ball is in position P as shown in Fig. 1.46, the force of tension T in the string ceases to act. Now the person at M standing on the ground will observe that the ball is moving in a straight line along the path PT (tangent drawn at the point P on the circular path), while the person at A standing on the merry-go-round will observe the ball at Positions P’, P”, P’”, ... when he will be at positions A’, A”, A”, .... respectively i., he will observe that the ball always remains in front of him moving radially away from him, He attributes this motion to centrifugal force acting on the ball away from the centre. Thus, the person in a rotating frame (merry-go-round) has to assume the presence of the centrifugal force. Man (on the ground) Oo Meny-go-round ee Fig. 146 Centrifugal force Conclusion : The centrifugal force is not a real force, it is a fictitious force. The only real force involved here is the force of tension in the string acting towards the centre (i.e., the centripetal force). A force which really does not exist, but is considered to describe (or understand) a certain motion, is called a fictitious force (or virtual force),8% 10. (aiid Ae toe “ayia enigs ~ Explain the meaning of uniform circular motion. Why is such motion said to be accelerated ? Draw a neat labelled diagram for a particle moving in a cicular path with a constant speed. In your diagram show the direction of velocity at any instant. Is it possible to have an accelerated motion with a constant speed ? Name such type of motion. ‘Ans. Yes, uniform circular motion Give an example of motion in which speed remains uniform, but the velocity changes. Ans. Circular motion A uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. Explain it. State whether the acceleration is uniform or variable ? Name the force responsible to cause this acceleration. What is the direction of force at any instant ? Draw a diagram in support of your answer. Differentiate between uniform linear motion and uniform circular motion, Name the force required for circular motion. State its direction. ‘Ans. Centripetal force acting towards the centre What is a centripetal force ? Explain the motion of a planet around the sun in an elliptical path. (a) How does a centripetal force differ from a centrifugal force with reference to the direction in which they act ? Is centrifugal force the force of reaction of the centripetal force ? Compare the magnitudes of centripetal and centrifugal force, b) © Ans. (a) They act in opposite directions (b) No (¢) 1 : 1 u. 2 Is centrifugal force a real force ? Ans. No A small pebble tied at one end of a string is placed near the periphery of a circular disc, at the centre of which the other end of the string is tied to a peg. The disc is rotating about an axis passing through its centre. (a) What will be your observation when you are standing outside the disc ? Explain. (b) What will be your observation when you are standing at the centre of the disc ? Explain Ans. (a) The pebble moves in a circular path because the tension in the string provides the required centripetal force. (b) The pebble is stationary just in front because the centrifugal force on the pebble ab Rip oH ‘A piece of stone tied at the end of a thread is whirled in a horizontal circle with uniform speed by hand, ‘Answer the following questions : (a) Is the velocity of stone uniform or variable ? (b) Is the acceleration of stone uniform or variable? (©) What is the direction of acceleration of stone at any instant ? (4) Which force provides the centripetal force required for circular motion ? (©) Name the force and its direction which acts on the hand. ‘Ans. (a) variable (b) variable (c) towards the centre of the circular path (d) tension in the string (e) the reaction of tension away from the centre of the circular path, 14, State two differences between centripetal and centrifugal force. 15. State whether the following statements are true or false by writing T/F against them, (@) Earth moves around Sun with a uniform velocity (b) The motion of Moon around Earth in a circular path is an accelerated motion, (©) A uniform linear motion is unaccelerated, while uniform circular motion is an accelerated ‘motion, (@ In a uniform circular motion, the speed continuously changes because the direction of ‘motion changes. (©) A boy experiences a centrifugal force on his hand when he rotates a piece of stone tied at fone end of a string, holding the other end in the hand, Ans. (a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F () F MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE 1. Which of the following quantity remains constant in 4 uniform circular motion : (a) velocity (b) speed (©) acceleration __(@) both velocity and speed. Ans. (b) speed 2. Centrifugal force is : (@) a real force (©) the force of reaction of centripetal force (©) a fictitious force (@) directed towards the centre of circular path Ans, (c) a fictitious force