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Lecture 8

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Lecture 8

Uploaded by

Mister Tom
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

An operational amplifier IC is a solid-state integrated circuit that uses external feedback to


control its functions. It is one of the most versatile devices in all of electronics.
The term 'op-amp' was originally used to describe a chain of high-performance dc
amplifiers that was used as a basis for the analog type computers of long ago. The very high
gain op-amp IC's our days uses external feedback networks to control responses.
The op-amp without any external devices is called 'open-loop' mode, referring actually to
the so-called 'ideal' operational amplifier with infinite open-loop gain, input resistance,
bandwidth and a zero-output resistance. However, in practice no op-amp can meet these
ideal characteristics. And as you will see, a little later on, there is no such thing as an ideal
op-amp. Since the LM741/NE741/µA741 Op-Amps are the most popular one, this tutorial is
direct associated with this particular type. Nowadays the 741 is a frequency compensated
device.

Fig. Internal 741 schematic circuit.

1
Open-Loop Gain:
Lets have a look how the 'ideal' amplifier would look like in Fig. 1. The search for an ideal
amplifier is, of course, a futile exercise. The characteristics of the operational amplifier are
good enough,
however, to allow us to treat it as ideal. Below are some amplifier properties that make this
so. (Please realize that these ratings are next to impossible to achieve).

1. Gain--infinite
2. Input impedance--infinite
3. Output impedance--zero
4. Bandwidth--infinite
5. Voltage out--zero (when voltages into
each other are equal)

In general op-amps are designed to be powered from a dual or bipolar voltage supply
which is typically in the range of +5V to +15Vdc with respect to ground, and another supply
voltage of -5V to -15Vdc with respect to ground. Although in certain cases an op-amp, like
the LM3900 and called a 'Norton Op-Amp', may be powered from a single supply voltage.

2
Lecture 01 The Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

1.5 The Inverting Op-Amp:


Consider the configuration shown in Fig. 1-9(a). In this very useful application of an
operational amplifier, the noninverting input is grounded, vin is connected through R1 t o
the inverting input, and feedback resistor Rf is connected between the output and vi‾. Since
we are using the amplifier in an inverting mode, we denote the voltage gain by −A,
vin ≠ vi‾ , we define =− .
From Fig. 1-9(b); =( − )⁄ , = ( − )⁄ , = + ,
and = ∞ => = 0 => = ,
or ( − )⁄ =( − )⁄ or − = − ,
and =− , | | = ∞ => = 0 => =− or

=− [1-6]
In Eqn. [1-6] the gain is negative, signifying that the configuration is an inverting
amplifier, also the magnitude of vo/vin depends only on the ratio of the resistor values. The
gain vo/vin is a closed-loop gain of the amplifier, while A is called the open-loop gain.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1-9

Exercise 1-3:
Assuming that the operational amplifier in Fig. 1-10 is ideal, find
(a) the rms value of vo when vin is 1.5 V rms,
(b) the rms value of the current in the 25-kΩ resistor when vin is 1.5 V rms, and
(c) the output voltage when vin = − 0.6 V dc.
[Answers: (a) 8.25 V rms, (b) 60 µA rms, (c) 3.3 V dc]

Fig. 1-10
6
Lecture 01 The Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

1.6 The Noninverting Op-Amp:


Fig. 1-11(a) shows another useful application of an operational amplifier, called the
noninverting configuration. The input signal vin is connected directly to the noninverting
input and R1 is connected from the inverting input to ground. Under the ideal assumption
of infinite input impedance, no current flows into the inverting input, so i1 = if .
Thus, = and = ( − ) => = − ⁄ ,

| | = ∞ => ⁄ = 0 => = and = , where = =>

=1+ = [1-7]
Eqn. [1-7] shows that the closed-loop gain of the noninverting amplifier, like that of
the inverting amplifier, depends only on the values of external resistors. Fig. 1-11(b)
shows a special case of noninverting amplifier, used in applications where power gain and
impedance isolation are of primary concern. When Rf = 0 and R1 = ∞, so the closed-loop
gain is ⁄ = 1 + ⁄ = 1. This configuration is called a voltage follower because
vo has the same magnitude and phase as vin. It has large input impedance and small output
impedance, and is used as a buffer amplifier between a high-impedance source and a
low-impedance load.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1-11

Exercise 1-4:
In a certain application, a signal source having 60 kΩ of source impedance, RS, produces a
1-V-rms signal. This signal must be amplified to 2.5 V rms and drive a 1-kΩ load.
Assuming that the phase of the load voltage is of no concern, design an operational
amplifier circuit for the application.
Hint: Choose, arbitrarily, input resistor, R1 = 100 kΩ and find feedback resistor, Rf.
Since phase is of no concern and the required voltage gain is greater than 1, we can use
either an inverting or noninverting amplifier.
[Answers: Rf (inverting) = 400 kΩ, Rf (noninverting) = 150 kΩ]

7
The Comparator

Ex3: For the comparator circuit below, if Vin (-) = 10 sin 6.28t, Vref (+) = 5 VDC , Vcc=±15 V, draw the output
voltage Vo.
Ex4: For the comparator circuit below, if Vin (+) = 12 sin 31.4t, Vref (-) = 4 VDC , Vcc=±15 V, draw the output
voltage Vo.

Ex5 (H.W): For the comparator circuit, if Vin (+) = 13 sin 75.36t, Vref (-) = 7 VDC , Vcc=±15 V, draw the output
voltage Vo.

Ex6(H.W): For the comparator circuit, if Vin (-) = 11 sin 75.36t, Vref (+) = 3 VDC , Vcc=±12 V, draw the output
voltage Vo.

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