QUANTITATIVE ABILITY/REASONING

1. Basic Mathematical Skills 1.3 Prime and Composite Numbers

1.1 Numbers  Prime Numbers: Numbers greater than 1 with only two factors: 1 and itself
(e.g., 2, 3, 5...).
 Composite Numbers: Numbers with more than two factors (e.g., 4, 6, 9...).
Types of Numbers

1. Natural Numbers (N): Counting numbers starting from 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3...).

1.4 Factors and Multiples
2. Whole Numbers (W): All natural numbers including 0 (e.g., 0, 1, 2...).
3. Integers (Z): Positive and negative whole numbers (e.g., -2, -1, 0, 1...).  Factors: Numbers that divide another number completely.
4. Rational Numbers (Q): Numbers that can be expressed as fractions (e.g.,
1/2, 4, -3). o Example: Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
5. Irrational Numbers: Non-repeating, non-terminating decimals (e.g., √2,
π).  Multiples: Numbers obtained by multiplying a number by integers.
6. Real Numbers (R): All rational and irrational numbers.
o Example: Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12...
Operations on Numbers

1. Addition: Combining values.

1.5 LCM and HCF
2. Subtraction: Finding the difference.
3. Multiplication: Repeated addition.  Least Common Multiple (LCM): Smallest common multiple of two or
4. Division: Splitting into equal parts. more numbers.

1.2 Fractions and Decimals o Example: LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.

Fractions  Highest Common Factor (HCF): Largest number dividing two or more
numbers.
 Proper Fraction: Numerator < Denominator (e.g., 3/4).
 Improper Fraction: Numerator ≥ Denominator (e.g., 5/4). o Example: HCF of 4 and 6 is 2.
 Mixed Number: Combination of whole number and fraction (e.g., 1 1/2).
1.6 Squares and Square Roots
Decimals
 Square of a Number: a 2 =a
xa
 Convert fraction to decimal by dividing the numerator by the denominator.  Square Root: √ a=b where b 2=a
 Terminating decimals: End after a finite number (e.g., 0.75).
 Non-terminating decimals: Continue infinitely (e.g., 0.333...).
1.7 Basic Formulas
 n ( n+1 ) 1 3 2 3 5
1. Sum of n natural numbers: S= + = + =
2 4 8 8 8 8
n ( n+1 ) (2 n+ 1)
2. Sum of squares of n natural numbers: S=
6

( )
2
n ( n+1 ) Multiplication/Division of Fractions:
3. Sum of cubes of n natural numbers: S=
2
 Multiplication:
1. Basic Mathematical Skills (Continued)
a c a×c
× =
1.1 Solving Problems with Basic Operations b c b×d

When solving problems involving addition, subtraction,  Division:

multiplication, and division, follow these general steps:
a c a d a ×d
÷ = × =
 Step 1: Understand the problem. Read the question carefully and identify b c b c b×c
what is being asked.
 Step 2: Identify the given data. What numbers are provided? What Decimals:
operations are suggested (e.g., sum, product, difference)?
 Step 3: Choose the correct operation. Decide whether to add, subtract,
o Addition/Subtraction of Decimals:
multiply, or divide based on the problem.
 Step 4: Apply the correct formula or method.
 Step 1: Align the decimal points.
 Step 2: Add or subtract as if they were whole numbers.
o For example, if the problem is about finding the total cost from the
 Step 3: Place the decimal in the result.
unit price and quantity, use:
o Multiplication of Decimals:
Total Cost=Unit Price×Quantity

 Step 1: Ignore the decimal points initially, multiply as whole

1.2 Fractions and Decimals: Solving Problems numbers.
 Step 2: Count the total number of decimal places in both factors.
Fractions:  Step 3: Place the decimal point in the product.

 Addition/Subtraction of Fractions: o Example: 2.5 × 0.4= 1.0

 Step 1: Find a common denominator. 1.3 Prime and Composite Numbers: Solving Problems
 Step 2: Add/Subtract the numerators.
 Step 3: Simplify if possible.
Identifying Prime Numbers:
 Example:
 o Step 1: Check if the number is divisible by any number other than 1 and o Step 1: List all factors of the numbers.
itself. o Step 2: Find the largest number that divides both.
o Step 2: If it is not divisible, it is prime. If divisible, it is composite. o Example: HCF of 4 and 6 is 2.
o Example: 13 is prime because it is only divisible by 1 and 13.
1.5 Square and Square Root Problem Solving

Finding Square:

o Step 1: Multiply the number by itself.

Finding Prime Factors: o Example: Square of 5 is 5×5=255

o Step 1: Start by dividing the number by the smallest prime number (e.g., 2, Finding Square Root:
3, 5).
o Step 2: Continue dividing until the result is a prime number.
o Step 1: Identify the number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the
o Example: 18 = 2 x 3 x 3 original number.
o Example: Square root of 16 is 4, because 4×4=16
1.4 Factors and Multiples: Problem Solving Procedure
1.6 Key Formulas to Remember
Finding Factors:
Sum of Natural Numbers (first nnn numbers):
o Step 1: List all numbers that divide the given number without leaving a
remainder. n ( n+1 )
o Step 2: Use these numbers as the factors. Sn =
o Example: Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. 2

Finding Multiples: Sum of Squares of First nnn Numbers:

o Step 1: Multiply the number by 1, 2, 3, etc., until you find the required n ( n+1 ) (2 n+ 1)
Sn=
multiple. 6
o Example: First 5 multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15.
Sum of Cubes of First nnn Numbers:
LCM (Least Common Multiple):

( )
2
n ( n+1 )
o Step 1: List the multiples of the given numbers. Sn =
o Step 2: Identify the smallest common multiple. 2
o Example: LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.
Distance Formula (for moving objects, speed, and time):
HCF (Highest Common Factor):
1. Distance= Speed × Time
 Percentage Formula: First Quantity
Ration =
Second Quantity
2. Percentage = ( Total
Part
×100 )
Solving Proportions:
A proportion can be written as:
Problem Solving Tips
a c
 =
 Break complex problems into smaller steps. b d
 Always check units when dealing with real-world problems (e.g., km, liters, etc.).
 Use estimation techniques for quick calculations when exact precision is not To solve for an unknown, cross-multiply and solve for the variable:
needed.
 For geometric problems, draw diagrams to better visualize the problem.
 axd=bxc
2. Quantitative Reasoning
Example:
If 4 apples cost 12 rupees, how much will 10 apples cost?
Quantitative reasoning tests your ability to apply mathematical
concepts to solve real-world problems. This section generally includes
4 10
problems on numbers, percentages, ratios, averages, algebra, and  = ⇒ x= 410 × 12= 30 rupees
12 x
geometry.
2.3 Averages
2.1 Problem-Solving Techniques
The average (or mean) is the sum of all quantities divided by the number of
To solve quantitative reasoning problems, follow these steps:
quantities.
 Step 1: Read the Problem Carefully. Understand what the problem is asking.
 Step 2: Identify Key Information. Extract the given data and any formulas that Formula for Average:
apply.

( )
 Step 3: Choose the Right Method or Formula. Based on the problem, identify
which mathematical operation or formula is most appropriate.  Average = ∑ of Quantites
 Step 4: Solve the Problem. Carry out the necessary calculations. Number of Quantities

2.2 Ratios and Proportions Example:

The ages of five students are 10, 12, 15, 18, and 20. Find their average
A ratio compares two quantities. A proportion is an equation that age.
shows two ratios are equal.

Formula for Ratios:  Average = ( 10+12+15+18+20

5 ) = ( ) = 15
75
5
 Weighted Average: These problems usually involve rates and time taken to complete a task.
When different quantities have different weights, the weighted
average is calculated by multiplying each quantity by its weight and Formula for Work:
dividing by the total of the weights.
Work = Rate × Time
( x 1 × w1 )+(x 2 ×w 2)+. . .
 Weighted Average = Example:
w1 +w 2+ .. . If 3 workers can finish a job in 6 hours, how long will it take for 5 workers
to complete the same job?
2.4 Percentages
1
Rate of 3 workers = job per hour
Percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100. 6

Formula for Percentage: For 5 workers:

( )
Part 1
Percentage = ×100 6
Whole Time = 1 = = 1.2 hours
5× 5
6
Increasing/Decreasing by a Percentage:

o Increase:

New Value = 1+ ( Percentage Increase

100 )
×Original Value
3. Algebra
o Decrease: Algebra deals with symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols.

New Value = 1 − ( Percentage Decrease

100 )
×Original Value
3.1 Solving Equations

An equation is a mathematical statement that asserts the equality of two

Example: expressions.
A shirt originally costs 500 rupees and is on sale for 20% off. What is the sale
price? Step 1: Simplify both sides of the equation.

Sale Price = 1 − ( 20
100 )
×500 = 500 × 0.8 = 400 rupees Step 2: Move terms involving the variable to one side and constants
to the other.

2.5 Work and Time Problems Step 3: Solve for the variable.
 Step 4: Check your solution by substituting the value back into the Example:
original equation. In a triangle, two angles are 45° and 60°. Find the third angle.

Example: Third Angle=180°−(45°+60°)=75°

Solve 2x + 3 = 11 4.2 Perimeter and Area

8  Perimeter: The total length of the sides of a figure.

2x=11−3 ⇒ 2x=8 ⇒ x = =4
2
o Rectangle:
3.2 Quadratic Equations
P = 2(l+w)
A quadratic equation is in the form ax2+bx+c=0. The quadratic formula is
o Square:
used to solve it:

Quadratic Formula: P = 4s

 Area: The space inside a figure.

−b ± √ b2 −4 ac
x=
2a o Rectangle:

A= l × w

4. Geometry o Square:

Geometry deals with shapes, sizes, and the properties of space. A= s2

4.1 Angles o Circle:

Types of Angles: A=πr 2

o Acute Angle: Less than 90°. 5. Random Sampling

o Right Angle: Exactly 90°.
o Obtuse Angle: More than 90° but less than 180°.
o Straight Angle: Exactly 180°. Random sampling is a technique used to select a sample from a larger
population in such a way that every individual or item has an equal chance of
Angle Sum Property of a Triangle: being selected. This is crucial for ensuring that the sample is representative of
The sum of the angles in a triangle is always 180°. the population.
5.1 Key Concepts in Random Sampling 1. Divide the population into homogeneous strata (e.g., by age,
gender, income).
 Population: The entire group of individuals or items you are studying. 2. Randomly select individuals from each stratum.
 Sample: A subset of the population selected for study. 3. This ensures that each subgroup of the population is properly
 Sampling Frame: A list of all possible individuals/items in the population from represented.
which a sample can be drawn.
 Random Sample: A sample in which every individual/item has an equal chance of
being chosen.
Cluster Sampling:
 Sampling Error: The difference between the results obtained from a sample and The population is divided into clusters, and entire clusters are
the true population values. randomly selected for the sample.

5.2 Types of Random Sampling o Procedure:

Simple Random Sampling: 1. Divide the population into clusters (e.g., geographic locations).
Every individual/item in the population has an equal chance of being 2. Randomly select a few clusters.
selected. 3. Collect data from every individual within the selected clusters.

o Procedure: 5.3 Key Formulas in Random Sampling

1. List all individuals/items in the population (sampling frame). Sample Size Calculation:
2. Randomly select individuals/items without any bias. The size of the sample needed depends on the confidence level and
3. The number of selections made should be determined in advance margin of error desired. For large populations, a commonly used
(size of the sample). formula is:

Systematic Sampling: N
You select every nth individual/item from the population after n= 2
1+ N (e)
choosing a random starting point.
where:
o Procedure:
o n = sample size
1. Choose a starting point randomly. o N = population size
2. Select every nth individual from the list. o e = margin of error (expressed as a decimal, e.g., 0.05 for 5%)
3. This is useful when the population is ordered in some way.
For smaller populations, a more precise formula can be used, or you
Stratified Sampling: can apply a finite population correction.
The population is divided into distinct groups (strata), and random
samples are taken from each group. Sample Mean (x̄ ):
The average of the sample data points. It is used to estimate the
o Procedure: population mean.
 x̄ =
∑ xi Determine the Sample Size:
n Based on the problem or desired level of precision, calculate the
sample size. For smaller populations, use the finite population
where: correction.

o x i = each data point in the sample Choose the Sampling Method:

o n = number of data points in the sample Decide whether you will use simple random sampling, systematic
sampling, stratified sampling, or cluster sampling based on the
Sample Variance (s²): problem context.
A measure of the spread of the sample data points.
Select the Sample:
Implement the chosen sampling method (e.g., using a random number
a = ∑ ¿¿ ¿ ¿
2
generator for simple random sampling or selecting every nth item for
systematic sampling).
where:
Collect and Analyze Data:
o x i = each data point
Gather the sample data and analyze it using statistical techniques. For
o xˉ = sample mean
o n = sample size
example, you can calculate the sample mean, variance, or standard
error.
Standard Error (SE):
The standard deviation of the sample mean, used to estimate how Make Inferences About the Population:
much the sample mean will vary from the true population mean. Use the sample data to make predictions or generalizations about the
entire population, keeping in mind the potential for sampling error.
s
SE =
√n
5.5 Example of Random Sampling Problem
where:
Problem:
o s = sample standard deviation
o n = sample size
A school has 1,000 students, and you want to survey 100 students
about their opinion on the school cafeteria. If you choose every 10th
5.4 Steps in Solving Random Sampling Problems student from a randomly ordered list, how many students will be in
the sample?
Identify the Population:
Determine the larger group from which you are drawing your sample. Solution:
You are using systematic sampling.

o The total number of students is 1,000, and you want a sample size of 100.
 o To find the step size (n), divide the population size by the sample size:
1,000/100 = 10
o Therefore, you will select every 10th student from the list. Starting with a
random student, you will continue to select every 10th student until you
have 100 students.

6. Summary of Important Sampling Techniques and Formulas

Sampling
Description Key Formula
Technique
Simple Random Every individual has an equal chance of
N/A (random selection)
Sampling selection.
N
Systematic Sampling Every nth individual is selected. Step size =
n
Population divided into strata, random N/A (random selection from
Stratified Sampling
samples from each. each stratum)
Population divided into clusters, entire N/A (random selection of
Cluster Sampling
clusters selected. clusters)
7. Remainders and Modular Arithmetic

Remainders arise when dividing numbers. Understanding how to calculate 7.3 Modular Arithmetic
and work with remainders is important for solving problems related to
division and congruences. Modular arithmetic is often used to simplify calculations involving
remainders, particularly when dealing with large numbers or in number
7.1 Remainder Theorem theory.

When dividing a number aaa by bbb, the remainder is the amount left after  Modulo Operation: a mod b= r
the division. It can be expressed as:
This means the remainder when a is divided by b is r.

a=b×q+r
8. Equations and Problem-Solving Techniques
where:
Equations are central to algebra, and solving them effectively is a vital part of
 a is the dividend, quantitative reasoning.
 b is the divisor,
 q is the quotient, 8.1 Linear Equations
 r is the remainder.
A linear equation is an equation that involves only first-degree terms (no
The remainder r satisfies the condition 0 ≤ r < b. exponents greater than 1). The standard form of a linear equation is:
7.2 Finding the Remainder ax + b = 0
To find the remainder when dividing a by b, you can: where a and b are constants, and x is the variable.
1. Perform the division. To solve for x:
2. Subtract the product of the divisor and the quotient from the dividend.
b
Example: x=−
a
Find the remainder when 29 is divided by 5. Example: Solve 3x + 6 = 0
29 ÷ 5 = 5 (quotient), 29 − (5×5) = 29 − 25 = 4 (remainder). 6
3x = −6 ⇒ x = − = -2
3
So, the remainder is 4.
8.2 Quadratic Equations 2x−(10−x)=4 ⇒ 2x−10+x=4 ⇒ 3x=14

A quadratic equation is of the form: Solve for x:

a x 2 + bx + c = 0 14
x=
3
where a, b, and c are constants. The quadratic formula is used to solve such
equations: 14
Substitute x = back into y=10−x to find y:
3
−b ± √ b2 −4 ac
x= 14 30 14 16
2a y = 10 - = - =
3 3 3 3
This gives two solutions (the ±\pm± indicates that there are two possible
values for x). 14 16
Thus, the solution is x = , y=
3 3
8.3 Simultaneous Equations

When you have two or more equations with the same variables, you solve
them simultaneously. There are several methods to solve such equations:

 Substitution Method
 Elimination Method

Example using Substitution:

Solve the system:

x + y = 10
2x − y = 4

Solve the first equation for y:

y= 10 − x

Substitute y=10−x into the second equation: