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INCEST
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INCEST
O R I G I N S O F T H E TA B O O
JONATHAN H. TURNER
AND
ALEXANDRA MARYANSKI
Turner, Jonathan H.
Incest : origins of the taboo / Jonathan H. Turner and Alexandra Maryanski.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-59451-116-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Incest. I. Maryanski, Alexandra. II. Title.
HV6570.6.T87 2005
306.877—dc22
2005004914
Foreword ix
Acknowledgments xiii
3 Forbidden Acts 53
Incest and Its Psychological Consequences
4 A Distant Mirror 83
Ape Social Structure and Sexual Avoidance
among the Primates
vii
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FOREWORD
Robin Fox
Two casual remarks set me off on the search for the meaning of
the incest taboo. When I was an undergraduate (in sociology) at
the London School of Economics (LSE) in the early 1950s, we
had a weekly class on social anthropology. One week the subject
was the incest taboo. I was trotting out all the standard sociolog-
ical explanations for exogamy and the expansion of social ties and
so on when Maurice Freedman, the great expert on Chinese kin-
ship and later professor of anthropology at Oxford, obviously bored
with this recitation, interrupted me. “Why can’t we have a sexual
free-for-all in the family and then marry out of it?” I was startled
out of my sociological rut and launched on a lifelong intellectual
adventure.
The second significant encounter was at Harvard (the old Social
Relations Department) in the late 1950s. John Whiting, the genial
pioneer of culture and personality studies, observed to me that
opposite-sex children who played rough-and-tumble games a lot
often seemed to get very sexually excited and then dissolve in tears
and anger, presumably out of frustration. It immediately hit me
that this might be the foundation for Edward Westermarck’s con-
tention that siblings easily developed a “natural aversion” to sex
with each other at the onset of puberty.
A few years later (1962) I worked this idea up into an article
called “Sibling Incest” for the British Journal of Sociology. The
article was much admired and its conclusions generally dismissed.
The prevailing wisdom, backed by Freud, Frazer, Malinowski, and
Lévi-Strauss—and most everyone else—was that it was “self-evi-
dent” that we all want to commit incest, otherwise why are there
ix
x Foreword
xiii
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1
THE GOLDEN AGE OF PROMISCUITY
Here lies the daughter, here lies the father, here lies the
sister, here lies the brother, here lies the wife and the
husband, and there are only two bodies here.
—Medieval tombstone epitaph1
INTRODUCTION
to begin our inquiry into the origins of the incest taboo by re-
viewing, in very broad strokes, the Western tradition of attitudes
about incest. For incest is clearly something that humans have
talked and thought about for a long time, certainly long before
literacy. But with literacy and a written record, we can now see the
varied forms such attention takes, whether these interests are re-
corded in the myths, legends, or narratives of the classical period
in Western history, the laws of the Christian church, or the early
speculations by the first generation of social scientists on the ori-
gins of the family and society.
3. There are several versions of this story in antiquity, although all carry the
theme of patricide and the marriage of mother and son. This sketch follows
Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex (King Oedipus), first performed in Athens around 425
B.C.E. Sophocles’ tragedy is the one Freud used as the focal point for his provoc-
ative Oedipus complex theory to be discussed later in this chapter.
The Golden Age of Promiscuity 5
tuous. This being so, and with a powerful papacy fixated on lust,
celibacy, and stamping out “incestuous” marriages, it is not sur-
prising that the incest motif would become a prominent theme
not just in medieval religious texts and canon law but also in
vernacular folklore, myths, narratives, and legends.
During much of the Middle Ages, discourse on incest was used
by clerical writers to warn of the “sins of the flesh” and to bolster
canon codes on conjugal duties and on proper family relation-
ships. By using such terms as “fornication,” “lechery,” “sexual
sin,” and “unnatural act” to get their message across, the Church
dramatized the “evils” of incest, a message that can still be heard
today in some Christian churches. Yet, the Church’s energy was
directed more toward “saving souls” by doing penance rather than
enforcing laws or protecting young incest victims (Archibald 2001,
5, 27); consequently, allegations of incestuous behavior could be
used as a wedge to rout out sinners committing “heinous acts”
and to impart to them the “gift of grace” once they confessed and
did penance for their sins (and thereby accepted the guidance of
the Church over their lives). Church writers were also kept busy
inventing incest narratives as a means to send explicit messages to
the laity. Women were often depicted as weak and as consumed by
insatiable desires for sex, much like Eve who committed the first
act of incest by eating the forbidden fruit that symbolized her
sexual desires. By equating incestuous acts with the doctrine of
original sin, the Church reinforced the belief that all humans are
sinners (or at least predisposed to be) and need spiritual redemp-
tion through ecclesiastical discipline. After the sixth century, the
clerics relied on Penitentials (or guidelines for various sins) to
police all sexuality, even sexual intercourse between husband and
wife, by prescribing light penance for deviations from Church-
prescribed sexual positions to heavy penance for oral sex and
masturbation. Nuclear family incest was especially horrifying to
the Church. But in the Anglo-Saxon Penitential of Theodore,
only penalties for mother–son and brother–sister incest were cov-
ered. Father–daughter incest is not even mentioned (see Gies and
Gies 1987, 62ff.)—a rather surprising omission perhaps reflecting
the patriarchy of the church (see Mead [1880] 1968, 1586–1608
for an extended discussion).
Among the laity, fictional stories of incest were extremely pop-
ular for their ability to shock audiences, impart moral lessons, and
provide a ready source of entertainment. Oedipal-like tales were
particularly favored. Although subjects and stories were set in a
8 Chapter 1
religious context, the thrust of each tale was the same, with some
close cognates to the original Greek classic. The Mediaeval Legend
of Judas Iscariot, for example, tells of a rich father who, after
learning that his newborn son will someday kill him, mutilates his
son’s feet and pushes him from the household. But Judas is res-
cued, grows up, and unknowingly enters his real father’s orchard
in search of fruit and inadvertently commits patricide. Later when
given his mother’s hand, the incestuous marriage is consummated
followed by the usual tragic ending (see Edmunds 1985 for a
detailed discussion). Although Judas of the Bible met an ugly fate
(for this villain also betrayed Christ), many mother–son incest tales
had happier spiritual endings, once the sinners confessed and asked
for divine forgiveness. In fact, according to Archibald (2001, 106),
the Church was pleased to have Oedipus tales told in a Christian
context to show how humans were mired in sin and, not coinci-
dentally, how the Christian Fathers were there to confer the gift of
grace. Other popular mother–son incest tales report on “near
misses,” where identities are discovered in the nick of time. How-
ever, outside of Oedipal-like tales, consummated mother–son sto-
ries are rare, except in short exempla when used by the clergy to
buttress a moral point (Archibald 2001, 106ff.).
Incest stories during the Middle Ages were also spun around
medieval kings, queens, knights, saints, and even members of the
papacy. One saucy and very popular Oedipus-type story is the
legend of Pope Gregory. In this tale, incest is doubled as the story
begins with an incestuous relationship between two royal siblings
and the birth of their baby boy. The child is put in a small boat
and sent out to sea; he is rescued and later returns to the land of
his birth, where he unknowingly marries his queen mother and
thereby becomes a king. But unlike the Greek tragedy, a shift
occurs from secular to religious values: Upon the discovery of
double incest, there is remorse and confession by mother and son
(husband and wife), with the devil being blamed and, amazingly,
the gift of divine grace (after a seventeen-year penancy in isola-
tion) allows Gregory to become pope. (See Edmunds 1985;
Archibald 2001; and McCabe 1993 for discussions.) Why the
double incest in this apocryphal myth? According to the historian
Otto Rank ([1912] 1992, 271), such novelty in the medieval
imagination, which approached “the limits of the humanly con-
ceivable,” simply reflects the fact that “the great repression of drives
expressed in Christianity could be maintained only at the cost of a
fantasy life pouring forth to the most voluptuous degree.”
The Golden Age of Promiscuity 9
West, where “family values” are seen as the backbone of the “good”
society.
How does one fold six family relationships in two persons? The
answer can only be incest. And as always, the incestuous ways of
the nuclear family are key, whether the tale is tragedy, romance, or
comedy and whether incest is imagined, consummated, or avert-
ed. Thus, despite major alterations in the traditional order of things
after the Middle Ages, the incest motif and the centrality of the
nuclear family flourished during the early modern period. How-
The Golden Age of Promiscuity 13
ever, the role relationships of the conjugal family, along with the
belief that the nuclear family was the original cell of society, were
seriously challenged by social scientists in the nineteenth century.
Jäähyväiset.
— Onko sinun matkakamsusi niin raskaat, että sinä itket kuin lapsi,
joka pelkää matkustamista? — kysyi eräs naisen ääni hänen
vieressänsä. Wolf vastasi katkerasti: — Että sinäkin, Frida, pilkkaat
minua, on pahempi kuin kaikki muu, sillä sinun takiasi iloitsin minä
hovipalveluksestani.
— Niin puhuu rehellinen mies. Aina olet sinä ollut minulle mieleen,
sillä sinä olet ollut uskollinen palveluksessa ja käyttänyt itsesi hyvin
minun sotakumppaneitani kohtaan. Nyt tahdon minä, mikäli minun
voimassani on, pitää huolta siitä, ett'ei sinun tarvitse katua
päätöstäsi. Pysy aluksi erossa meistä ja seurustele Isanbart-sankarin
kanssa, jotta hän ottaisi sinut suojelukseensa ja puolustamallansa
auttaisi sinua pääsemään vapaaksi sitä valasta, joka sitoo sinut
ruhtinaasen. Tule sitte meidän luoksemme. Jumalat eivät ole suoneet
minulle poikaa, ja sinua tahdon minä pitää omana verenäni.
Viimeisen juomani tahdon jakaa sinun kanssasi, ja viimeinen
miekaniskuni tapahtukoon sinun rinnallasi. Ole tervetullut meidän
joukkoomme samoelemaan ympäri maailmaa, voittamaan saalista ja
saamaan autuaallisen lopun taistelussa.
Ukko laski ääneti kätensä hänen päänsä päälle, ja sitten astui Ingo
ulos kynnyksestä. Vihalla ja levottomuudella näki ruhtinas osan
liittolaisistansa nousevan ylös saattamaan poismenevää. Isanbart
tarjosi hänelle kätensä ja vei hänet muiden seuraamana talon
sotilasparven läpi, joka aseissansa ja uhkaavilla liikkeillä tunkeili oven
eteen; näiden vastapäätä odottivat Vandalit hevoisensa seljässä,
valmiit lähtemään ja, jos olisi tarvis, taistelemaankin. Mutta
kunnioitus päämiehiä kohtaan hillitsi nuorempien vihaa; Ingo hyppäsi
ratsullensa, jonka Berthar hänelle talutti, heitti vielä kerran pitkän
silmäyksen takasin taloon ja ratsasti sitten ulos portista miestensä
seuraamana. Kun talon soturit huusivat uhkasanoja heidän
jälkeensä, käski Isanbart'in vihainen ääni vaitioloa. Mutta ruhtinas
istui ääneti raskaissa ajatuksissansa sammuneen lieden ääressä.
Hiljaa suhiseva ääni sekä jysäys keskeytti puheen, ja eräs nuoli tuli
lentäen pihasta sitä paikkaa kohti, missä Ingo istui; sen rautainen
kärki kilahti hänen rautaista miekanhuotraansa vasten, ja nuoli
putosi laattialle. Molemmatkin miehet pysyivät liikkumattomina,
mutta ei minkäänlaista melua eikä mitään uutta hyökkäystä
seurannut tätä murhayritystä. — Mene makaamaan, houkko, —
lausui Berthar, osoittaen erästä epäselvää haamua, joka katosi
pimeässä huoneiden läheisyyteen. Hän otti ylös kuolon airuen. —
Nuoli, — lausui hän, — on jostakin metsästysviinistä.
— Se on kapine, jonka Tertullus on jättänyt tänne meidän
varaltamme, — vastasi Ingo, — niin mitätöintä tervehdystä ei Bisino-
kuningas lähetä.