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UNIT 2.0: ALGEBRA

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OBJECTIVES OF THIS UNIT:

After reading this unit you should be able to

 Identify the a constant and a variable in a mathematical expression.

 Expand algebraic expressions
 Simplify algebraic expression
 Formulate algebraic expressions.
 Apply Algebra to solve real life problems.
 Evaluate algebraic Expressions.

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Linear Algebraic Expressions

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Definition:

 Algebra is a branch of mathematics that helps in the representation of a

problem or situations in the form of mathematical expression.
 It involves variables like x, y, z and mathematical operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division to form a meaningful mathematical
expression. Examples algebraic expressions are as follows:
(i) 3x+6
(ii) 4y-6
(iii) 2(3x+2).
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CONSTANTS, VARIABLES & COEFFICIENTS

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Definition:

 An algebraic term is part of an algebraic expression. An Algebraic term

consisting of a number only is called a Constant.
 Variables are denoted by letters e.g x,y,z etc in the algebraic term.
 A real number in front of a variable is called a coefficient.

Example 1.82
State the variables, constants and coefficients in each of the following
algebraic expressions.
(i) 2x-6
(ii) 5y
(iii) -4z-5

Solution:

(i) For 2x-6

Constant = -6, variable = x & coefficient =2

(ii) For 5y
Constant = 0. And variable = y & coefficient = 5

(iii) For -4z-5

Constant = -4 and variable = z & coefficient =-4

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SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

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 To simplify algebraic expressions
 Expand the expression where necessary.
 Add, subtract similar terms.

Example 1.83
Expand and simplify the following .
(i) 3(2x-1)+6
(ii) -2(y+6)+4(3-2y)
(iii) 2a+3(5a-4)
(iv) ⅔(6x-3)+¼(16-8x)
(v) 4(½x+3)-2(⅓-6x)

Solutions:

(i) 3(2x-1)+6
=6x-3+6
= 6x+3
(ii) -2(y+6)+4(3-2y)
=-2y-12+12-8y
=-2y-8y-12+12
=-10y
(iii) 2a+3(5a-4)
=2a+15a-12
=17a-12
(iv) Exercise
(v) Exercise.

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Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
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 To evaluate algebraic expressions we use substitution.

Example 1.85:
(i) Given that x=-5 and y =2 evaluate the following?
(a) 3x-y
 (b) 2x+y
(ii) If a =3 and b=4, find the value of 2ab²
(iii) Simplify 5p-q+r, if p=4, q=-2 and r =3
(iv) If p=2 and p=3, find the value of each of the following expression.
(a) q²
(b) 2p³-4q.
(c) Pq
(d) Pq³

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APPLICATION OF ALGEBRA

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 We can use algebra to write simple expressions to represent situations in real

life

Example 1.84:

(i) A girl had 4 oranges. She gave away 2x oranges how many oranges did
she have left.
(ii) A teacher counted 26 learners in her class and discovered that 3k learners
are absent. What is the total number of learners that were present.
(iii) Sitali walks a distance of 3km and then another x km to get home from
school.
(a) How far is the distance from home to his school.
(b) What is the value of x if the distance from his home to school is 4km.
(iv) A magazine has y pages. Only 22 pages have pictures. How many pages
have no pictures
(v) Monica buys 6 oranges on Monday and another k oranges on Tuesday.
(a) How many oranges does she have.
(b) On Wednesday she eats 3 oranges . How many oranges does she have
now.

Solution : Exercise.
 The End: thank you fir your Attention

UNIT 2.1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS

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OBJECTIVES OF THIS UNIT:

After Reading This Unit you should be able to:

 Solve equations involving one variables [linear equations].

 Solving linear equations involving fractions.
 Apply knowledge of equations to solve real life problems
 Solve linear inequalities.
 Illustrate inequalities on a graph paper.
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LINEAR EQUATIONS.

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Definition:

 An equation is a statement indicating that two algebraic expressions are

equal. A linear equation with one variable, is an equation that can be
written in the standard form ax+b=0 where a and b are real numbers. For
example. 2x + 3=0.
 Typically linear equations are not usually given in standard form and so
when solving linear equations we stick to some steps. When solving linear
equations, the goal is to determine the value that will produce a true
statement when substituted in the original equation. Do this by isolating the
variable using the following steps:
 (i) Simplify both sides of the equation using the order of operations and
combine like terms on same side of the equal side.
(ii) Combine like terms on the opposite side of the equal sign. The goal
is to establish variable term on one side of the equation and constant
terms on the other side of the equation.
(iii) Check to see if the answer holds true for the equality.

Example 1.86:

Solve the following linear equations

(i) 2x+3=9.
(ii) 5x-1=4.
(iii) 3x+3=11+x.
(iv) 3(n+6)-n =2(5-n)
(v) 3(2-x)+3=2x
(vi) 4(p+2)-23 = 0

Solution:

(i) 2x+3=9
2x = 9-3
2x = 6
2. 2
X=3

(ii) 5x-1=4
5x=4+1
5x = 5
5. 5
X=1

(iii) 3x+3 = 11+x

3x-x = 11-3
2x = 8
2. 2
 X=4

Question (iv), (v) & (vi). Exercise

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EQUATIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS.

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 To solve equations involving fractions, find the lowest common multiple of

the denominators involved.
 Multiply both sides of the equation by the lowest common multiple.
Example 1.86:

Solve the following linear equations

(i) ½x+⅔x =7

(ii) 9 + 5. =-1
2y y

Solution:

(i) ½x+⅔x=7
 The lowest common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6.
 Multiply both sides of the equation by 6
6(½x+⅔x) = 6(7)
3x+4x = 42
7x = 42
7x = 42
7 7
X= 6
 (ii) Exercise?

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Problems leading to linear equations: Application.

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Example 1.87:

(i) Jane is 4 years older than her sister Catherine. If Catherine is x years old.
(a) Write down janes age in terms of x.
(b) Find their ages if the sum of there ages is 20 years.
(ii) The difference between two numbers is 12. If the smaller number is x.
(a) Write down the larger number in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of x if the sum is 54.
(c) Find the product of these numbers.
(iii) The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is 21. If the smaller number is
x.
(a) Find, in order of the size, the next two numbers.
(b) Form an equation in terms of X and solve it.
(iv) The sum of two numbers is 36. If the smaller number is y,
(a) Write down the value of the larger number in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of x if the larger number is twice the smaller number.

Solution: Exercise.

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INEQUALITIES. .
Definition:

 A linear inequality is a mathematical statement that relates a linear

expression as either less than or greater than another. The following
are some of the examples of inequalities.
(i) 2x < 4
(ii) -5x+2> 12

Rules for Solving linear Inequalities

(i) Adding or subtracting the same number on both sides does not
necessitates reversal of symbol.
(ii) Multiplying or dividing the both sides of an inequality by a positive
number does not necessitates reversal of symbol.
(iii) Multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative number
necessitates reversal of symbol.

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.SOLVING LINEAR INEQUALITY. .

 Unlike linear equation which has a unique solution, a linear inequality

usually has a large number of solutions. For this reason the solution of
linear inequality is given as a Range or a set.

Illustrating Linear Inequalities on a Number line.

 Inequalities on a number line allows us to visualize the values that are

represented by an inequality.
 To represent inequalities on a number line we show the range of
numbers by drawing a straight line and indicating the end points with
either an open circle or a closed circle.
(i) An open circle shows it does not include the value.
(ii) A closed circle shows it does include the value. For example
 Inequalities on a number line below.

 The solution set of these numbers are all the real numbers between -2 and 4,
but -2 has a closed circle therefore it is included in the solution set while 4
has an open circle and so 4 is not part of the solution set
Ss = {-2,-1,0,1,2,3}

Example 1.88

Solve the following linear inequalities and illustrate you solutions on a real line.

(i) -3x+13≥8
(ii) 1<2x+5≤13

Solutions:

(i) -3x+13≥-8
-3x ≥ -21
-3x ≥-21
-3. -3
X ≤7 solution set = {…..,3,4,5,6}

(ii) 1< 2x +5 ≤ 13
 1-5<2x≤13-5
-4< 2x ≤8
2. 2. 2
-2<x≤4

Solution set = {-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4}

Example 1.89:

(i) Solve the following linear inequalities.

(a) -5x<20
(b) 4-3y<5y-12
(c) 4x-5≤6x+3
(d) -2<2x+6≤4
(ii) Solve the following Inequalities and illustrate your solutions on a number
line.
(a) 2x < 6
(b) 12≥-2x
(c) 2<x+3<8
(d) -6<2x+2<-4
(e) 0<x-3≤2
(iii) State the linear inequalities illustrated on the following number line.
 Solution[ Exercise]

The End: Thank you for your Attention.