BIOLOGY

Topic:

AIDS(Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome)

Session 2024-25
Guided By: - Submitted by:-

Mrs. Pravina xess Name:- AKSHAT JAISWAL

PGT (Biology) Board Roll No.:-12101

 Certificate

This is to certify that AKSHAT JAISWAL of class

XII-A PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ambikapur has
successfully completed his Project Report in Biology
on topic: AIDS(Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
for the partial fulfillment of AISSCE as prescribed by
CBSE in the Session 2024-25.

Date:

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of Principal

Signature of External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have best owned upon me their
blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I
am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to

complete this project with success. Then I would
like to thank my BIOLOGY Teacher Mrs. Pravina
xess mam, whose valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor
towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends

who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot.
 Life cycle of HIV
As soon as getting inside the body of the person by different
mode of ways i.e by fluid diffusion, sex with known partner etc.
The virus enters into macrophages where RNA genome of the
virus replicates to form viral DNA with the helps the enzyme
reverse transcriptase. This viral DNA gets incorporated into host
cell's DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus
particles .

The macrophages continue to produce virus and in this way acts

like a HIV factory. Simultaneously, HIV entersion into T-
lymphocytes (T), replicates arid produce progeny viruses. The
progeny helper viruses released in the blood attack other helper
T-lymphocytes. This is repeated leading to a progressive
decrease in the number of helper T lymphocytes in the body of
the infected person. During this period, the person suffers from
bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight loss.

Due to decrease in the number of helper T lymphocytes, the

person starts suffering from infections that could have been
otherwise overcome such as those due to bacteria especially
Mycobacterium, viruses, fungi and even parasites like
Toxoplasma.

The patient becomes so immurio-deficient that he/she is unable

to protect himself/herself against these infections. A widely used
diagnostic test for AIDS is enzyme linked immuno-sorbent
assay (ELISA). Treatment of AIDS with anti-retroviral drugs is
only partially effective. They can only prolong the life of the
patient but cannot prevent death, which is inevitable.
 INTRODUCTION

The word AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency

Syndrome. This means deficiency of immune system, acquired
during the lifetime of an individual indicating that it is not a
congenital disease. 'Syndrome means a group of symptoms.
AIDS was first reported in 1981 and in the last twenty-five years
or so, it has spread all over the world killing more than 25
million persons.

AIDS is caused by the Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV),

a member of a group of viruses called retrovirus, which have an
envelope enclosing the RNA genome . Transmission of HIV-
infection generally occurs by

1. Sexual contact with infected person,

2. By transfusion of contaminated blood and blood
products
3. By sharing infected needles as in the case of intravenous
drug abusers
4. From infected mother to her child through placenta.

So, people who are at high risk of getting this infection includes
- individuals who have multiple sexual partners, drug addicts
who take drugs intravenously, individuals who require repeated
blood transfusions and children born to an HIV infected mother.

. It is important to note that HIV/AIDS is not spread by mere

touch or physical contact; it spreads only through body fluids. It
is, hence, imperative, for the physical and psychological well-
being, that the HIV/AIDS infected persons are not isolated from
family and society. There is always a time-lag between the
infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms. This period may
vary from a few months to many years (usually 5-10 years).
 Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Life cycle of HIV

3. DIAGRAM OF REPLICATION OF RETRO VIRUSE

4. Case in India and world

5. Bibliogray
REPLICATION OF RETRO

VIRUSE
 Bibliography

 NCERT CLASS 12 BIOLOGY BOOK

 Websites:
 - [World Health Organization (WHO)](https://www.who.int)
 - [UNAIDS](https://www.unaids.org/en)
 - [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)](https://www.cdc.gov/hiv)

 Documentaries and Videos:

 - “The HIV/AIDS Crisis” - National Geographic
 - TED Talks on HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention
 PREVENTION OF AIDS

As AIDS has no cure, prevention is the best option. Moreover,

HIV infection, more often, spreads due to conscious behaviour
patterns and is not something that happens inadvertently, like
pneumonia or typhoid. Of course, infection in blood transfusion
patients, new-borns (from mother) etc., may take place due to
poor monitoring. The only excuse may be ignorance and it has
been rightly said - "don't die of ignorance". In our country the
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) and other non-
governmental organisation (NGOs) are doing a lot to educate
people about AIDS. WHO has started a number of programmes
to prevent the spreading of HIV infection. Making blood (from
blood banks) safe from HIV, ensuring the use of only disposable
needles and syringes in public and private hospitals and clinics,
free distribution of condoms, controlling drug abuse, advocating
safe sex and promoting regular check-ups for HIV in susceptible
populations, are some such steps taken up.

Infection with HIV or having AIDS is something that should not

be hidden since then, the infection may spread to many more
people. HIV/AIDS-infected people need help and sympathy
Instead of being shunned by society. Unless society recognises it
as a problem to be dealt with in a collective manner - the
chances of wider spread of the disease increase manifold. It is a
malady that can only be tackled, by the society and medical
fraternity acting together, to prevent the spread of the disease.
 GLOBAL AND INDIA
SCENARIO

The "HIV/AIDS pandemic" has had a significant impact both globally and in India.
Here’s an overview of the situation, including statistics and developments in both
contexts:

GLOBAL SCENARIO :
-Global Prevalence: As of the end of 2023, there are approximately "39
million"people living with HIV globally, according to the "World Health
Organization (WHO)"and "UNAIDS"
New Infections and Deaths:Despite significant progress in treatment, around "1.7
million new infections"occur annually, and "690,000 people" died from AIDS-related
illnesses in 2023.
Regional Variations:Sub-Saharan Africa remains the hardest-hit region, accounting
for nearly "two-thirds of the global HIV burden". This region also has the highest
number of new infections and AIDS-related deaths.
- Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of the Middle East also face
significant HIV challenges, though the disease burden is lower compared to sub-
Saharan Africa.
Access to Treatment: With the availability of "antiretroviral therapy (ART)", the
prognosis for people living with HIV has dramatically improved. The number of
people on ART worldwide has increased to about "28 million."

INDIA SCENARIO :

Prevalence in India: As of the most recent estimates (2023), there are approximately
2.4 million people living with HIV in India, making it the third-largest population
globally after South Africa and Nigeria.
 -Key Statistics:
 Prevalence Rate: The adult HIV prevalence rate in India is estimated to be
around 0.22%
 New Infections and AIDS-Related Deaths: India reports about 87,000 new
infections annually, with around 56,000 AIDS-related deaths each year.
At-Risk Populations:
 High-Risk Groups: These include men who have sex with men (MSM), sex
workers, transgender people, and individuals who inject drugs.
 - The national HIV program (NACP) has focused on reducing the spread of
HIV in these vulnerable groups through prevention, education, and support.

### Government Response and Treatment:

National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO): In India, the National AIDS Control
Programme (NACP), launched in 1992 by NACO, has been instrumental in managing
the country's HIV response. The program aims at increasing awareness, reducing
transmission rates, and providing ART for those living with HIV.

ART Availability: The Indian government provides" free ART"for people living with
HIV, making it accessible to millions.
Prevention Efforts:The Indian government and NGOs have implemented several
prevention initiatives, such as:
 Condom distribution programs
 Awareness campaigns in schools, colleges, and rural areas
o
 Needle exchange programs for intravenous drug users
 Blood safety programs to prevent transmission through transfusions.

Challenges:
 Stigma and Discrimination: Both globally and in India, stigma around
HIV/AIDS remains a significant barrier to testing, treatment, and care. Many
people living with HIV face discrimination, which can deter them from
seeking necessary medical help.
 Awareness and Education: Despite extensive campaigns, misinformation
about HIV transmission still exists, particularly in rural areas. This contributes
to the spread of the virus.
 Health Infrastructure: In some regions, especially rural areas of India, there
are gaps in healthcare infrastructure, which can limit access to treatment and
prevention services.

Recent Developments:
 Global Efforts for an AIDS-Free Generation: The UNAIDS 2025 Strategy
focuses on reducing new infections, ensuring better access to treatment, and
eliminating stigma and discrimination.
 Progress in India:While India has made considerable progress in combating
HIV/AIDS, challenges remain, such as reaching high-risk groups, improving
ART adherence, and addressing socio-cultural barriers to prevention.

HIV and AIDS Today:

 World Health Organization (WHO) continues to promote universal health

coverage , aiming to make treatment, care, and prevention services more
accessible globally.
 - On a global scale, the end of AIDS as a public health threat is possible by
2030, with continued advancements in treatment, prevention, and education.

In summary, while global and national efforts to combat HIV/AIDS have made
significant progress, ongoing challenges remain. Increased access to ART, better
education, addressing stigma, and improving healthcare infrastructure are key to
controlling the spread of the virus and reducing the number of new infections and
deaths related to HIV/AIDS.
GRAPH DEMONSTRATE THE CASES IN
INDIA AND WORLD