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WEB DEVOLPMENT

Uploaded by

vandhanathota222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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P Dinesh Reddy

22951A6255

Web Application Development

1.Build an HTML page to form a table to show the below values in a tabular
form with heading as Roll No., Student name, Subject Name, and values as Ram,
Physics Shyam, Math Murli, Chemistry

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Student Table</title>

<style>

table {

width: 50%;

border-collapse: collapse;

margin: 20px 0;

th, td {

border: 1px solid black;


padding: 8px;

text-align: left;

th {

background-color: #f2f2f2;

td {

text-align: center;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Student Information</h2>

<table>

<thead>

<tr>

<th>Roll No.</th>

<th>Student Name</th>
<th>Subject Name</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<tr>

<td>1</td>

<td>Ram</td>

<td>Physics</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>2</td>

<td>Shyam</td>

<td>Math</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>3</td>

<td>Murli</td>

<td>Chemistry</td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>
</body>

</html>

2.Constract the following input components in HTML forms with proper syntax
of the corresponding HTML tags. a) Text Input b) Selectable list with multiple
selection option c) Radio Buttons

Below is an example of how to construct the specified input components in an


HTML form with the proper syntax:

a) Text Input

The <input> tag is used for creating text inputs.

html

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<label for="name">Name:</label>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name" placeholder="Enter your name">

b) Selectable List with Multiple Selection Option

The <select> tag is used to create dropdown lists, and the multiple attribute
allows multiple selections.

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<label for="subjects">Select Subjects:</label>

<select id="subjects" name="subjects" multiple>


<option value="physics">Physics</option>

<option value="math">Math</option>

<option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option>

<option value="biology">Biology</option>

</select>

c) Radio Buttons

The <input> tag with type="radio" is used to create radio buttons. Radio
buttons are grouped by using the same name attribute.

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<p>Choose your gender:</p>

<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender" value="male">

<label for="male">Male</label><br>

<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender" value="female">

<label for="female">Female</label><br>

<input type="radio" id="other" name="gender" value="other">

<label for="other">Other</label>

Full Example in an HTML Form

Here is the full example of a form with all the components:


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<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>HTML Form Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Form with Input Components</h2>

<form>

<!-- Text Input -->

<label for="name">Name:</label>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name" placeholder="Enter your


name">

<br><br>

<!-- Selectable List with Multiple Selection -->

<label for="subjects">Select Subjects:</label>

<select id="subjects" name="subjects" multiple>


<option value="physics">Physics</option>

<option value="math">Math</option>

<option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option>

<option value="biology">Biology</option>

</select>

<br><br>

<!-- Radio Buttons -->

<p>Choose your gender:</p>

<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender" value="male">

<label for="male">Male</label><br>

<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender" value="female">

<label for="female">Female</label><br>

<input type="radio" id="other" name="gender" value="other">

<label for="other">Other</label>

<br><br>

<!-- Submit Button -->

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>
</body>

</html>

Explanation:

Text Input: The user can enter a name using the text input field.

Selectable List (Multiple Selection): The user can select multiple subjects from a
list.

Radio Buttons: The user can select one gender from the available options.

This form can be used as a starting point to gather user input. When submitted,
the form data will be sent to a server (if action and method attributes are
defined on the <form> tag).

3.Explain basic grid system using bootstrap

Basic Grid System Using Bootstrap

Bootstrap's grid system is a powerful, flexible, and responsive way to organize


content on a webpage. It helps you create layouts that automatically adjust
depending on the screen size, making it ideal for building responsive websites.

Overview of Bootstrap Grid System

Bootstrap uses a 12-column grid layout, meaning the screen space is divided
into 12 equal-width columns. The content inside the grid is placed within these
columns, and you can control how many columns each element should span.

The grid system is based on containers, rows, and columns. Here's a breakdown
of each:
Container: A wrapper for the grid system. Containers are used to hold the grid
and align the content within it. There are two types of containers:

.container: Fixed-width container (the width is adjusted based on the viewport


size).

.container-fluid: Full-width container, always 100% of the viewport width.

Row: A horizontal group of columns that are used to create a new line of
content.

Column: The individual content blocks within the grid. Columns are placed
inside rows. The width of the column is specified by the number of columns it
should span out of the 12 available columns.

Basic Grid Syntax

Containers

To begin creating a grid system, you wrap your content in a container.

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<div class="container">

<!-- Grid content here -->

</div>
Rows

Inside the container, you create a row with the .row class. Rows are used to
group columns.

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<div class="container">

<div class="row">

<!-- Columns go here -->

</div>

</div>

Columns

Inside the row, you create columns. To define the size of a column, you use
classes like .col-{breakpoint}-{size}. The breakpoint refers to different screen
sizes (e.g., sm, md, lg, xl), and the size is the number of columns the element
should span (from 1 to 12).

For example:

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<div class="col-4"> <!-- Spans 4 columns out of 12 -->

Content goes here


</div>

Bootstrap Grid System Breakpoints

The grid system in Bootstrap is responsive, meaning it adjusts automatically to


different screen sizes. Bootstrap defines several breakpoints for different
devices:

xs: Extra small (screens smaller than 576px, this is the default, no need to add xs
in the class name)

sm: Small (≥576px)

md: Medium (≥768px)

lg: Large (≥992px)

xl: Extra large (≥1200px)

You can specify how many columns an element should span at different
breakpoints using the following syntax:

.col-{breakpoint}-{size}

Example 1: Basic 12-Column Layout

In the simplest form, if you want to create a grid where the content is evenly
divided across 12 columns:

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Bootstrap Grid Example</title>

<link
href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.
css" rel="stylesheet">

</head>

<body>

<div class="container">

<div class="row">

<div class="col-4">Column 1</div>

<div class="col-4">Column 2</div>

<div class="col-4">Column 3</div>

</div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

In this example, there are 3 columns, and each column spans 4 columns of the
total 12-column grid (4 + 4 + 4 = 12).

Example 2: Responsive Grid System


Here is an example where the number of columns changes based on the screen
size. This is made possible by specifying the col-{breakpoint}-{size} classes:

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<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Responsive Bootstrap Grid</title>

<link
href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.
css" rel="stylesheet">

</head>

<body>

<div class="container">

<div class="row">

<div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">Column 1</div>

<div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">Column 2</div>

<div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">Column 3</div>

</div>

</div>
</body>

</html>

On extra small screens (xs): All columns will take up the full width (12 columns).

On medium screens (md): Each column will span 6 columns (50% of the width).

On large screens (lg): Each column will span 4 columns (33.33% of the width).

This approach makes the layout responsive to different devices, ensuring a user-
friendly experience.

Example 3: Offset and Nesting Columns

Offsets: Sometimes, you may want to create space on the left side of a column.
This can be done using the .offset-{size} class.

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<div class="row">

<div class="col-4 offset-4">Centered Column</div>

</div>

Nesting Columns: You can also nest rows and columns inside other columns,
allowing for more complex layouts.

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<div class="row">
<div class="col-6">

<div class="row">

<div class="col-6">Nested Column 1</div>

<div class="col-6">Nested Column 2</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-6">Main Column 2</div>

</div>

4.Explain Bootstrap Jumbotron and Page Header

Bootstrap Jumbotron and Page Header

Bootstrap provides pre-designed components to help create consistent and


attractive user interfaces with minimal effort. Among these components,
Jumbotron and Page Header are commonly used to add visual emphasis to
certain sections of a webpage. Here's a detailed explanation of each:

1. Bootstrap Jumbotron

A Jumbotron is a large, attention-grabbing section used to highlight important


content or a call to action (CTA). It is typically used at the top of a page or
section to present key information in a large and visually distinct area.
Jumbotrons are commonly used for hero sections, promotional banners, or to
introduce a website’s main message.
Key Features of the Jumbotron:

Large and bold text to grab attention.

Optional background color or image to make it stand out.

Padding and margins to separate it from other content.

Customizable buttons or links for calls to action.

Basic Syntax:

Bootstrap provides the .jumbotron class to create this component. You can also
use other utility classes to customize the content and styling.

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<div class="jumbotron">

<h1 class="display-4">Welcome to My Website!</h1>

<p class="lead">This is a simple hero unit, a jumbotron-style component for


calling extra attention to featured content or information.</p>

<hr class="my-4">

<p>It uses utility classes for typography and spacing to space content out
within the larger container.</p>

<a class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" href="#" role="button">Learn more</a>

</div>

Explanation:

.jumbotron: The main class that defines the jumbotron component.

<h1 class="display-4">: Large heading for emphasis.


.lead: Adds a distinct style to the introductory text.

<hr class="my-4">: Adds a horizontal rule to separate content.

.btn btn-primary: A Bootstrap button for a call to action, styled with the .btn-
primary class.

btn-lg: This class makes the button larger.

Example:

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<div class="jumbotron text-center">

<h1 class="display-3">Welcome to Our Site!</h1>

<p class="lead">We are glad to have you here. Explore our amazing content
and services.</p>

<a class="btn btn-success btn-lg" href="#" role="button">Get Started</a>

</div>

In this example, the jumbotron uses the .text-center class to center-align the
text, creating a visually balanced presentation.

Customization:

You can modify the jumbotron's appearance by changing the background color,
text color, or adding images. You can also make it responsive by using
Bootstrap's grid system.

2. Bootstrap Page Header


The Page Header is a smaller section compared to the Jumbotron, typically used
at the beginning of a page or a section. It provides a consistent style for
headings and introductory content. A Page Header is typically used for creating
headers for specific content sections or for the page title.

Key Features of the Page Header:

Used for titles or section headers.

Gives emphasis to the header while maintaining a clean, simple design.

Supports additional content like small descriptive text or buttons.

Basic Syntax:

The .page-header class is used to create a page header. However, this class was
deprecated in Bootstrap 4 and later versions, so it's recommended to use a
simple combination of heading tags with utility classes for similar effects.

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<div class="page-header">

<h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>

<p class="lead">An example page header for introducing sections of


content.</p>

</div>

Explanation:

.page-header: This class was used in older versions of Bootstrap to style a page
header with padding and margin. However, in Bootstrap 4 and beyond, it's
better to use plain heading elements like <h1>, <h2>, etc., combined with
Bootstrap’s utility classes for spacing and typography.

<h1>: The heading that serves as the title or header for the page or section.

.lead: Adds a distinctive style to introductory text under the heading.

Updated Approach (Bootstrap 4 and later):

Instead of using .page-header, you can use heading tags with utility classes.
Here’s how you can create a page header without using the deprecated .page-
header class:

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<div class="mb-4">

<h1>Welcome to Our Website</h1>

<p class="lead">This page header introduces the content in a clean and simple
manner.</p>

</div>

In this example, the <h1> acts as the page header and the .mb-4 class adds
margin to the bottom, giving it spacing from the following content.

5.What are the different ways an HTML element can be accessed in a JavaScript
code?

In JavaScript, you can access and manipulate HTML elements in several ways,
allowing you to interact with and modify the DOM (Document Object Model).
Here are the different methods used to access HTML elements in JavaScript:
1. Using getElementById()

This method allows you to select an HTML element by its id attribute. It returns
the first element with the specified ID.

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<p id="myParagraph">Hello World!</p>

<script>

var element = document.getElementById("myParagraph");

console.log(element.innerText); // Output: Hello World!

</script>

Use case: When you want to select a specific element with a unique id.

2. Using getElementsByClassName()

This method returns a collection of elements with the specified class name. It
returns a live HTMLCollection (updated automatically when the DOM changes).

html

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<div class="myClass">Element 1</div>

<div class="myClass">Element 2</div>


<script>

var elements = document.getElementsByClassName("myClass");

console.log(elements[0].innerText); // Output: Element 1

console.log(elements[1].innerText); // Output: Element 2

</script>

Use case: When you want to select all elements with the same class.

3. Using getElementsByTagName()

This method selects all elements with the specified tag name (e.g., div, p,
button). It returns a live HTMLCollection.

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<p>Paragraph 1</p>

<p>Paragraph 2</p>

<script>

var paragraphs = document.getElementsByTagName("p");

console.log(paragraphs[0].innerText); // Output: Paragraph 1

</script>

Use case: When you want to select all elements of a specific tag type (e.g., all
paragraphs or all divs).
4. Using querySelector()

This method allows you to select the first element that matches a CSS selector.
It returns a single element.

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<p class="text">First paragraph</p>

<p class="text">Second paragraph</p>

<script>

var element = document.querySelector(".text");

console.log(element.innerText); // Output: First paragraph

</script>

Use case: When you want to select an element using a CSS selector (classes, IDs,
attributes, etc.). It allows more flexible querying than the previous methods.

5. Using querySelectorAll()

This method returns all matching elements as a NodeList (which is static, unlike
the live HTMLCollection). It allows you to use any CSS selector to select
elements.

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<p class="text">First paragraph</p>


<p class="text">Second paragraph</p>

<script>

var elements = document.querySelectorAll(".text");

console.log(elements[0].innerText); // Output: First paragraph

console.log(elements[1].innerText); // Output: Second paragraph

</script>

Use case: When you want to select multiple elements matching a CSS selector,
such as multiple elements with a specific class.

6. Using getAttribute()

While not a direct method of accessing an element, you can use getAttribute()
to retrieve attributes of elements after accessing them.

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<a href="https://example.com" id="link">Click Here</a>

<script>

var link = document.getElementById("link");

var hrefValue = link.getAttribute("href");

console.log(hrefValue); // Output: https://example.com

</script>
Use case: After selecting an element, you can use this method to retrieve values
of specific attributes.

7. Using parentElement, children, and querySelector on a parent element

You can also access elements by navigating through their relationship in the
DOM, such as accessing parent, child, or sibling elements.

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<div id="parent">

<p id="child">This is a child paragraph.</p>

</div>

<script>

var parent = document.getElementById("parent");

var child = parent.querySelector("#child");

console.log(child.innerText); // Output: This is a child paragraph.

</script>

Use case: Useful when you need to access elements based on their relationship
with other elements (parent-child relationships).

8. Using document.forms (for form elements)

If you're working with form elements, you can access them via the
document.forms collection by form name or index.
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<form name="myForm">

<input type="text" name="username" id="username">

</form>

<script>

var form = document.forms["myForm"];

var usernameInput = form["username"];

console.log(usernameInput.value); // Output: (value of username input field)

</script>

Use case: When you are working with forms and want to access form elements
by their name or index.

9. Using dataset for data attributes

You can also access custom data attributes defined using the data-* attributes.
This is useful for accessing and storing extra information on DOM elements.

html

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<div id="product" data-price="29.99" data-id="12345">Product Info</div>

<script>
var product = document.getElementById("product");

console.log(product.dataset.price); // Output: 29.99

console.log(product.dataset.id); // Output: 12345

</script>

Use case: To store and retrieve custom data on elements, particularly useful for
dynamic web applications.

6.Build a Javascript program to define a user defined function for sorting the
values in an array.

To create a JavaScript program that defines a user-defined function for sorting


the values in an array, we can write a simple sorting function. One common way
to sort an array in JavaScript is using the Bubble Sort algorithm, which iterates
over the array, comparing adjacent elements and swapping them if they are in
the wrong order. Although it's not the most efficient sorting algorithm, it's easy
to understand and implement.

Here's how you can create a user-defined function to sort an array using Bubble
Sort:

JavaScript Program: Sorting an Array using Bubble Sort

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// Define a user-defined function to sort an array


function bubbleSort(arr) {

let n = arr.length; // Get the length of the array

// Traverse through all elements in the array

for (let i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {

// Last i elements are already sorted, no need to check them

for (let j = 0; j < n - i - 1; j++) {

// If the current element is greater than the next element, swap them

if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {

let temp = arr[j]; // Temporary variable to store the current element

arr[j] = arr[j + 1]; // Swap the current element with the next element

arr[j + 1] = temp; // Assign the original current element to the next


element's position

return arr; // Return the sorted array

// Example usage

let numbers = [34, 12, 65, 23, 90, 4, 56];

console.log("Original Array:", numbers);


let sortedNumbers = bubbleSort(numbers);

console.log("Sorted Array:", sortedNumbers);

Explanation:

bubbleSort function: This is the user-defined function that sorts the array. It
accepts an array arr as its parameter.

The outer loop runs through all the elements of the array, while the inner loop
compares each element with the next one and swaps them if the current
element is greater than the next.

After each complete iteration of the inner loop, the largest element "bubbles"
to the end of the array. This is why the outer loop reduces the number of
comparisons in each pass (n - i - 1).

Example Usage:

The array numbers is passed to the bubbleSort() function, and the sorted array
is returned and printed.

Example Output:

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Original Array: [34, 12, 65, 23, 90, 4, 56]

Sorted Array: [4, 12, 23, 34, 56, 65, 90]

Alternative Sorting Method: Using JavaScript's sort() Method

If you want a simpler, built-in approach to sorting the array (though it's not
custom), you can use JavaScript's built-in sort() method:

javascript
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let numbers = [34, 12, 65, 23, 90, 4, 56];

console.log("Original Array:", numbers);

numbers.sort((a, b) => a - b); // Sort the array in ascending order

console.log("Sorted Array:", numbers);

Explanation: The sort() method by default sorts elements as strings, so to sort


numbers correctly, you need to provide a comparison function: (a, b) => a - b for
ascending order.

7.What are the features of React?

React is a popular JavaScript library for building user interfaces, particularly for
single-page applications where you need to manage dynamic content efficiently.
React has a number of features that make it powerful and widely used by
developers. Below are the key features of React:

1. Component-Based Architecture

Description: React encourages the development of applications using


components, which are self-contained and reusable units of code. Components
can be thought of as building blocks for your UI.

Benefit: This modularity allows for easier code maintenance, testing, and
reusability. Developers can build complex UIs by combining smaller
components.
Example: A button component, form component, or a card component that can
be reused across different parts of an application.

2. JSX (JavaScript XML)

Description: JSX is a syntax extension for JavaScript that looks similar to HTML
but is actually a syntax for creating React elements. It allows you to write HTML-
like code in your JavaScript files, making it easier to visualize the UI.

Benefit: JSX provides a more intuitive and readable way to structure the UI
compared to traditional JavaScript.

Example:

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const element = <h1>Hello, World!</h1>;

3. Virtual DOM

Description: React uses a virtual DOM to optimize the rendering process. The
virtual DOM is a lightweight in-memory representation of the actual DOM.
When the state of an object changes, React updates the virtual DOM first, then
compares it with the previous version (a process called reconciliation) and
applies only the necessary changes to the actual DOM.

Benefit: This improves performance by minimizing direct manipulations of the


actual DOM, which are slow, and ensures that only the necessary updates are
made.

Example: If a user clicks a button to change a state, React will only update the
relevant DOM nodes rather than the entire UI.

4. Unidirectional Data Flow (One-Way Data Binding)


Description: In React, data flows in a single direction, meaning that data is
passed from parent components to child components through props
(properties). A component’s state can only be modified internally by itself.

Benefit: This makes it easier to understand how data changes in the application
and helps to avoid side effects. It also makes debugging easier since the flow of
data is predictable.

Example:

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const Parent = () => {

const [name, setName] = useState('John');

return <Child name={name} />;

};

5. State Management

Description: React components can maintain their own local state (data that
affects how a component behaves or renders). React’s useState hook (for
functional components) and setState method (for class components) are used to
manage and update state.

Benefit: State management allows components to respond to user interactions


and update the UI dynamically.

Example:

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const [counter, setCounter] = useState(0);


setCounter(counter + 1); // Update the state and re-render the component

6. Hooks (for Functional Components)

Description: React Hooks are functions that let you use state and other React
features in functional components. Common hooks include useState, useEffect,
useContext, useReducer, etc.

Benefit: Hooks simplify code and allow functional components to have the same
capabilities as class components (e.g., local state, side effects).

Example:

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useEffect(() => {

console.log('Component mounted');

}, []); // Runs once when the component mounts

7. React Router (for Navigation)

Description: React Router is a library for implementing routing in React


applications. It allows for navigation between different components or views
within a single-page application (SPA).

Benefit: It simplifies the process of creating dynamic, URL-based navigation


without needing to reload the page.

Example:

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<BrowserRouter>

<Routes>
<Route path="/" element={<Home />} />

<Route path="/about" element={<About />} />

</Routes>

</BrowserRouter>

8. Context API (for State Management)

Description: The Context API allows you to pass data through the component
tree without having to manually pass props down at every level.

Benefit: This is especially useful for global state management or when you need
to share data (such as user authentication or theme preferences) across many
components.

Example:

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const ThemeContext = React.createContext('light');

const ThemeProvider = ({ children }) => {

return <ThemeContext.Provider
value="dark">{children}</ThemeContext.Provider>;

};

9. React DevTools

Description: React DevTools is a browser extension that provides advanced


tools for inspecting and debugging React applications.

Benefit: Developers can easily inspect component hierarchies, state, props, and
much more, which helps in debugging and optimizing React apps.
Example: Using React DevTools to inspect the state and props of components in
real time while the app is running.

10. Component Lifecycle Methods (for Class Components)

Description: In class components, React provides lifecycle methods to run code


at specific points in a component’s life cycle (e.g., componentDidMount,
componentDidUpdate, componentWillUnmount).

Benefit: This allows developers to execute code at specific points (e.g., when the
component mounts, updates, or unmounts).

Example:

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

componentDidMount() {

console.log('Component mounted');

render() {

return <div>Hello</div>;

11. Performance Optimization

Description: React has several features that help optimize performance, such as
shouldComponentUpdate (in class components), React.memo (in functional
components), and lazy loading.
Benefit: These features help avoid unnecessary re-renders and improve the
efficiency of rendering large applications.

Example: Using React.memo to prevent re-rendering of components that have


not changed:

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const MyComponent = React.memo((props) => {

return <div>{props.value}</div>;

});

12. Server-Side Rendering (SSR) and Static Site Generation (SSG)

Description: React can be rendered on the server side using frameworks like
Next.js, which enables server-side rendering (SSR) and static site generation
(SSG).

Benefit: This improves SEO (search engine optimization), as search engines can
crawl server-rendered pages more effectively. It also enhances initial load time.

Example: Next.js provides built-in support for SSR and SSG.

8.Make use of life cycle methods in class component?

In React, lifecycle methods are special methods that are invoked at specific
stages of a component's life, such as when it's being created, updated, or
removed from the DOM. These methods are only available in class components
(not in functional components, unless using Hooks in React).

Here is an explanation of the most common lifecycle methods in React class


components:
1. constructor()

Purpose: The constructor is called when the component is created. It's used for
initializing state, binding methods, and setting up initial values.

Usage: You can use this method to initialize the state or bind event handlers.

jsx

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {

super(props); // Calling the parent constructor

this.state = {

count: 0

};

render() {

return <h1>{this.state.count}</h1>;

2. componentDidMount()

Purpose: This method is called once, immediately after the component is


mounted (inserted into the tree). It’s commonly used for operations like
fetching data, adding event listeners, or setting up external libraries.
Usage: Use componentDidMount for tasks that need to happen after the
component has been rendered, such as making API calls.

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

componentDidMount() {

console.log('Component has mounted');

// Example: Fetch data from API

fetch('https://api.example.com/data')

.then(response => response.json())

.then(data => console.log(data));

render() {

return <div>Data will be fetched here.</div>;

3. shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState)

Purpose: This method is used to determine if the component should re-render


when new props or state are received. By default, React re-renders every time
the state or props change, but you can use this method to prevent unnecessary
re-renders.
Usage: You can use it for performance optimization. Return false to prevent re-
rendering.

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState) {

if (nextState.count === this.state.count) {

return false; // Prevent re-render if count hasn't changed

return true;

render() {

return <h1>{this.state.count}</h1>;

4. componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState)

Purpose: This method is called after the component has been updated (i.e.,
when the state or props have changed). It's a good place for performing
operations after a component has re-rendered, like fetching new data based on
updated props or state.

Usage: Use componentDidUpdate to respond to prop or state changes.

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {

if (prevState.count !== this.state.count) {

console.log('Count has updated');

render() {

return <h1>{this.state.count}</h1>;

5. componentWillUnmount()

Purpose: This method is called just before the component is unmounted


(removed from the DOM). It's used for cleanup, such as clearing timers,
canceling network requests, or removing event listeners.

Usage: Use this to clean up resources before the component is destroyed.

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

componentWillUnmount() {

console.log('Component will be removed');


// Example: Clean up timers or cancel API requests

render() {

return <h1>Goodbye</h1>;

6. getDerivedStateFromProps(nextProps, nextState)

Purpose: This is a static method that is called before each render, both during
the initial mount and on updates. It's used to update the state based on changes
in props.

Usage: Useful for synchronizing state with props.

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

static getDerivedStateFromProps(nextProps, nextState) {

if (nextProps.someValue !== nextState.value) {

return {

value: nextProps.someValue

};

return null; // No state update


}

render() {

return <h1>{this.state.value}</h1>;

7. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState)

Purpose: This method is called right before the changes are applied to the DOM.
It allows you to capture information (like scroll position or other visual
properties) from the DOM before it is updated.

Usage: Often used for capturing scroll positions, media queries, or other DOM-
related info.

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {

if (prevState.count !== this.state.count) {

return { scrollPosition: window.scrollY }; // Capture scroll position

return null;

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState, snapshot) {


if (snapshot) {

console.log('Scroll position before update:', snapshot.scrollPosition);

render() {

return <h1>{this.state.count}</h1>;

8. render()

Purpose: The render() method is required in all class components. It's the
method where you define the JSX to be displayed by the component.

Usage: The render() method should return JSX or null. It’s invoked every time
the state or props change.

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

render() {

return <h1>Hello, {this.props.name}</h1>;

Example of a Class Component Using Lifecycle Methods:


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class Counter extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {

super(props);

this.state = {

count: 0

};

componentDidMount() {

console.log("Component has mounted");

shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState) {

if (nextState.count === this.state.count) {

return false; // Prevent unnecessary re-renders

return true;

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
if (prevState.count !== this.state.count) {

console.log("Count has updated!");

componentWillUnmount() {

console.log("Component will unmount");

increment = () => {

this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });

};

render() {

return (

<div>

<h1>{this.state.count}</h1>

<button onClick={this.increment}>Increment</button>

</div>

);

}
9.Apply the concept of redux with real time example t?

Understanding Redux with a Real-Time Example

Redux is a state management library commonly used with React (although it can
be used with other libraries too). It provides a predictable state container that
helps manage the state of your application in a centralized and consistent
manner. Redux is particularly useful for managing state in large-scale
applications where multiple components need access to the same data or need
to communicate with each other.

Key Concepts of Redux:

Store: The central place where the state of your application lives.

Actions: Plain JavaScript objects that describe an event or action that has
occurred.

Reducers: Functions that specify how the application's state changes in


response to actions.

Dispatch: A function used to send actions to the Redux store to update the
state.

State: The application data that is stored in the Redux store.

Real-Time Example: A To-Do List Application

Let’s build a simple to-do list application using React and Redux.

Steps to Implement Redux in a To-Do List App:


Set Up Redux:

Create actions for adding and removing tasks.

Create a reducer to handle how the tasks state changes based on those actions.

Set up the store to hold the state of the application.

Connecting Redux to React:

Use connect from react-redux to connect the Redux store with React
components.

Dispatch actions from the UI to update the Redux state.

1. Setting Up Redux in a To-Do List App

Action Types:

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// actions/types.js

export const ADD_TODO = 'ADD_TODO';

export const REMOVE_TODO = 'REMOVE_TODO';

Actions:

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// actions/todoActions.js

import { ADD_TODO, REMOVE_TODO } from './types';

// Action to add a todo item

export const addTodo = (todo) => {

return {

type: ADD_TODO,

payload: todo

};

};

// Action to remove a todo item

export const removeTodo = (id) => {

return {

type: REMOVE_TODO,

payload: id

};

};

Reducers:

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// reducers/todoReducer.js

import { ADD_TODO, REMOVE_TODO } from '../actions/types';

// Initial state for the todos

const initialState = {

todos: []

};

// Reducer function to handle actions

const todoReducer = (state = initialState, action) => {

switch (action.type) {

case ADD_TODO:

return {

...state,

todos: [...state.todos, { id: Date.now(), task: action.payload }]

};

case REMOVE_TODO:

return {

...state,

todos: state.todos.filter(todo => todo.id !== action.payload)

};

default:
return state;

};

export default todoReducer;

Store Setup:

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// store.js

import { createStore } from 'redux';

import { Provider } from 'react-redux';

import todoReducer from './reducers/todoReducer';

// Create Redux store with the root reducer

const store = createStore(todoReducer);

// Wrap your React application with the Redux provider to pass the store

export default store;

2. Connecting Redux with React Components

Now that we have set up the actions, reducers, and store, let’s connect Redux
with our React components.
To-Do List Component:

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// components/TodoList.js

import React, { useState } from 'react';

import { connect } from 'react-redux';

import { addTodo, removeTodo } from '../actions/todoActions';

const TodoList = ({ todos, addTodo, removeTodo }) => {

const [task, setTask] = useState('');

const handleAddTodo = () => {

if (task.trim()) {

addTodo(task);

setTask('');

};

return (

<div>
<h2>To-Do List</h2>

<input

type="text"

value={task}

onChange={(e) => setTask(e.target.value)}

placeholder="Enter a new task"

/>

<button onClick={handleAddTodo}>Add Task</button>

<ul>

{todos.map(todo => (

<li key={todo.id}>

{todo.task}

<button onClick={() => removeTodo(todo.id)}>Delete</button>

</li>

))}

</ul>

</div>

);

};

// Mapping state from Redux store to props

const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({


todos: state.todos

});

// Mapping dispatch actions to props

const mapDispatchToProps = {

addTodo,

removeTodo

};

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(TodoList);

3. App Component

The App component is where we will connect the Redux store to the entire
application using the Provider component from react-redux.

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// App.js

import React from 'react';

import { Provider } from 'react-redux';

import store from './store';

import TodoList from './components/TodoList';


const App = () => {

return (

<Provider store={store}>

<div>

<h1>My To-Do List App</h1>

<TodoList />

</div>

</Provider>

);

};

export default App;

4. Explanation of the Code:

Actions:

addTodo creates an action to add a new task. It takes the task as a parameter
and adds it to the payload of the action.

removeTodo creates an action to remove a task by its ID.

Reducers:

todoReducer manages the state of the to-do list. It listens for ADD_TODO and
REMOVE_TODO actions and updates the state accordingly.
Redux Store:

createStore is used to create the Redux store, which holds the state. The
Provider component from react-redux wraps the application to provide the
store to all components.

React Components:

The TodoList component uses connect from react-redux to connect to the Redux
store and dispatch actions (addTodo and removeTodo) based on user
interaction.

The mapStateToProps function maps the Redux state (the list of todos) to the
component's props, while mapDispatchToProps maps the dispatch functions
(addTodo and removeTodo) to the component's props.

5. How Redux Works in This Example:

Adding a Task:

When the user enters a task and clicks "Add Task", the addTodo action is
dispatched to the Redux store with the task.

The todoReducer listens for the ADD_TODO action, updates the state, and the
new task is added to the list in the Redux store.

Removing a Task:

When the user clicks the "Delete" button next to a task, the removeTodo action
is dispatched with the task's ID.
The todoReducer listens for the REMOVE_TODO action, removes the task from
the todos array in the state, and updates the UI.

UI Update:

Because the component is connected to the Redux store, it automatically re-


renders with the new state whenever the state changes (such as adding or
removing a task).

6. Real-Time Redux in a To-Do App:

This example demonstrates how Redux manages application state in a simple,


predictable manner. The state (the to-do list) is centrally managed in the Redux
store, and components interact with it by dispatching actions. Redux ensures
that the state updates are predictable, which is especially helpful when building
more complex applications where many components need to interact with the
same data.

10.Draw a diagram showing how data flows through Redux.

Here's a simple explanation of how data flows through Redux, with a


corresponding diagram description:

View/Component: This is where the UI resides. When a user interacts with the
interface (e.g., clicks a button), an action is dispatched.

Action: An action is a plain JavaScript object that describes the event that
occurred (like adding an item to a to-do list). The action is dispatched to the
Redux store.
Reducer: Once the action is dispatched, the reducer function receives the
current state and the action. It calculates and returns a new state based on the
action type.

Store: The Redux store holds the current application state. After the reducer
processes the action, the store is updated with the new state.

View/Component Re-renders: The updated state is passed back to the React


component, and the view re-renders to reflect the new state.

Data Flow Diagram:

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+------------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+

| View/Component | ---> | Action | ---> | Reducer |

+------------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+

^ | |

| v |

| +--------------+ |

| | Store | <----------+

| +--------------+

| |

+------------------------> v

+------------------+

| View/Component |

+------------------+
This diagram shows the flow of data:

The view/component dispatches an action.

The action goes to the reducer, which processes it and updates the store.

The updated store state is then passed down to the view/component, which re-
renders with the new state.

This unidirectional data flow is what makes Redux predictable and easier to
debug.

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