CHAPTER -1

INTRODUTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Automobile vehicles have become integral part of our lives. With growing
number of vehicles on road, the numbers of traffic accidents are also
increasing. It is important to prevent the chances of accidents and to protect
the passengers when accidents occur. Air bags provide safety, but they are
costly. Safety, being a matter of prime importance, cannot be compromised
for cost. Hence our attempt is to provide a reliable and safe system at low
cost. Though there are different causes for these accidents but proper
technology of braking system and technology to reduce the damage (such as
pneumatic bumper system) during accident can be effective on the accident
rates. So, in today’s world, implementation of proper (automatic) braking
system to prevent the accidents is a must for vehicles. Therefore, pre-
crashing system is demanded. Such a system will prevent accidents on roads
with poor visibility by using proximity sensors to detect other vehicles, or
any other obstacle in the pat

Driving is a compulsory activity for most people. People use cars to

move from one place to another. The number of vehicles is increasing day
by day. Nowadays, the numbers of accident is so high and uncertain.
Accidents occur frequently and cause worse damage, serious injury and
death. These accidents are mostly caused by delay of the driver to hit the
brake. The braking system was designed and applied on a car to make the
driving process safety using embedded system design. Currently, vehicles
are often equipped with active safety systems to reduce the risk of accidents,
many of which occur in the urban environments. The most popular include
Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), Traction Control and Stability Control.

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All these systems employ different types of sensors to constantly monitor
the conditions of the vehicle, and respond in an emergency situation.

The Braking System is the most critical system in vehicle. In braking

system kinetic energy converted into thermal energy. In electromagnetic
brake the coil attracts a steel disc. In electro-magnetic braking system
electro-magnetic property is used to apply brakes. In this system
electromagnet iron plate, liners, tension spring, stud, disc brake plate are
used. Electromagnet consists of wire wound over a soft iron core. This
ability of an electromagnet provides a strong magnetic force of attraction

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The statement of the project is “Design & Fabrication of Intelligent
braking system” to decrease the rate of accidents caused due to driver’s
irresponsibility, Alcohol consumption & much more. In our project work we
going to solve this solution to this problem by using intelligent braking
system Most of the accident occurs due to the delay of the driver to hit the
brake, so in this project work braking system is developed such that when it
is active it can apply brake depending upon the object sensed by the
ultrasonic sensor and speed of vehicle In Indian scenario normally vehicles
are equipped with ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System), traction control, brake
assist etc. for driver's safety. This paper focuses on a system known as
'Intelligent braking system' (IBS) which employ several sensors to respond
when emergency conditions occur. The system includes an infrared wave
emitter provided on the front portion of the car. An infrared receiver is also
fitted to receive the signal. The reflected wave gives the distance between
the obstacle and the vehicle we analyse the proposed system of Intelligent
braking of various researchers and car manufacturers. The proposed system
of Intelligent braking system contain pneumatic braking followed by
ultrasonic sensor and Arduino uno microcontroller.

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1.3 BENEFITS TO THE CUSTOMER
 Intelligent reverse braking system offers the safe driving with reliable
reverse braking.
 As it uses pneumatic force to operate the brake, it does not require any
manual force which consequently reduces the fatigue in braking
Driving is a compulsory activity for most people.
 People use their car to move from one place to another place. The
numbers of vehicles are increasing day by day.
 Proportionally, the numbers of accidents are also increasing.
Accidents cause worse damage, serious injury and death. They are
mostly caused by the delay of the driver to hit the brake.
 The use of electronic components in automobiles is set to accelerate
and with ongoing efforts to improve safety and comfort.
 Cars makers in many countries have contributed to automobiles
technology by developing systems such as rear view camera system,
road-to-vehicle and inter vehicle communication system,
 Auto-parking system and new car technology for intelligent cars such
as intelligent transport system, hybrid car, electric car and hydrogen
fueled car.
 Around 250 electronic components are presently being used in a car.
Therefore, a system is proposed which will help in enhancing the
performance of vehicles and thus contributing to the upcoming
automobiles technology.
 To develop safety, when car gets too close to an obstacle, an alarm is
triggered which may warn the driver. In this process, human error is
also included.
 The actual time to stop the car is response time taken by the driver
plus the time required by the braking system to brake the car and time

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1.4 CURRENT TRENDS

In conventional vehicles there are different mechanism operated for

braking system like use of hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical system. But all
these braking mechanisms receive the input signal directly from the driver by
application of force on brake pedal. Thus, braking of vehicles is totally manual
operated. So, if the driver fails to see the obstacle in front of his driving vehicle
or fails to apply proper braking force on the brake pedal, he may lose the
control of his vehicle, leading to accident. Also the driver may not able to pay
complete attention when driving at night. So there are many chances of
accidents. Urgent application of brakes can result in veering of the vehicles due
to skidding of tyres. Moreover, due to sudden application of brakes there are
chances of other vehicles dashing from back. Hence, there is no provision to
minimize the damage of vehicles. Thus, the current designed system only fairly
reduces the damage of vehicle and/or passengers.

Air bags provide safety, but they are costly. Safety, being a matter of
prime importance, cannot be compromised for cost. Hence our attempt is to
provide a reliable and safe system at low cost. Though there are different
causes for these accidents but proper technology of braking system and
technology to reduce the damage (such as pneumatic bumper system) during
accident can be effective on the accident rates. So, in today’s world,
implementation of proper (automatic) braking system to prevent the accidents
is a must for vehicles. Therefore, pre-crashing system is demanded. Such a
system will prevent accidents on roads with poor visibility by using proximity
sensors to detect other vehicles, or any other obstacle in the path.

1.5 DEFINITION

An intelligent mechatronic system includes an ultrasonic wave emitter

provided on the front portion of a car producing and emitting ultrasonic waves

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frontward in a predetermined distance. An ultrasonic receiver is also placed on
the front portion of the car operatively receiving a reflective ultrasonic wave
signal. The reflected wave (detected pulse) gives the distance between the
obstacle and the vehicle and RPM counter gives speed of vehicle. The
microcontroller is used to control the braking of the vehicle based on the
detection pulse information to push the brake pedal and apply brake to the car
stupendously for safety purpose. In conventional vehicles there are different
mechanism operated for braking system like use of hydraulic, pneumatic, or
mechanical system. But all these braking mechanisms receive the input signal
directly from the driver by application of force on brake pedal. Thus, braking
of vehicles is totally manual operated. So, if the driver fails to see the obstacle
in front of his driving vehicle or fails to apply proper braking force on the brake
pedal, he may lose the control of his vehicle, leading to accident. Also the
driver may not able to pay complete attention when driving at night. So there
are many chances of accidents. Urgent application of brakes can result in
veering of the vehicles due to skidding of tyres. Moreover, due to sudden
application of brakes there are chances of other vehicles dashing from back.
Hence, there is no provision to minimize the damage of vehicles. Thus, the
current designed system only fairly reduces the damage of vehicle and or
passengers.

Analog electronic circuits are those in which current or voltage may

vary continuously with time to correspond to the information being
represented. Analog circuitry is constructed from two fundamental building
blocks: series and parallel circuits. In a series circuit, the same current passes
through a series of components. if one goes out, they all do. In a parallel circuit,
all the components are connected to the same voltage, and the current divides
between the various components according to their resistance.

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1.6 NEED OF INTELLIGENT REVERSE BRAKING

Years ago, when car is get too close to an obstacle an alarm is triggered
which worn the driver. In this process human error is also included. The actual
time to stop the car is response time taken by the driver plus the time required
to taken by the braking system to brake the car and time of response of driver
is much greater. Hence, it is required to make automatic reverse braking. We
use pneumatically operated reverse braking which is activate when IR sensor
senses an obstacle. This system is mainly divided into two categories according
to operation

For the detection of obstacle behind the car, the ultrasonic sensor
transmitter and receiver circuit is required. The output from this circuit is sends
to the solenoid valve which helps in pneumatic braking.

When ultrasonic sensor gives input to solenoid valve then a pneumatic

brake applied to the car. For this operation pneumatic force is used to apply the
brake.

A problem that often concerned by the driver is the areas which cannot
be seen by side view and rear view mirrors, which is called as blind spot region
of vehicle. Vehicles in the adjacent lanes of the road may fall into these blind
spots, and a driver may be unable to see adjacent vehicle using only the car's
mirrors. Other areas that are sometimes called blind spots are those that are too
low to see behind and in front of a vehicle. Also, in cases where side vision is
hindered, areas to the left or right can become blind spots as well. In several
accident cases, it has happened because of driver’s inability to monitor the
blind spot region well. The main objective for this project is that the car can
automatically brake when driving in reverse due to obstacles when sensor
senses the obstacles. And also to eliminate the blind spot regions by sensing

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the vehicle in sideways by the sensors and reducing the accidents and the driver
could safely change the lane on roads.

1.7 PROPOSED WORK

The proposed auto-braking system consists of obstacle sensors

embedded in vehicle which will detect the obstacles on the reverse path and
send signal to describes the general block diagram of our proposed system The
output of obstacle sensor is in analog form, but FPGA requires data in digital
form and hence we require a circuit called as Sensing circuit. Sensing circuit
will convert the analog data into digital form, that is, the analog output of
sensor is converted to digital and is given to FPGA. ADC is used as a sensing
circuit. The behaviour of FPGA is defined by VHDL which acts as controller
logic is designed with the help of FSM, which will sense the object according
the digital input and action will be taken accordingly. The output is provided
by switching circuits such as tail lights or LEDS. Practically, the final output
is connected to mechanical system which is actually connected to breaking
system of vehicle, which is responsible for applying brakes thus leading to the
concept of automatic breaking.

The processing part in our system is FPGA (Field Programmable Gate

Array) as a controller to which the sensors are interfaced. FPGA accepts the
signal from sensors and process the signals and generats the instructions and
transfers the generated instruction to control unit of transmission and brakes of
vehicle. FPGA can be used to implement any logical functions that an ASIC
could perform and has an advantage to update the functionality after shipping
reconfiguration of design and low non-recurring engineering cost relative to
ASIC design. The behaviour of FPGA is defined by VHDL. It acts as a
controller logic designed with the help of FSM logic, which will sense the
object according the digital input and action will be taken accordingly The final

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 output is connected to mechanical part of braking system thus leading to the
concept of automatic braking.

proposed method will automatically inform about the hurdle in the path
of the vehicle on the display with the help of different sensors. Ultrasonic
sensors are connected in the vehicle to sense the object (Hurdle) and then send
signals to the controller. The controller takes different actions based on these
signals in order to create a safe environment for the driver. After detecting the
obstacle in front of the car, we will directly view the distance between the car
and obstacle on the LED display. When the distance between two cars or
distance between cars & obstacle is very small, means if accidents like situation
are detected by sensor then the automatic braking system is activated.

1.8 OBJECTIVE

 Create a prototype model to demonstrate the idea of an automated brake in a

vehicle while travelling on a slope in mountainous terrain.
 To build a model of the same to demonstrate how intelligent braking on slopes
on a mountainous road works.
 To give alternatives for safety when operating a vehicle on a mountainous
terrain
 To put the model to the test under various speed and slope situations.
 Assistant drivers to avoid collisions with vehicles and pedestrian’s ahead
 For safety and reliably decelerate the vehicle, regardless of its speed
 The system helps avoid collision with pedestrians, objects or other vehicles
while reversing
 Improve driver awareness and it provides real time assistance to the driver
 The system reduces the risk of the damaging property such as fence, wall or
other vehicles
 Increase safety for vulnerable road user

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 Overall the intelligent reverse braking system aims to reduce accidents and
make reversing a vehicle safer and more convenient
 To provide driver with the means to control and stops the vehicle to prevent
accident
 To allow the driver to modulate the vehicle speed enabling smooth deceleration
and controlled stop
 To ensure that system functions consistently and reliably under variance
conditions including emergencies
 To tailor the brake force to different driving condition
 Integrate with vehicles systems like ABS, ECS increases the safety

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 CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Dhanya, et.al (2021) [1] The auto-braking mechanism to maintain a set
distance. A clever pre-collision smart security system is provided. Using a
sensor, this module can measure the distance between your car and the one
in front of it, and if the driver doesn't slow down, it will apply the brakes
automatically. Your car's speed and the distance between it and the next
closest vehicle are shown by the system

Eung Soo Kim,et.al (2020) [2] In order to reduce car crashes in the back,
it is important to judge the need for emergency evacuation as soon as
possible and start assistance naturally. On the other hand, we obtained a
mathematical model of driver sensitivity of proximity to the vehicle
following the condition and a proven model of successful driver slowing
down to define speed-reduction patterns and braking time for a professional
driver. In this study, an automatic brake system will be proposed to avoid
collisions based on the profile of the brake profile and the brakes of the
professional driver's brakes for smooth, environmentally friendly brake
assistance. It will be shown that the proposed control method can produce a
smooth profile in a variety of contexts.

2.1 BASED ON ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Mohd.Shahrizan, et.al (2020) [3] Ultrasonic waves are discharged from a

ultrasonic wave producer mounted on the facade of a separable brake vehicle
and coordinated at a foreordained distance before the vehicle by the
ultrasonic wave vehicle slowing mechanism. The front of the car is outfitted
with a ultrasonic beneficiary, which is initiated by getting a presentation of
the ultrasonic wave signal as shown by the hindrances laid out inside the
pre-decided distance before the vehicle for mechanized slowing down.

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Sairam, et.al (2021) [4] Now a days, sophisticated safety features are often
placed in automobiles to lessen the danger of accidents, many of which
occur in cities. ABS, traction control, and stability management are the three
most prevalent braking systems. They all monitor the vehicle's state and
react in an emergency using several sorts of sensors at all times. In this work,
the speed of the automobile being monitored by ultrasonic sensors is
increased for safety purposes.

Divya Thakur, et.al (2020) [5] Auto-Braking System using Sensor was
proposed to prevent front-end, rear-end, right-turn and left -turn accidents
on roads. This module can detect the distance between front vehicle and
driver’s vehicle to keep a constant distance using a sensor and operate the
brake system. All the above proposed design models contributed to safety
of vehicles and pedestrians. It prevented rear end crashes, provided ABS
for sharp turns or slippery roads. But all these are applicable for vehicles
running in conventional direction, so we need to develop systems which
enhances the performance and safety of vehicles when it moves in reverse
direction. A model designed on reversing of vehicles provided detection of
obstacle, speed control mechanism based on binocular cameras. Thus, in
this paper we propose “Automatic Reverse Braking system” to prevent
collision by using sensors to detect obstacles. The “Automatic Reverse
Braking system” is processing the sensor data and controlling the vehicle
to prevent accidents

Dixit,et.al (2019) [6] suggests that, stochastic signomial geometric

programming is an effective tool for the optimum design of a brake disc
considering random nature of design variables. This program also takes into
account the probability of satisfying constraint equation, so that, the design
approach is more realistic. The calculation equations in this approach are as

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such introduced for the design of a brake disc for a light duty passenger
vehicle.

Abhay Bendekar, et.al (2019) [7] proposed a system consists of Opto

sensor, control valve with power supply, solenoid valve, control valve, air
tank. Opto sensor transmit the pulse if the obstacles is present in path of
vehicle, the pulse gets reflected back and falls on receiver. The signal is then
sent to control circuit and the solenoid valve get activated. This solenoid
valve passes the compressed air in pneumatic cylinder which pushes the
piston forward. The car brakes apply by determining the speed of vehicle
M. Rajyalakshmi, et.al (2019) [8] proposed a safety system with the use of
ultrasonic sensors and Arduino uno microcontroller for governing the speed
of a vehicle which they referred as ‘intelligent mechatronic braking system’.
It consists an ultrasonic wave emitter and receiver allocated on the front
section of a car emitting and receiving ultrasonic waves frontward in a fixed
distance. For governing the speed of the vehicle a microcontroller is utilised
based on the sensing pulse information to push the brake pedal and apply
brake for safety purpose.
2.2 BASED ON IR SENSOR
Venkatesh . N, et.al (2019) [9] introduced a system electronically controlled
automotive braking system termed as 'automatic reverse braking system'.
They used an IR sensor to transmit the infra-red rays. IR transmitter transmit
infra-red rays this ray detects the obstacle in path. If obstacle is present in
path, reflected rays received by IR receiver. IR sensor sent signal to control
circuit, control circuit activate the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve passes
compressed air in double acting pneumatic cylinder. Pneumatic pushes a
piston forward and brakes are applied gradually and suddenly due to piston
movement. The braking speed is controlled by ' flow control valve'

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Ashwin Francis, et.al (2018) [10] proposed ‘intelligent braking system’
for automotive vehicles to decrease the number of accidents by an easy
solution of controlling the speed of the vehicles. This system uses GPS
coordinates to find the present zones that are the most accident vulnerable
like schools and hospital areas. When the vehicle enter to this zone, system
automatically limit the speed by applying a brake. The system was equipped
with Electronic Brake Control Module (EBCM), Arduino
(microcontroller), Bluetooth module, and a GPS module.
Rajanikantha. M,et.al (2018) [11] introduced an Advanced Adaptive
Cruise Control System for an automobile for the governs speeds and
distances typical in city traffic. This gives support to the driver in the task
of longitudinal control of their vehicle during motorway driving by using
ultrasonic sensor. In this research paper, the implementation of hardware
and the results obtained had been discussed. The research also included
vehicle tracking system typically GPS (Global Positioning System) for
providing longitude and latitude information of the location of vehicle, and
GSM modem which is used to send out warning message to the pre-
registered number of the user when the vehicle reaches the particular
distance set by the driver.
Aniruddha Deshmukh ,et.al (2018) [12],proposed an The Braking system
that can stop or reduce number of accident on road caused by loss of control
over a vehicle, drunken driving, rash driving. In their research, they use
hall sensor to determine an obstacle and speed of vehicle along with the
help of microcontroller to calculate proper distance for stopping a vehicle.
Application of such systems can be made mandatory as seat belts and
helmets

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 CHAPTER – 3

METHODOLOGY

An intelligent reverse braking system is designed to enhance safety

during vehicle reverse maneuvers. Here's a general methodology for such
a system:

 Sensors: Install various sensors such as ultrasonic sensors, cameras, and

radar to detect obstacles and objects in the path of the vehicle.
 Data Acquisition: These sensors collect data on the distance, position, and
type of obstacles. This data is sent to a central processing unit.
 Data Processing: Use image recognition, computer vision, and data
processing algorithms to analyse the data from the sensors. This involves
identifying the type of obstacle and assessing its distance and relative
speed.
 Obstacle Classification: Classify obstacles into categories like
pedestrians, vehicles, stationary objects, or other specific hazards.
 Risk Assessment: Assess the risk associated with each obstacle. This may
involve calculating the time to collision, potential damage, and other
factors.
 Decision Making: Based on the risk assessment, the system decides
whether to engage the reverse braking system. It should prioritize the most
critical threats.
 Warning Systems: If a potential collision is detected, the system can
activate visual and auditory warnings for the driver to take action.
 Automatic Braking: In high-risk situations where the driver doesn't react
in time, the system can automatically apply the brakes to prevent a
collision or reduce its severity.

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 Adaptive Control: Implement adaptive control algorithms to ensure
smooth and gradual braking, especially in cases where obstacles are
moving.
 User Override: Allow the driver to override the system to prevent false
positives or for manual control in certain situations.
 Testing and Validation: Rigorous testing under various conditions to
ensure the system's effectiveness and reliability.
 Integration: Integrate the system with the vehicle's existing electronic
control unit (ECU) and the reverse gear mechanism.

3.1 THEORETICAL CALCULATION

Reverse braking system is typically designed to slow down or stop a

vehicle when it's moving in the reverse direction. Theoretical calculations
for such a system would involve various factors like vehicle weight, speed,
stopping distance, and the braking force required.

 Vehicle Weight: The mass of the vehicle impacts the braking force
required. Heavier vehicles require more force to stop.
 Initial Speed: The initial speed of the vehicle in reverse is crucial for
calculating the deceleration required to stop it.
 Stopping Distance: Determine the distance within which you want the
vehicle to come to a complete stop. This could be a safety requirement
or based on available space.
 Friction Coefficient: The coefficient of friction between the tires and the
road surface affects the braking efficiency. Different road conditions may
have varying coefficients.
 Braking Force: Calculate the braking force needed using the equation:
Force = (Vehicle Mass) x (Deceleration).

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 Deceleration: Calculate the deceleration using the equation: Deceleration
= (Initial Velocity^2) / (2 x Stopping Distance).
 Brake System Efficiency: Consider the efficiency of the braking system,
which can vary based on the type of brakes and their condition.
 Safety Margin: It's important to include a safety margin in your
calculations to account for unexpected variables.

3.2 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

3.1.1 CALCULATION FOR STOPPING DISTANCE OF VEHICLE

Sample data (from journal [6] )

Mass of the vehicle = 1975 kg

Velocity of the vehicle = 20 km/hr

= 20 ×10^3
60×60
= 5.55 m/s
Braking force = 20000 N

The stopping distance of vehicle

Braking force F = 0.5×m ×v^2

d

Stopping distance d = 0.5m × v^2

F
d = 0.5 × 1975 × 5.55^2
20000
d = 0.5 Meters (15 cm)

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3.1.2 CALCULATION FOR PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR PRESSURE

Sample data (from journal [4] )

Piston diameter D = 20 mm
Outward stroke force F1 = 200 N

Pressure P

Out stroke force f1 = P × A

𝛱
Piston rod are A = × 𝑑2
4

A = 314.159 mm^2

Pressure P = f1
A

200
314.159

= 0.6366 N/mm^2 [1 N/mm^2 = 10 bar ]

P = 6.366 bar

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3.2 MODELLING OF BRAKING SYSTEM

Figure 3.1 - ISOMETRIC VIEW

Figure 3.1 shows the isometric view of frame of the reverse braking system
it includes the sensor unit, wheel, hub motor and the battery.

Figure 3.2 - BACK SIDE VIEW

Figure 3.2 shows the back side view of the frame it specifically shows the sensor
unit mounted in the frame to sense the obstacles and also include the wheel part

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 Figure 3.3 - DIMENSIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Figure 3.3 shows the nomenclature of the entire braking system. It includes the
dimensions of each sides and components

3.2.1 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS

Figure 3.4 - BATTERY

Figure 3.4 shows the Lead-acid batteries and these are the most basic 12V battery
type. They're made of lead plates suspended in a sulfuric acid solution. This
creates a chemical reaction that allows for energy to be stored.

Figure 3.5 - ULTRASONIC SENSOR

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Figure 3.5 shows the instrument that measures the distance to an object using
ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and
receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object's proximity.

Figure 3.6 - COMPRESSOR

Figure 3.6 shows the compressor and its function is to increases the pressure of a
gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of air compressor.
Compressors are similar to pumps both increase the pressure on a fluid and both
can transport the fluid through a pipe.

Figure 3.7 - PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR

Figure 3.7 shows the Pneumatic actuators and these are the devices that convert
the energy of compressed air or gas into a mechanical motion that regulates one
or more final control elements. Pneumatic actuators are devices that convert the
energy of compressed air or gas into a mechanical motion

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 Figure 3.8 - BRAKE ASSEMBLY

Figure 3.8 shows the Brake assembly means includes assembly of brake parts,
the components of which are determined according to the type or design of the
brake system.

Figure 3.9 - HUB MOTOR

Figure 3.9 shows the hub motor and it belongs to the family of dc motors. They
do not have any commutator and brush mechanism to produce excitation in
windings. In hub motor the stator is a stationary part that has a core and slots
where the copper windings are incoperated on the slots

Figure 3.10 - ARDUINO BOARD

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 TABLE 3.1 - ARDUINO SPECIFICATIONS

Figure 3.10 shows the Arduino board and it is an open source electronic platform
based on hardware. It is able to read inputs like light on a sensor. Arduino board
designs use a verity of microprocessor and controllers the board are equipped
with sets of digital and analogue input/output pins.

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 CHAPTER –4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As a consequence of this automated braking system, each portion of the

system is functioning properly, and the whole system has been completed. When
an obstruction is recognised, the vehicle's braking system applies the brakes
according to the predetermined safety distance. An ultrasound sensor in this
prototype has an accuracy of around 2cm to 1 metre and operates well within the
specified range. The technology of pneumatics has gained tremendous
importance in the field of workplace rationalization and automation from old –
fashioned timber works and coal mines to modern machine shops and space
robots. It is therefore important that technicians and engineers should have a good
knowledge of pneumatic system, air operated valves and accessories. The air is
compressed in an air compressor and from the compressor plant the flow medium
is transmitted to the pneumatic cylinder through a well laid pipe line system.

To maintain optimum efficiency of pneumatic system, it is of vital

importance that pressure drop between generation and consumption of
compressed air is kept very low. The aim is to design and develop a control
system based an intelligent electronically controlled automotive braking system
is called “INTELLIGENT REVERSE BRAKING SYSTEM”. Sensor Operated
Pneumatic Brake is consists of transmitter and Receiver circuit, Control Unit,
Pneumatic breaking system. The sensor is used to detect the obstacle. There is
any obstacle in the path, the sensor senses the obstacle and giving the control
signal to the breaking system. Years ago, when car is get too close to an obstacle
an alarm is triggered which worn the driver. In this process human error is also
included. The actual time to stop the car is response time taken by the driver plus
the time required to taken by the braking system to brake the car and time of
response of driver is much greater. Hence, it is required to make automatic reverse
braking. We use pneumatically operated reverse braking which is activate when
23
ULTRA SONIC sensor senses an obstacle. This system is mainly divided into
two categories according to operation: When a safety factor of a vehicle is
considered a primary factor that flashes in mind is its brakes or braking system.
So a braking system is such a vital component that is necessarily required when
a vehicle is considered. It reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle in conditions
when a vehicle has to slow down or also it has to be stopped. Thus making sure
the vehicle and the passengers inside it are safe. Thus a braking system is always
needed to ensure the safety of the drivers and passengers uncountable valued
lives.

4.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

 Cost effective
 Less power consumption
 Skilled operators not required
 Operation is very simple
 Installation is very simple
 Less time more profit

DISADVANTAGES

 External compressor is required.

 Continuous power supply is required of operation.
 Circuit system should be away from moisture to avoid corrosion.
 Wear and tear happens at brake surfaces.

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4.2 APPLICATION

Application for intelligent reverse braking system

An intelligent reverse braking system has several practical applications,

primarily aimed at enhancing safety and convenience in various scenarios. Here
are some potential applications.

 Agricultural Machinery: Farming equipment such as tractors and

harvesters can benefit from this system to avoid collisions with obstacles
or workers in the field.
 Construction Equipment: Backhoes, cranes, and other heavy machinery
can improve safety and prevent accidents on construction sites.
 Mining Vehicles: Large mining trucks and equipment can use intelligent
reverse braking to protect both operators and workers in a mining
environment.
 Warehouse and Forklift Operations: Forklifts and other material handling
equipment can incorporate this technology to reduce accidents and damage
to goods.
 Public Transportation: Buses, trams, and other public transportation
vehicles can deploy intelligent reverse braking systems to enhance
passenger safety and protect pedestrians in urban settings.
 Marine Applications: Boats and ships can benefit from intelligent reverse
braking systems to prevent collisions in anchorages and marinas.
 Airport Ground Operations: Ground support vehicles at airports can
improve safety and reduce the risk of accidents during ground handling
operations.

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 Smart Cities: In the context of smart city initiatives, intelligent reverse
braking systems can be integrated into urban infrastructure, such as street
 Automotive Safety: In passenger vehicles, an intelligent reverse braking
system can help prevent accidents in parking lots and residential areas by
automatically applying the brakes if an obstacle or pedestrian is detected
behind the vehicle
 Fleet Vehicles: Companies with fleets of delivery trucks or construction
vehicles can use this technology to reduce the risk of accidents during
reverse manoeuvres in congested or confined spaces

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 CHAPTER - 5

CONCLUSION

In the present work, a prototype of an ultrasonic distance measurement

for stationary obstacle is obtained. And controlling the speed of vehicle
accordingly to predetermined distance is shown. An ultrasonic sensor, cheaper
and less demanding of hardware than other types of sensors presently used, such
as the sensors based on computer vision or radar , is used to measure the distance
between vehicle and the obstacle. The relative speed of the vehicle with respect
to the obstacle is estimated using consecutive samples of the distance calculated.
These two quantities are used by the control system to calculate the actions on
both the accelerator and also the brake, thus to adjust the speed in order to
maintain a safe distance to prevent accidents. As ultrasonic sensors can detect any
kind of obstacle, this system can also prevent collision of the vehicle with
pedestrians, or can at least reduce the injuries occurring. In the present work, a
prototype of an ultrasonic distance measurement for stationary obstacle is
obtained. And controlling the speed of vehicle accordingly to predetermined
distance is shown. An ultrasonic sensor, cheaper and less demanding of hardware
than other types of sensors presently used, such as the sensors based on computer
vision or radar , is used to measure the distance between vehicle and the obstacle.
The relative speed of the vehicle with respect to the obstacle is estimated using
consecutive samples of the distance calculated.

5.1 FUTURE SCOPE

When in future sensors is used for the detection of alcoholic humans or
when parking a car it senses object behind the car and send signal to driver if
driver doesn’t respond then it automatically stop the car .In this future chances of
accident are decrees are prevention in this project. More humans are can saved

27
from accidents when they are drink and drive. In late night cases if driver get
sleep then car can go outside of the road and chances of car to strike on the
obstacles so driver can gets serious injuries or may death also. Braking system
and its design in car and utility vehicle have the higher priorities for the safety
concern. Inaccurate braking design may leads to loss of lives and damage to
vehicle. The vehicle with conventional braking system have some faults such as
longer braking distance, low pressure in hydraulic system and the major problem
is the vehicle without ABS when all the wheels get locked the driver may lose the
control over vehicle and results in accident. Everyday technology changes,
various improvement are done by various researchers and scientists. Intelligent
braking system has lot potential when automobile industry adopting a future
technology such as artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles should say
driverless car, smart highways, automatic throttling system etc. When this system
is unified with electronic stability control system, electronic throttle control and
adaptive cruise control results in formation perfect autonomous vehicle. At the
day last, the driver will become passenger and their safety is highest priority of
car manufacturing industries. This will enhance their journey in the sense of
safety, comfort, cost, efficiency etc. The impact of such style and development
can cater for the necessity of up to date society that aspires quality drive yet on
accommodate the advancement of technology particularly within the space of
sensible sensing element and mechanism. In this review paper, we analyse the
proposed system of Intelligent braking of various researchers and car
manufacturers. The proposed system of Intelligent braking system contain
pneumatic braking followed by ultrasonic sensor and Arduino uno
microcontroller. Accidents occur frequently and cause worse damage, serious
injury and death. These accidents are mostly caused by delay of the driver to hit
the brake.

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