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Phonetics and Phonology

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7 views18 pages

Phonetics and Phonology

Uploaded by

ejan3010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHONETICS AND

PHONOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT FOR THIS SEMINAR

• Study questions 2
• see moodle
• Reading
• Yule: chapter 3 and chapter 4

• Go to the online English phonetic library (see moodle)


and listen to sounds and watch the visualizations.
Explore speech anatomy.

ULN1@ 2
SPEECH SOUNDS

• Vowels (V)
• heat, kick, bad, love, book, cool, …

• Consonants (C)
• heat, kick, bad, love, book, cool, …

ULN1@ 4
DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

• to describe the sounds, we refer to the anatomy


of articulatory organs
(Speech sounds library and anatomy (click and play))

= hard palate
= soft palate

see Yule p. 27
ULN1@ 5
CLASSIFYING CS

3 criteria:
1) Are the vocal chords working or not?
... voiced / voiceless
2) Obstructed airflow: where exactly is this barrier situated in the
vocal tract?
... place of articulation
bilabilal, alveolar, glottal etc.
3) How the blockage of the vocal tract is realized?
... manner of articulation
stop, nasal, approximant etc.

ULN1@ 6
ENGLISH CONSONANTS
voiced
voiceless Place of articulation 
labio- alveo-
bilabial dental alveolar palatal velar glottal
dental palatal

pb td kg
Manner of articulation 

Stop

Nasal m n N
Affricate tS dZ
Fricative fv TD sz SZ h
w  j
Approximant
(liquids and glides)

Lateral
approximant l
ULN1@ 7
CLASSIFYING VS

(at least) 3 criteria

• Front or back?
• High or low?
• Lip-rounded or not?

• Monophthong or diphthong?

ULN1@ 8
(BRITISH) ENGLISH MONOPHTHONGS
Front - central - back rounded

High
i key two
u
I myth U put

- mid -
 
E
bird
oven

bed  fall

sun  hot

Q A

low
bad

heart ULN1@ 9
MINIMAL PAIRS? (EXERCISE 2)
• I i OK minimal pairs?
• I I OK

• E E OK
• E Q NO

 the smallest (mental, abstract) unit of sound that can


change meaning = PHONEME
 two words that differ in 1 phoneme only = minimal pair
• phonemes are in contrastive / overlapping distribution (they
contrast the meaning between words; can appear in the same environment)

ULN1@ 12
HOW MANY T SOUNDS? (EX. 3)

take [tek] – steak [stek] – butter [b] – eighth [etT]


PHONETICS: the actual pronunciation, linguistic performance
What affects the pronunciation? [] [] []
 neighbouring sounds in context
– assimilation

take /tek/ – steak /stek/ – butter /bt/ – eighth /etT/


PHONOLOGY (1) defines idealized mental representation of
sounds, is a part of linguistic competence

/t/ ULN1@ 13
HOW MANY T SOUNDS? (EX. 3)
take [tek] – steak [stek] – butter [b] – eighth [etT]
[] [] []

versions of a phoneme = ALLOPHONES


allophones – examples:
pie, tick, cool řád, dřít, Řek
spy, stick, school přát, třít, keř

[p,t,k] – aspirated [ř] – voiced


/p, t, k/ /ř/
[p,t,k] – unaspirated
[ ř ] – voiceless
ULN1@ 14
CAN WE SWAP 2 ALLOPHONES?
•  
• ř ř

NO, it sounds unnatural because it does not respect


the rules of phonology (or we even risk misinterpretation,
e.g. , or  ?)

- each allophone belongs to its own place – they


stand in complementary distribution

PHONOLOGY (2) defines how sounds can(not) be combined

ULN1@ 15
COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION . . .

Context /ř/=

1. Beginning of word (řád)


2. Next to voiced (dřít)
[ř]

1. End of word (keř)


2. Next to voiceless (třít)
[ ř ]
ULN1@ 16
. . . IS LIKE WATER, ICE, AND VAPOR

Context = /H2O/ =
20°C [water]

-20°C [ice]

120°C [vapor]
ULN1@ 17
• never at the same place at the same time

in complementary distribution

ULN1@ 18
WHAT CAN MAKE CZECHS
FOREIGN-ACCENTED IN ENGLISH?
1. Different speech sounds, e.g.
• Cs: /T D/ think, this
• Vs: // computer

2. Similar but not the same speech sounds, e.g.


• Cs: /p t k/ pin, tin, kin - aspiration
/h/ hate – voiced in Cz, voiceless in En

• Vs: /i / feet, fit


/u U/ pool, pull
ULN1@
19
3. L2 speech sounds work together differently, i.e.
the phonology is different, e.g.
• /b d g v D z/ do not become voiceless word-finally
koráb [p], neřád [t], konev [f], provaz [s]
bib [b], lid [d], fig [g], five [v], breathe [D]
• Vs are longer before voiced Cs
rope-robe, beat-bead, leek-league, rich-ridge, life-
live, use (noun) - use (verb)
• Etc

ULN1@ 20
ASSIGNMENT FOR NEXT SEMINAR

• prepare - Study questions 3


• see moodle
• reading - Yule, Chapter 6 (Morphology),
p. 67–74

ULN1@ 21

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