EMPLOYABILITY SKILL

(COMMUNICATION SKILL, SELF MANAGEMENT SKILL, BASIC ICT SKILLS,

ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILL, GREEN SKILL)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Communication has ___________ important parts.

Three

2. Clear and ___________ communication is of immense importance in work and

business environment as there are several parties involved.

Concise

3. Speaking, writing graphic, video, etc. are examples of __________ in communication.

Channel

4. ________ communication also enables you to keep changing your interaction as per
the other person’s response.

Verbal

5. Around _____________ % of our communication is non-verbal.

93

6. Self-management or ____________ is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts

and behaviour effectively in different situations.

self-control

7. __________ is our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any perceived
demands or threats.
 Stress

8. ________________ is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well
as the emotions of others.

Emotional intelligence

9. ____________ are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them.

Goals

10. ___________ refers to all the methods, tools, concepts related to storing, recording and
sending digital information.

ICT

11. ICT stands for _________________

Information and Communication Technology.

12. A computer system consists of two main parts, the ________ and the software.

Hardware

13. The most important software in any computer is the ____________.

Operating System

14. After loading Windows 7, the first screen that appears on the monitor is called
____________.

Desktop

15. By default, Windows 7 has a picture for the desktop background. This is called
________

Wallpaper

16. Small pictures on the desktop are called__________. . These icons represent files,
folders, applications, etc.

Icons

17. At the bottom of the desktop is a long bar called the_________.

Taskbar
18. A computer automatically runs a basic program called ___________ as soon as it is
switched on.

BIOS

19. To the left of the taskbar is the_____________.

Start button

20. To the right of the taskbar appears _________

Date/Time.

21. Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK and TAB, are
special ___________ keys.

Control

22. You use the ENTER or the _______ key to move the cursor to the beginning of a new
line.

Return

23. Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are
________________________ keys.

Navigation

24. The _______________ icon that provides access to all the drives, files and folders on a
compute.

My Computer

25. Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are
____________keys.

Command

26. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you _________ characters to the right of
the cursor.

Overwrite

27. Each file is given a file name and has a _______________ that identifies the file type.
 File name extension

28. _____________ is a location where a group of files can be stored.

Folder

29. __________________ means to save the information present on your computer on

another device, such as CD/DVD drives.

Backing up data

30. _______________ are viruses that replicate themselves and spread to all files once
they attack a computer.

Worms

31. ______________ disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software program but
once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroying data.

Trojan horse

32. Windows’ Bitlocker is an example of ______________

Encryption system

26. _________ people are people who work for a person or an organization and get paid for that
work.
Wage employed
27. ____________ people are those who start businesses to satisfy the needs of people.
Self-employed
28. A ___________ is a line of work that a person takes for life.
Career
29. One major example of large scale production of solar power is seen in _____________,
Gujarat Solar Park.
30. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched at the UN Sustainable
Development Summit in New York in ____________________.
September 2015

UNIT: 1
 COMMUNICATION SKILL

Q1) What is communication?

Ans. The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing or using some other
medium and means of sending or receiving information.
Communication is divided
1. Based on Communication Channel
a. Verbal
 Oral
 Face to Face
 Distance
 Written
b. Non Verbal
2. Based on Style & Purpose
a. Formal
b. Informal
Q2) What is the Learning objectives of Effective communication?
1. Development of Interpersonal Skills
2. To express effectively & with maximum efficiency
Q3) Name some common barrier to communication
Ans.
 The use of Jargon, could be over complicated or used unfamiliar terms.
 Emotional barriers and taboos
 Difference in perception and viewpoint
 Physical disabilities : such as hearing problems or speech difficulties
 Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not able to move any part
 Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
 Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping.
People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump
to incorrect conclusions.
 Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures,
as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal
space varies between cultures and between different social settings.
Q4) Name some tools that can be used to bridge barriers in everyday communications.
Ans. Some tools that can be used to bridge barriers in everyday communications are
1. Active Listening
Active listening is a skill that can be acquired and developed with practice. 'Active listening'
means, actively listening. That is fully concentrating on what is being said rather than just
‘hearing’ the message of the speaker. Active listening involves listening with all senses.
2. Use Simple Language
It’s important to remember the audience that you’re speaking to, and use language that can
be easily understood.
3. Give Constructive Feedback
Feedback is part of the communication cycle. While the feedback that we give the
speaker/sender may occasionally be negative, it is important that it be constructive in nature.
Q5) What are the important parts of communication?
Ans. Communication has three important parts:
1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the message through one medium or another.
2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands the message.
3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their understanding of the message to the sender in the
form of feedback to complete the communication cycle.
Q6. What are the various elements of communication?
Ans. The various elements of a communication cycle are:
Sender: the person beginning the communication.
Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.
Q7. Explain the different methods of Communication.
Ans.
Face-to-face informal There is nothing better than face-to-face communication. It
communication helps the message to be understood clearly and quickly. Also,
since body language can be seen in this case; it adds to the
effectiveness of the communication.
e-mail e-mail can be used to communicate quickly with one or many
individuals in various locations. It offers flexibility,
convenience and low-cost.
Notices/Posters It is effective when the same message has to go out to a large
group of people. Generally used for where email
communication may not be effective. For example, ‘Change in
the lunch time for factory worker,’ or ‘XYZ Clothing will
remain closed for customers on Sunday.’
Business Meetings Communication during business meetings at an organisation
are generally addressed to a group of people. It can be related
to business, management and organisational decisions.
Other Methods There can be various other methods like social networks,
message, phone call for communication, newsletter, blog, etc.

Q8) What are the factors affecting the method of communication?

Ans. Choosing the right method of communication depends on
• Target audience
• Costs
• Kind/type of information
• Urgency/priority
The methods of communication you choose could affect your relationship with peers,
supervisors and customers. It is, therefore, vital that you spend considerable time and consider
all factors choosing the right methods to aid you in your tasks.
Q9) Explain Verbal Communication.
Ans.
Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is one of the
most effective and commonly used way of communicating. It helps in expressing our emotions
in words. By improving your verbal communication skills you will build rapport, and have a
better connect.
Q10) What are the Type of Verbal Communication?

Interpersonal This form of communication takes place between two

Communication individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation. It can be
formal or informal.
Examples
1. A manager discussing the performance with an employee.
2. Two friends discussing homework.
3. Two people talking to each other over phone or video call
Written Communication This form of communication involves writing words. It can be
letters, circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats,
etc. It can be between two or more people.
Examples
1. A manager writing an appreciation e-mail to an
employee.
2. Writing a letter to grandmother enquiring about health.
This type of communication takes place when there are more
than two people involved. Each participant can interact and
Small Group converse with the rest.
Communication Examples
1. Press conferences
2. Board meetings
3. Team meetings
Public Communication This type of communication takes place when one individual
addresses a large gathering.
Examples
1. Election campaigns
2. Public speeches by dignitaries
Q11) What are the advantages of Verbal Communication?
Ans. It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas by saying what
you want and get a quick response. Verbal communication also enables you to keep changing
your interaction as per the other person’s response.
Q12) What are the disadvantages of Verbal Communication
Ans. Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken words, sometimes the
meanings can be confusing and difficult to understand if the right words are not used.
Q13) How can you enhance and master verbal communication skills?
Ans. Focus the following points to master verbal communication skills.
Think Before You Speak  Think about your topic.
 Think about the most effective ways to make your
listeners understand the topic.
 Write or note down whatever you plan to say.
Concise and Clear  Speak clearly, loudly and at moderate speed.
 Be sure the information you want to share is to the point.
 Do not repeat the same sentences.
Confidence and Body  Be confident.
Language  Maintain eye contact, stand straight and be attentive.
 Be friendly. Practical

Q14) What is meant by Non-Verbal communication?

Ans. Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages
without using any spoken or written word. In other words, we send signals and messages to
others, through expressions, gestures, postures, touch, space, eye contact and para language.

Q15) Write note on different types of Non-verbal Communication?

Type What it means How to use effectively?
Facial Expressions • Smile when you meet someone.
Our expressions can show
• Keep your face relaxed.
different feelings, such as
• Match your expressions with
Happiness, Sadness, Anger,
your words.
Surprise, Fear, etc.
• Nod while listening.
Posture Postures show our confidence • Keep your shoulders straight
and feelings. For example, a and body relaxed.
straight body posture shows • Sit straight while resting your
confidence while a slumped hands and feet in relaxed position.
posture is a sign of weakness. • While standing, keep your hands
by your sides.
Gestures include body • Keep your hands open.
movements that express an idea • Avoid pointing your finger at
Gestures or Body or meaning. For example, people.
Language raising a hand in class to ask a • Tilt your head a bit to show that
question and biting nails when you are attentive.
nervous.
We communicate a great deal • Shake hands firmly while
through touch. For example, a meeting someone.
Touch firm handshake to display • Avoid other touch gestures
confidence and pat on the back during formal communication.
to encourage someone.
Space is the physical distance • Maintain proper space
between two people. The space depending on the relationship,
between two persons while which could be formal or
Space
communicating, generally informal or the closeness with
depends on the intimacy or the person with whom you are
closeness between them. talking.
The way we look at someone • Look directly at the person who
can communicate a lot. Eye is speaking.
contact shows that we are • Avoid staring; keep a relaxed
Eye Contact paying attention to the person as look.
opposed to looking away, which • Maintain eye contact with
can make the other person feel intermittent breaks.
ignored. Paralanguage
How we speak affects our • Use a suitable tone and volume
Paralanguage communication and includes the • Maintain a moderate speed
tone, speed and volume of our while talking
 voice. For example, talking fast
may show happiness,
excitement or nervousness
while speaking slow may show
seriousness or sadness.

Q16) Why is non-verbal communication important?

Ans. In our day-to-day communication 55% communication is done using body movements,
face, arms, and etc. 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc. Only 7%
communication is done using words that is around 93% of our communication is non-verbal.
Our message becomes more effective if we use the right gestures while communicating.
If we know about non-verbal communication, we can understand our audience’s reaction and
adjust our interaction accordingly. Using the right gestures and postures is a sign of
professionalism and etiquette. If verbal messages are obstructed by noise or distance, etc., we
can use our hand movements to exchange messages. For example, placing a finger on the lips
indicates the need for silence while nodding the head is the same as saying ‘yes’.
Q17) What is meant by visual communication?
Ans. Visual communication proves to be effective since it involves interchanging messages
only through images or pictures and therefore, you do not need to know any particular language
for understanding it. It is simple and remains consistent across different places.
Q18) List some common types of visual communication
Ans.
Under construction

No pets allowed

No parking zone
 No entry

Danger warning

Radiation/biohazard warning

Under CCTV surveillance

No mobile phone

Q19) List the types of Feedback with example.

Type of Feedback Examples
Positive Feedback • I noticed you finished the work perfectly.
Great job!
• I really appreciate you taking that call. Can
you please also share the details?
Negative Feedback • You keep forgetting to smile at the hotel
guests when you talk to them. • You take
really long to reply to e-mails! Are you
always so busy?
No Feedback • It is also a feedback in itself which indicates
disagreement of ideas.

Q20) What are the characteristics of a good Feedback?

Ans. A good feedback is one that is:
• Specific: Avoid general comments. Try to include examples to clarify your statement.
Offering alternatives rather than just giving advice allows the receiver to decide what to do
with your feedback.
• Timely: Being prompt is the key, since feedback loses its impact if delayed for too long.
• Polite: While it is important to share feedback, the recipient should not feel offended by the
language of the feedback.
• Offering continuing support: Feedback sharing should be a continuous process. After
offering feedback, let recipients know you are available for support.
Q21) Why is Feedback important?
Ans. Feedback is the final component and one of the most important factors in the process of
communication since it is defined as the response given by the receiver to the sender.
Feedback is important because
• It validates effective listening: The person providing the feedback knows they have been
understood (or received) and that their feedback provides some value.
• It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to build better work relationships and continue
the good work that is being appreciated.
• It is always there: Every time you speak to a person, we communicate feedback so it is
impossible not to provide one.
• It boosts learning: Feedback is important to remain focused on goals, plan better and develop
improved products and services.
• It improves performance: Feedback can help to form better decisions to improve and increase
performance.
Q22) Write a note on the 7 Cs of Communication.
Ans. The 7 Cs of communication are Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete
and Courteous.
Clear – Be clear about what you want to say. Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message
or goal at a time, rather than trying to achieve too much at once.
Concise – Use simple words. Say only what is needed. Communicating what you want to
convey in least possible words without forgoing the other C’s of communication. Conciseness
is a necessity for effective communication.
Concrete – Use exact words and facts. Concrete communication implies being particular and
clear rather than fuzzy and general. Concreteness strengthens the confidence.
Correct –Correctness in communication implies that there are no spelling and grammatical
errors in communication.
Coherent – Words should make sense and relate to the main topic.
Complete – Include all the needed information. The communication must be complete. It
should convey all facts required by the audience. The sender of the message must take into
consideration the receiver’s mind set and convey the message accordingly.
Courteous – Be respectful, friendly and honest. Courtesy in message implies the message
should show the sender’s expression as well as should respect the receiver. The sender of the
message should be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective and enthusiastic.
Q23) What are the barriers to Effective Communication?
Ans.
1. Physical Barriers - Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that act
as a barrier in communication in sending message from sender to receiver. Not being
able to see gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less
effective. For example, text messages are often less effective than face-to-face
communication.
2. Linguistic Barriers - The inability to communicate using a language is known as
language barrier to communication. Language barriers are the most common
communication barriers, which cause misunderstandings and misinterpretations
between people. For example, slang, professional jargon and regional colloquialisms
can make communication difficult.
3. Interpersonal Barriers - Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the
sender’s message is received differently from how it was intended. It is also very
difficult to communicate with someone who is not willing to talk or express their
feelings and views. Stage fear, lack of will to communicate, personal differences can
create interpersonal barriers to communication.
4. Organisational Barriers - Organisations are designed on the basis of formal hierarchical
structures that follow performance standards, rules and regulations, procedures,
policies, behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the free flow of communication in
organisations and therefore, need to be suitably managed. Superior-subordinate
relationships in a formal organisational structure can be a barrier to free flow of
communication. Also, sometimes due to the stringent rules, the employees find it
difficult to communicate with their peers too.
5. Cultural Barriers - Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to
understand each other’s customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties. People
sometimes make stereotypical assumptions about others based on their cultural
 background, this leads to difference in opinions and can be a major barrier to effective
communication.
Q24) What are the best practices of effective communication? (How can you overcome
the communication barriers?)

Ans.
• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography
• Try to communicate in person as much as possible
• Use visuals
• Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions
Q25) What is TINS’ in communication? (What are the rules for Capitalising explain
with example?)
Ans. TINS’ is a set of Communication rules that help you capitalise words correctly.
Alphabet T I N S
What it Starting letter
Titles word ‘I’ Names
shows: of sentences
Capitalise the first Capitalise the Capitalise the first
Capitalise the
letter in the titles letter ‘I’ when it letter in the names of
Rule first letter in
used before is used as a word people, places, days
every sentence
people’s names (Pronoun). and months.
The summer break is
starting this Friday
Dr Malik and Mr He said that I
and will continue till
Pandey were should The little girl
Example the end of June.
invited to the accompany him lost her book.
Suresh is planning to
party to the mall.
visit London next
year.
Q26) List the common punctuation marks and their rules.
Punctuation name Sign Use Example
Full stop . • • Used at the end of a Omar is a professor. His
sentence. students call him Prof. Omar.
• Used with short form of
long words.
Comma , • Used to indicate a pause in After getting down from the
the sentence. bus, I walked towards my
• Used to separate two or school. The grocery store had
more items in a row. fresh kiwis, strawberries and
mangoes.
Question mark ? • Used at the end of a Where is your book?
question.
Exclamation mark ! • Used at the end of a word What a beautiful dress!
or a sentence to indicate a Hooray! We won the match.
strong feeling.
Apostrophe (‘) • Used followed by an ‘s’ to That is Shobha’s cat. Are these
show possession or Rahim’s colour pencils? Let’s
belonging. go for the movies today. She
• Used with shortened form isn’t coming to school today.
of words in informal speech.

Q27) Explain the basic Parts of Speech

Parts of Example
What they do Example sentence
speech words
Tiger
Words (naming words) Truth
Kavita bought a book. ‘Kavita’ and
Noun. that refer to a person, India
‘book’ are nouns.
place, thing or idea Raj
January
I
Words used in place of Kavita bought a book. She has a
Pronoun You
a noun great book collection.
They
 ‘She’ is used in place of the noun Us
Kavita. She
He
Large
Kavita bought a best-selling book.
Red
Adjectives Words that describe best-selling is an adjective that
Naughty
other words. describes the noun book.
Weak
One-foot
Kavita buys a new book every Run
month. Eat
Verbs Words that show action
Buys is the verb that tells about Think
Kavita’s actions. Sit
Words that add Easily
meaning to verbs by Kavita quickly read her book. Always
Adverbs answering How? How ‘Quickly’ tells us how Kavita did the Before
often? When? and action. Fast
Where? Carefully

Q28) Write a note on the Supporting Parts of Speech.

Supporting Parts of
Use Example
Speech
Generally used before nouns. An
— used before words with a vowel
sound Wow! The boy was taken by
Articles (a, an, the) A — used before nouns with a surprise because he saw a
consonant sound bird flying over his head.
The — Refers to specific or
particular words
Wow! The boy was taken by
Conjunctions (and, Joins two nouns, phrases or
surprise because he saw a
but, because) sentences
bird flying over his head.
 Connects one word with another to Wow! The boy was taken by
Prepositions (on, over,
usually answer the questions surprise because he saw a
in, under)
‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘how’. bird flying over his head.
Expresses strong emotions, such Wow! The boy was taken by
Interjections (Wow!
as happiness, surprise, anger or surprise because he saw a
Help!)
pain. bird flying over his head.

Q29) Explain the parts of a Sentence with example.

Ans. The parts of a sentence are
Subject: Person or thing that performs an action.
Verb: Describes the action.
Object: Person or thing that receives the action.
Sentence Subject Verb Object
He swam in the lake. He swam the lake
She rode the bicycle. She rode the bicycle.

Q30) What are the different types of Objects?

Ans.
In a sentence, there can be two types of objects — Direct and Indirect.
Direct objects since are directly ‘acted on’ by the verb. On the other hand, an indirect object
answers questions, such as ‘to/ for who.’
Example in the sentence” She bought a bicycle for her son.”
Direct object - bicycle
Indirect object - her son.
Q31) Write the Direct and Indirect Objects in the given sentences.
Sentence Verb Verb +What? Verb + by Direct Object Indirect
whom/to Object
whom?
Ravi repaired his repaired car car
car.

The children played. football football

played football.
 The parents sent sent. postcard him postcard him
him a postcard.
He bought his bought . computer his daughter computer his daughter
daughter a
computer.

Q32) Explain Active & Passive sentences.

Active and Passive Sentences are the two types of sentences.
Sentences where the subject does an action are known to be in the Active voice, whereas
sentences in which the subject receives an action are known to be in the Passive voice.
Example for Active sentences -Radha is reading a book.
Example for Passive sentences - A book is being read by Radha.
Q33) Convert the active voice sentence to passive sentences
Active Voice Passive sentences
Ali changed the flat tire. The flat tire was changed by Ali.
I will clean the house every Saturday. The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday.
Ravi painted the entire house. The entire house was painted by Ravi.

Q34) What are the various Types of Sentences

Statement or Question or Emotion/Reaction or Order or Imperative
Declarative Sentence Interrogative Exclamatory Sentence
Sentence Sentence

• Provides • Asks a question. • Expresses a strong • Shows an order,

information or states • Always ends with a emotion. command, request or
a fact. question mark (‘?’). • Always ends with advice.
• Always ends with a an exclamation mark • Can end with a full
‘full-stop’ (‘.’). (‘!’). stop or an
exclamation mark
(‘.’ or ‘!’).
Q34) What is Punctuation?

Certain set of marks, such as full stop, comma, question mark, exclamation mark and
apostrophe are used in communication to separate parts of a sentence for better clarity of
message. They are called punctuation marks.

Q35) What is meant by Parts of Speech?

The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning as well as
grammatically within the sentence. Some examples are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs
and adverbs

Q36) What is feedback? Explain the types of feedbacks.

Feedback is a consequence of performance. Feedback plays an important part in

communication because it tells both the source and the receiver, how their message are being
interpreted.

1. Descriptive feedback - Descriptive feedback is specific information, in the form of

written comments or verbal conversations that help the learner understand what she or
he needs to do in order to improve. Descriptive feedback is the most powerful tool for
improving student learning.
2. Specific Feedback - Specific Feedback provides detailed or specific information on
what the student did well or not so well.
3. General feedback - General feedback on the other hand is very non-specific, such as
“good job” or “you did great.”

Q37) What are the features of complete communication?

Complete communication has following features:

• Complete communication develops and enhances reputation of an organization.

• A complete communication always gives additional information wherever required. It

leaves no questions in the mind of receiver.

• Complete communication helps in better decision-making by the

audience/readers/receivers of message as they get all desired and crucial information.

• It persuades the audience.

Q38) What are the features of Concise communication?

Concise communication has following features:

• It is both time-saving as well as cost-saving.

• It underlines and highlights the main message as it avoids using excessive and needless
words.

• Concise communication provides short and essential message in limited words to the
audience.

• Concise message is more appealing and comprehensible to the audience.

Q39) What are the features of Clarity in communication?

Clarity in communication has following features:

It makes understanding easier.

Complete clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning of message.

Q40) What are the features of Concrete message?

Concrete message has following features:

• It is supported with specific facts and figures.

• It makes use of words that are clear and that build the reputation.

• Concrete messages are not misinterpreted.

Q41) What are the features of Concrete messages?

Concrete message has following features:

• It is supported with specific facts and figures.

• It makes use of words that are clear and that build the reputation.

• Concrete messages are not misinterpreted.

Q42) What are the features of Correct communication?

Correct communication has following features:

• The message is exact, correct and well-timed.

• If the communication is correct, it boosts up the confidence level.

• Correct message has greater impact on the audience/readers.

• It checks for the precision and accurateness of facts and figures used in the message.

• It makes use of appropriate and correct language in the message.

Q43) What is Simple Sentence?

A simple sentence is one independent clause that has a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought.

• Must have a subject and a verb.

• Must express a complete thought.

• Must only have one clause.

Examples

• I am out of paper for the printer.

• Will you help me with the math homework?

Q44) What is Compound Sentence?

A compound sentence allows us to share a lot of information by combining two or more

related thoughts into one sentence.

Example

I drove to the office, and then I walked to the cabin.

Q45) What is Complex sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence that combines one independent clause with at least one
dependent clause.

Example

•Although Rohan had some doubts, he found the courses very useful.

•Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market.

Q46) What are Phrases?

Phrases are a group of words that work together to communicate an element of speech.

The different types of phrases are Adjective Phrase , Adverb Phrase ,Noun Phrase,
Prepositional Phrase and Verb Phrase

Q47) Explain Parts of a Sentences.

Every sentence can be broken into two parts

a) Complete Subject

b) Complete Predicate

•The complete subject consists of simple subject ( The noun or the pronoun is the subject is
about) and its modifiers

•The complete predicate is made of up of verb and its modifiers.

 UNIT: 2
SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS

Q1) Write a note on Self-Management.

Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control,’ is the ability to control one’s emotions,
thoughts and behaviour effectively in different situations. This also includes motivating
oneself, and setting goals. People with strong self-management skills are better in doing certain
things better than others. Therefore, employers too strongly prefer people with good self-
management skills.
Q2) How one can succeed in personal as well as professional life?
Ans. To perform well at work and life in general, you must be able to manage and improve
yourself in various skills including discipline and timeliness, goal-setting, problem solving,
teamwork, professionalism, etc. Once you develop your personality and abilities in these areas,
you will be able to succeed in personal as well as professional life.
Q3) What are the skills you must master to succeed in life?
Ans.
1. Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather insights on your personality
and work-specific proficiencies. Think about your daily interactions and
how you handled situations well or could have handled them differently.
2. Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your tasks is very
important. Taking ownership is the step towards self-development. For
example, if you have been assigned a task by a teacher; ensure you take complete
ownership. Even if you are unable to complete the task on time, you must report it and
then correct it.
3. Time Management: Prioritise the things you have to do. Remove waste and
redundancy from work. Make a time table and follow it diligently.
4. Adaptability: Stay current with best practices and read up on new information always.
Prepare yourself for new changes, so that you can transition seamlessly.
Q4) What is Stress ?
Ans. Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any
perceived demands or threats. These demands or threats are called stressors. Stressors are the
reason for stress.
Stress motivates you to achieve more but when you are under stress for a prolonged period of
time, it can cause health problems and mental troubles as well.
Example
You are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.
You are worried about what people would think of you if you don’t dress well or cannot
speak confidently.
You are stressed due to lack of sleep.
Q5) How can you manage Stress? (What is Stress Management?)
Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope effectively with daily pressures. The
ultimate goal is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships, relaxation and fun. By
doing this, you are able to deal with daily stress triggers and meet these challenges head on.
Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management A: Adversity or the stressful event B:
Beliefs or the way you respond to the event C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the
event

Q6) Is stress be helpful? Explain.

Ans. The stress created by a deadline to finish a paper can motivate you to finish the
assignment on time. When experienced in excess or for a long period of time, stress has the
opposite effect. It can harm our emotional and physical health, and limit our ability to function
well at home, in school and within our relationships.
Q7) What are the benefits of Stress Management? (Why is stress management vital?)
Stress management can help you to
• Have a joyful life.
• Focus and complete tasks on time.
• Be a happy person as you are stress free.
• Be more energetic and spend quality time with your friends and family.
• Improves mood
• Boosts immune system
• Promotes longevity
• Leads to burst of physical strength, which is vital for reaching goal
• Complete mental and physical engagement for task accomplishment
• Increases efficiency and effectiveness
• Prevents psychological disorders and behavioral problems
Q8) Write the Steps to Manage Stress.
Three Steps to Manage Stress are
Step1 – Be aware that you are stressed.
Look out for signs of stress, such as headache, sleeplessness, sadness, excessive worrying,
nervousness, etc. Only when we are aware, we can manage stress.
Step 2- Identify what is causing you stress.
Find out the reason for your stress. Is it because of exams, family pressures, money issues, not
eating good food, etc.?
Step3- Apply stress management methods
Use time management tools to manage your time well. Focus on the important tasks and get
them done. Talk to someone close about the issue. Take time to relax by exercising, watching
movie or any other activity which can help feel relaxed.
Q9) Explain few stress management techniques.
1. Time management: Proper time management is one of the most effective stress-relieving
techniques.
2. Physical exercise and fresh air: A healthy lifestyle is essential for students. Stress is
generally lower in people who maintain a healthy routine. Doing yoga, meditation and
deep breathing exercises help in proper blood circulation and relaxes the body. Even taking
a walk or playing in the park will help you get a lot of fresh oxygen, which will help you
become more active.
3. Healthy diet: Having a healthy diet will also help you reduce stress. Eating a balanced
diet, such as Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits will give you the strength to do your daily
work efficiently.
4. Positivity: Focusing on negative aspects of life will add more stress. Instead, learn to look
at the good things and stay positive. For example, instead of feeling upset over a scoring
less in a test, try to maintain a positive attitude and look at ways to improve the next time.
5. Organising academic life; no delaying: By keeping class notes organised,
finishing in assignments on time, and keeping track of all deadlines, stress can be reduced
to a great extent.
6. Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at least 7 hours so that your brain and body
gets recharged to function better the next day.
7. Holidays with family and friends: Going to a relative’s place, such as your grandparents’
house or a new place during your summer vacations can help you break. from the normal
routine and come back afresh.
8. Yoga: Yoga is a school of Hindu philosophy that reduces stress. Yoga includes a series
of postures and breathing exercises practiced to achieve control of body and mind.
9. Meditation: It is a practice where an individual is supposed to focus his/her mind on a
particular object, thought or activity to achieve a calm mental state reducing stress
10. Enjoying :- Recreational activities like watching movies, attending concerts, playing
games, involving in adventure sports, singing, dancing or even sketching can help
individuals transcend to a happier mental state and help manage stress.
11. Taking Nature Walks: - Taking nature walks in a pristine environment of a national park
or a sanctuary or a trail in country side / village, brings us a calmness by allowing our over
stimulated minds a chance to relax and helps us to relax.
Q10) What do you mean by having the ability to work independently?
Ans. Having the ability to work independently, means.
1. Becoming self-aware, self-monitoring and self-correcting.
2. Knowing what you need to do.
3. Taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.
4. Recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.
5. Having the ability and the will to learn continuously.
Q11) What are the different stress causal agents?.

1. Mental: Students can be left overwhelmed, if they are unable to handle their
assignment submission deadlines and examinations grades. High expectations from self
can leave one with chronic anxiety and stress.

2. Physical: As children grow up, they may seek more independence, may become
critically conscious of their looks and have to cope up with hormonal changes. Issues
related to general well-being and health of an individual can lead to low self-esteem and
cause stress.

3. Social: Discord amongst family members, peer pressure for doing things which
children would generally avoid, maintaining balance in relationships amongst friends,
status show off may lead to stress at times.
 4. Financial: Youngsters may have aspirational financial stress. This may be of
becoming financially independent.

Q12) What is Emotional Intelligence?

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as
the emotions of others. It is generally said to include at least three skills:
• Emotional awareness: the ability to identify and name one’s own emotions.
• Harnessing emotions: the ability to harness and apply emotions to tasks like thinking
and problem solving.
• Managing emotions: the ability to regulate one’s own emotions when necessary and
help others to do the same.
Q13) What are the steps to manage emotional intelligence?
Steps to manage emotional intelligence are
• Understand your emotions: Observe your behaviour and note the things you need to
work on. You can then work on the things you need to improve.
• Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be rational in your thinking.
• Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keep yourself calm.
Q14) What is meant by self-awareness?
Being self-aware means that you can identify your strengths and weaknesses. Self-awareness,
therefore, will help you in converting your weakness into strength and strength into an
exceptional talent. Analysing your strengths and weaknesses helps you to attain success in
life. However, strength and weakness analysis begins with knowing yourself first.
Q15) What is meant by knowing Yourself?
Knowing yourself means understanding who you are, what you like or dislike, what are your
beliefs, what are your opinions, what is your background, what you do well and what you do
not do well is important because only then can you actually measure your strengths and
weaknesses.
Q16) Write few examples of strengths and weaknesses.
Examples of strengths
• I am good at creative writing.
• I am confident of speaking in front of an audience.
• I play guitar very well.
Examples of weaknesses
• I find it difficult to solve mathematics problems.
• I would like to speak English fluently.
• I do not like to lose in any game or sports.

Q17) How do you find your strength and weakness?

Finding Strengths (or abilities)
• Think of anything that you are always successful at.
• Think about what others like in you
.• Take out time and think about what you do well.
Finding Weaknesses
• Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you find difficult to do.
• Look at the feedback others usually give you.
• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling low about it. Take it
as an area of improvement.
Q18) Differentiate between Interests and Abilities

S.No Interests Abilities

1 Things that you like to do in your free An acquired or natural capacity
time that make you happy.
2 Things you are curious about or would Enable you to perform a particular
do even if no one asked you to do it. job or task with considerable
proficiency.
3 Things you want to learn or would like
to do in the future.

Q19) What is Self-Motivation?

Self-motivation is simply the force within you that drives you to do things. Self-motivation
is what pushes us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our quality of life. In other
words, it is our ability to do the things that need to be done without someone or something
influencing us.
 Q20) What are the different Types of Motivation?
Internal Motivation: LOVE
We do things because they make us happy, healthy and feel good. For example, when you
perform on your annual day function and you learn something new, such as dancing,
singing, etc., you feel good.
External Motivation: REWARD
We do things because they give us respect, recognition and appreciation. For example,
Suresh participated in a 100m race and won a prize. This motivated him to go for practice
every morning.
Q21) What are the Qualities of Self-motivated People?
1. They know what they want from life
2. They are focused.
3. They know what is important
4. They are dedicated to fulfill their dreams.
Q22) What are the steps for building Self-motivation?
1. Find out your strengths - Identify your likes and dislikes. Understand what makes you
happy. For example, I love cooking.
2. Set and focus on your goals – Define the goals you want to achieve and focus all
your energy to achieve your goal. For example, I want to be a chef.
3. Develop a plan to achieve your goals - Plan and set timelines to achieve your goals,
Plan a list of activities that you will do to achieve each goal. For example, after
schooling, you may be required to appear for a competitive examination to join Hotel
Management Institute.
4. Stay loyal to your goals - Work towards achieving your goal, even when you are
facing difficult time. For example, even though I did not clear the Hotel Management
entrance exam, I will find out other ways to become a chef.
Q23) Why is Goal setting a very essential factor in your personal life?
Goal setting is a very essential factor in your personal life as the process of goal setting in
your life helps you decide on how to live your life, where you want to be, and how you want
to be in the future.
Q24) What is SMART Goals?
SMART stands for:
1. Specific: A specific and clear goal answers six questions.
 Who is involved in the goal? What do I want to do? Where do I start? When do I start and
finish? Which means do I use? Why am I doing this?
2. Measureable: A measureable goal answers the questions “How much?”, “How many?”
and “How do I know that I have achieved results?”
3. Achievable: Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make the goal achievable.
4. Realistic: A realistic goal would be something that we want to achieve and can work
towards.
5. Time bound: A SMART goal should have a timeframe by when the goal needs to be
achieved. This encourages us to take actions to completely fulfill the goals.
Q25) What is meant by Goal?
Goals: They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for example, saving pocket
money to buy a favourite mobile phone by a particular date.
Q26) What is meant by Goal Setting?
Goal setting: It is all about finding and listing your goals and then planning on how to
achieve them. Goals allow you to separate out what’s important. It helps you to focus on the
end result instead of less important work. This will make you successful in your career and
personal life.
Q27) What is Time Management? Why is it important?
Time management is the ability to plan and control how you spend the hours of your day well
and do all that you want to do. An example of good time management skills would be
when you decide to finish your homework immediately after school so you have time to
watch TV later in the evening.
Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to
• Complete tasks on time.
• Make a daily timetable.
• Make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something.
• Submit homework and assignments on time.
• Not waste time during the day.
Q28) Write the Steps for Effective Time Management.
1. Organise
• We plan our day to-day activities.
• We make a timetable that we follow.
• We keep our surroundings and study table clean and mess free.
• We put things back where they belong.
 It helps us save time!
2. Pritortise
We make a to-do list that has all our activities and we rank them in the order of
importance. It helps us to get the most important task done first and also to
track what is pending.
3. Control
• We have a control over our activities and time.
• We avoid time wasters like chatting on the phone, surfing gossip sites, etc., and
focus on more important things.
4. Track
• We identify and note where we have spent our time. This will help us analyse if we
have used our time effectively or not. It also helps us to identify time-wasting activities.
Q29) Write the tips for practicing the four Steps for Effective Time Management.
• Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity
• Organise your room and school desk
• Develop a ‘NO DISTURBANCE ZONE’, where you can sit and complete important
tasks
• Use waiting time productively
• Prepare a ‘To-do’ list
• Prioritise
• Replace useless activities with productive activities
Q30) What are the benefits of working independently?
( Why is it important to work independently?)
• Ensures greater learning.
• Individuals feel more empowered and responsible.
• It provides flexibility to choose and define working hours and working mechanisms.
• Failure and success of the task assigned are accounted by individuals.
• Individuals become assets to organizations, groups and nations at large.
• It ensures creativity and satisfaction amongst individuals.
Q31) How can you enhance the ability to work independently?
Ability to work independently can be enhanced by being self-aware, self-motivated and self-
regulated.
1. Self-Awareness- Having conscious knowledge of your own self, capabilities, feelings
and one’s own character is called as self-awareness. It helps individuals to chart their
 ways for working independently. They become aware of their strengths and weak
points and work accordingly. They try to focus on strengths to become successful in
various arenas of life.
2. Self-Motivation - Self-motivated individuals have an inner urge to do something,
achieve their goals without any external pressure / lure for award or appreciation. It is
a life skill and must be necessarily developed.
3. Self-Regulation- Self-regulation guides independent individuals as it helps them
consider long term consequences rather than just transient feelings. It leads to a
responsible and a value driven behaviour. It teaches self - control and well directed
efforts to reach goal. Self – regulation inculcates discipline that helps in consistent
efforts to move towards goal.
 UNIT : 3
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SKILLS

Q1) What are the two main parts a computer system?

The two main parts of a computer system are hardware and software.
The physical parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is the machinery of a
computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
Software makes the hardware work the way we want. The most important software in any
computer is the Operating System (OS). All the computer applications, such as browsers, games,
Office tools, etc., are also software programs that perform particular functions.
Q2) What is an OS?
It is the most important software in any computer. This is the software that starts working as soon
as we switch on a computer. It displays the desktop on the monitor. Some of the most commonly
used operating systems for laptops and desktop are Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS.
Some of the mobile operating systems are Apple iOS and Google Android.
Q3) What are the basic functions performed when a computer starts?
Ans. A computer automatically runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input / Output System)
as soon as it is switched on or the power button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the
self-test shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load the Operating System.
Q4) What is the purpose of Login and Logout in a computer system?
This will ensure that no unauthorised person can see or make changes to our information without
taking our permission. To make sure your computer is locked, you have login-IDs and passwords.
A login and password is like a key to the lock which allows you to use the computer. When you
login to the computer with your login-ID and password, the computer knows that you are an
authorised person and allows you to work on the applications in the computer. Once you finish
working, you must log out or sign out so that no one else can see your work.
Q5) Describe the different types of keys on a keyboard.
1. Function Keys- Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. They are used to perform
specific functions. Their functions differ from program to program. The function of the F1
key in most programs is to get help on that program. Some keyboards may have fewer
function keys.
 2. Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK
and TAB, are special control keys that perform special functions depending on when and
where they are used.
3. Enter key: The label on this key can be either ENTER or RETURN, depending on the
brand of computer that you are using. You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move
the cursor to the beginning of a new line. In some programs, it is used to send commands
and to confirm a task on a computer.
4. Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation marks, such as colon
(:), semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation marks (‘ ’), and double quotation
marks (“ ”).
5. Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE
DOWN are navigation keys. These are used to move up and down, right and left in a
document. The HOME and END keys move the cursor to the left/right end of a line of
text, respectively. The PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys are used to move one page up
and one page down, respectively.
6. Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are
command keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to
the right of the cursor. The DELETE key and the BACKSPACE key are used to remove
typed text, characters and other objects on the right and left side of the cursor,
respectively.
7. Windows key: Pressing this key opens the Start menu.
Q6) List the functions that can be performed using a mouse.
1. Roll Over or Hover - Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or hovering over an
item. When you bring the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that
file.
2. Point and Click - As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer moves correspondingly
on your screen. The mouse allows you to select an item on the screen. When you click a
particular file, it gets selected
3. Drag and Drop - To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse
button down, move the item to a new location. After you move the item to the new
location, you release the mouse button. This is called drag and drop.
4. Double-click - Double-clicking means to quickly click the left mouse button twice. When
we double click on a file, it will open the file.
Q7) Differentiate between Files and Folders
All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of files store different types of
information. Each file is given a file name and has a file name extension that identifies the file
type. The file name and file name extension are separated by a period or a ‘dot’.
A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.
Q8) How do you create a file using a text editor in Ubuntu?
• To open a text editor, type ‘editor’ in the search dialog box. Then double-click the text editor
option. This will open a blank document.
• Here you can add text.
• To save the file click Save. In the Save As dialog box, browse to the Desktop folder, type the
file name and click Save.
Q9) How do you create a folder in Ubuntu?
To open file explorer in Ubuntu, click Files option on the left
• File explorer opens up
• To create a folder:
(a) Choose a location where the folder has to be created for example ‘Desktop’.
(b) Right-click and then choose the ‘New Folder’.
(c) Type the name of the folder.
Q10) Write the basic tips for taking care of your computer.
1. Keeping a Device Clean - Cleaning a device, such as a computer or mobile means to keep
the screen, keyboard and mouse clean.
a. Keyboard: First we should not eat anything over a keyboard. Crumbs can damage
the internal parts of a keyboard. You can clean a keyboard with a soft brush to
remove crumbs and dust particles.
b. Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger marks.
c. Be careful with food and drinks: Avoid eating and keeping glasses of water or
cups of coffee near a computer. Any liquid spilt over an electronic device can spoil
it beyond repair.
d. Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid
dropping or banging it against a hard surface. Using a cover for your mobile and a
padded case for moving your laptop protects the device from damage.
e. Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets overheated,
the internal parts can be damaged. The CPU has an internal fan to keep it cool. We
 should make sure the fan is functioning. You can also use an external fan. Avoid
leaving a device in the sun or in a closed car. We should be careful when using a
laptop while sitting in bed and make sure that the fan in not covered.
f. Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes we keep a device plugged in for
charging even after it is fully charged. If we leave the device plugged in for a long
time, it can overheat the battery. This reduces the battery life. Always unplug the
device once it is charged 100%.
g. Always plug in devices carefully: Any device being connected to a laptop or
computer such as a USB drive or headphones, should be done gently. It should not
be forced into the port. If you find it difficult to plug in a device, change the
direction and try instead of trying to force it in.
h. Do not run too many programs at a time: When too many programs are running at
the same time, the computer can become slow and even crash. If a program/app is
not being used, it should be closed so that other programs can work smoothly.
2. Prepare a Maintenance Schedule - We need to prepare a plan or a schedule for
maintenance to keep the computer running in perfect condition for a long time.
This can include:
(a) Daily Maintenance
i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in proper folders
(b) Weekly Maintenance
i. Clean your keyboard
ii. Clean your monitor
iii. Dust CPU and printer
iv. Backup your data to an external drive
(c) Monthly Maintenance
i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete from drive
ii. Organise photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software
vi. Run full system virus scan
(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance
i. Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
 ii. Clean up e-mail contact list
iii. Update your operating system
iv. Check for expiry of anti-virus software and renew
3. Backup Your Data
Backing up data means to save the information present on your computer on another
device, such as CD/DVD drives or hard disk. Data can recovered from here in case the
computer stops working completely. Computers can crash, humans can make mistakes and
natural disasters, such as floods can happen. So, it is important for companies, hospitals,
banks, etc., to keep their information safe — so that their business can continue to function
smoothly and their customers do not face problems.
4. Scanning and Cleaning Viruses
Sometimes computer viruses can enter a computer; we can install anti-virus software.
This will prevent any viruses from entering and will also clean any viruses that may
enter our system before they affect the data.
5. Increasing Computer Performance
If we have been using a computer for a long time we have a lot of unnecessary files
and data, such as temporary files and images. When they use too much hard-disk
space, the performance of the computer goes down. It is important that we keep
cleaning by removing any extra files. We can use some disk cleaner software, which
help us clean up the unnecessary files.
6. Removing SPAM from your Computer
Sometimes we get mails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond to
SPAM and delete it on a regular basis. It is possible to set filters in the settings to
prevent SPAM from entering our mail box. Most e-mail software have a SPAM folder
and automatically put all such emails into this folder.
Q11) How personal information can be lost or leaked from a computer?
Personal information can be lost or leaked in two ways:
1. We are not careful in giving out personal information over the Internet. For
example, we share our account details and password on unsecure sites.
2. A person gets unauthorised access to our computer. This can happen in the office if
we leave are computer without logging out.
Q12) List the different Threats to a Computer
Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer
without our knowing.
(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware. These maybe of three types:
• Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.
• Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your identity.
Using this false identity, the hacker can gain access to your account information or
perform illegal activity.
• Software Piracy: This is stealing of software and includes using or distributing
unlicensed and unauthorised copies of a computer program or software
(b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software programs
or steal the information stored on a computer. Major types of viruses are Worms and
Trojan Horse.
• Worms: These are viruses that replicate themselves and spread to all files once they
attack a computer. This makes it very difficult to remove them.
• Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software
program but once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroying data.
(c) Online Predator: Online predators are people who trap you into inappropriate
relationships. They may be older people posing to be your age, bullying you into doing
illegal activities online and sometimes face to face.
(d) Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive very attractive offers saying you have won
a huge money in a lottery and that you can claim the prize by depositing a certain amount
of money. When you deposit the money using credit card or online banking, you not only
lose the deposit money but your card / account information may be misused later.
Q13) How can you protect your data from theft and viruses?
To protect our data from theft and viruses we can take the following measures:
(a) Use passwords to login to your computer: Use passwords that are difficult to guess.
Passwords are difficult to hack if they are a mix of small (For example ‘a b c d’) and capital
letters (For example, ‘H J E R’), numbers (For example ‘8 7 6 5’) and special characters (For
example, ’% ^ # $’). This would prevent unauthorised people from using your computer. (b)
Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses and Firewall monitor the data coming in and
out of a computer and prevent viruses from entering. Anti-viruses can also detect and clean
viruses that may have entered a computer.
(c) Encrypt Data: This is usually done by banks and companies in which important customer
information is stored. They can encrypt their entire hard disk using encrypting feature in
Windows (Bitlocker). This would force users to use a decryption password (or key) before
starting the computer thus preventing unauthorised usage.
(d) Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or bank account only on secure sites. See in
the address bar of the browser. If the site address starts with https://and a lock symbol, then it
is safe to give your credit card and bank details.
Q14) Write the short cut keys to perform the following operations

Undo, Redo, Select all, Cut, Copy, Paste, Print,

1. Undo - CTRL+z
2. Redo - CTRL+y
3. Select all - CTRL+a
4. Cut - CTRL+x
5. Copy - CTRL+c
6. Paste - CTRL+v
7. Print - CTRL+p
8. Save - CTRL+s

Q15) Write the file type

1. .txt - simple text file

2. .jpg - image files
3. .mp3 - Sound files
4. .doc - document files
5. .xls - Excel files
6. .tmp - Temporary files

Q16) What are the functions of an Operating System?

The functions of Operating system are:

• It manages all the devices of a computer and keeps track of the status of the device, whether
it is busy or not.

• It also checks whether the device is functioning properly or not.

• It also controls software resources of the computer.

• It manages the computer memory and keeps track of which memory space is in use by
which program and which space is free.

• It manages the structure of the files and directories on a computer system.

• It keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a specific file.

• It allows you to create, copy, move and delete files.

Q17) Write a note on different types of OS (Operating Systems)

The different types of operating systems are as follows:

1. Interactive (GUI-based) - A graphical user interface is a user-friendly operating

system in which commands can be entered by clicking/double-clicking/right-clicking
a mouse.

Eg: Windows operating

2. Single-user single-task operating system - This type of operating system allows

only one user to do a task on the computer and one thing at a time.

Eg: MS DOS, Palm OS

3. Single-user, multi-task operating system - This type of operating system is used on

Desktop computers, laptops, where a single user can operate on several programs at
the same time.

Eg:, Windows, Apple MacOS

4. Multi-user Operating System - A multi-user operating system enables multiple users

to work on the same computer at different times or simultaneously.

Eg: Unix, Linux,

5. Real Time - A real time operating system is used to control machinery, scientific
instruments, like robots, in complex animations and computer controlled automated
machines. A real-time operating system is a computing environment that reacts to
input within a specific period of time. It manages the resources of the computer so
 that any particular operation is executed in the same amount of time every time it is
executed.

Eg: Windows CE , Lynx OS

6. Distributed Operating System- A distributed operating system runs on a set of

computers that are interconnected by a network. It combines the different computers
in the network into a single integrated computer and storage location. Windows,
UNIX, and LINUX are examples of distributed operating systems.

Q18) Write few examples of OS.

• DOS (Disk Operating System)

• Windows It is an operating system developed by Microsoft.

• Linux It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a free and

open-source software

• Mobile operating Systems

✓ Android

✓ Symbian

✓ Windows Phone

✓ iOS

Q19) What are the feature available in the Start button?

• Shut Down: - Allows the user to turn off the computer

• All Programs: - Provides access to all the installed programs and applications. To
start an application, just click it.

• Search Box: - This allows the user to search a file or a folder or run executable files.

• Control panel: - This allows the user to change various settings.

Q20) What is Recycle Bin?

 Files and folders deleted by the user are stored in the Recycle Bin. From Recycle Bin,
you can retrieve files or folders deleted by mistake.

Q21) Write the steps to create a new folder in Windows

1. Double-click the Computer icon.

2. Select the drive in which you want to create a new folder.

3. Window will open up showing files and folders in the selected drive. Click New Folder on
the toolbar.

OR

Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the right column. A shortcut menu appears.

Select New ➢ Folder from the shortcut menu.

4. A new folder is created with name New Folder highlighted

5. Type a name for the folder.
Q22) Write the steps to create a new file in Windows

1. Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the right-column.

2. In the Shortcut menu, click New and select the type of the file you want to create.

Q23) Write the steps to rename a file or a folder

1. Right-click the file or the folder.

2. From the shortcut menu, select Rename option

3. Type the new name or edit the existing name and press the Enter key. Or Just select
the file/folder and press Function key F2.

Q24) Write the steps to delete a file or a folder

1. Click the file or the folder.

2. Press the Delete key. Or Right-click and select Delete option from the Shortcut menu.

Q25) Write the steps to copy a file or a folder

You can copy a file or a folder in any one of the following ways:

1. Shortcut menu:

a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy.

b. Select Copy option from the Shortcut menu.

c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to make a copy of the selected file or
folder. d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu.

2. Drag and Drop method:

To copy a file or a folder, hold down the Ctrl key while dragging it to the new location.

3. Using Keyboard:

a. Select the file or the folder.

b. Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder.

c. Open the destination folder.

d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file

Q26) Write the steps to move a file or a folder

You can move a file or a folder in any one of the following ways:

1. Shortcut menu:

a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy.

b. Select Cut option from the Shortcut menu.

c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to move the selected file or folder.

d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu.

2. Drag and Drop method:

To copy a file or a folder, select the file and drag it to a new location.

3. Using Keyboard:

a. Select the file or the folder.

b. Press Ctrl + X to cut the file or the folder.

c. Open the destination folder.

d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.

Q27) Write the steps to permanently delete a files

You can permanently delete the contents of the Recycle Bin in any one of the following
ways:

Right-click the Recycle Bin icon and then click Empty Recycle Bin.

OR

1. Double-click the Recycle Bin icon.

2. The Recycle Bin window appears.

3. Click Empty the Recycle Bin.

Q28) How do you restore Files/Folder from Recycle Bin window ?

To recover a file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file, and then click Restore

Or

Select the file and click Restore this item.

Q29) What are the general precautions to be taken while cleaning the computer components?

General precautions to be taken while cleaning the computer components are:

• Always Power Off the computer system before cleaning.

• Never spray cleaning fluid directly on the component of the computer. First spray the liquid
on the cloth and then wipe the component.

• Do not allow the cleaning liquid to drip near the circuit board.

• Preferably use anti-static wrist band which helps to prevent building up of static electricity
near electronic device.

Q30) What are the things the computer virus cannot do?

A computer virus cannot do the following:

• It cannot infect files on CD or DVD, if they are closed for writing.

• It cannot infect computer hardware like, keyboard, mouse, etc.

Q31) How do we know that our computer is infected with virus?

Sometimes, computer shows strange behavior.

Some of the common signs of a virus attack are:

• Computer runs very slow

• There is change in the file size

• Computer often stops responding

• There is an increase in number of files (unusual)

• Unusual error message appears on the screen

• Computer restarts on its own

Q32) What is Antivirus software?

Antivirus software is a program designed to detect and remove malicious programs from the
computer.

Some examples of antivirus software are McAfee Virus Scan, Norton Antivirus, Microsoft
Security essentials, and Quick Heal.

For an anti-virus program to be effective:

• It needs to run in the background at all times.

• Keep the anti-virus software updated so that it can recognize new viruses.

• Run full disk scans periodically.

Q33) What are the points to be kept in mind to prevent virus infection?

( How can you protect your computer from virus?)

• Install and use anti-virus software.

• Keep anti-virus software updated.

• Scan all the files that you download from the Internet

• Do not open e-mails of an unknown person/sender

• Don’t allow any untrustworthy person to use your system.

• New use unknown pen drive/CD on your computer

• Never click on the windows that pop-up when you are surfing the Internet.

Q34) How do you remove temporary files from your computer?

Temporary files are created when you are running computer programs. Microsoft Windows
and Windows programs often create a .TMP file as a temporary file. Temporary files are also
created by web browsers to store your web browser history.

These temp files take up a large amount of disk space so should be removed to clear space.
The steps to remove temporary files are:

1. Double-click Computer icon on the desktop.

2. The Computer Window opens.

3. Right-click Local Disk C: and select Properties option from the Shortcut menu

4. The Properties window opens. Click Disk Cleanup.

5. The Disk Cleanup for C: window appears

6. Click the Check box next to Temporary Files, Temporary Internet files, etc. that you want
to delete.

7. Click OK.

8. A confirmation message will appear

9. Click Delete Files.

10. Windows will delete all the temporary files on the computer.
Q35) How do you remove files of temporary folder?

Removing files of Temporary Folder

The steps to remove files of temporary folder are:

1. Press Windows button + R on the keyboard.

2. The Run dialog box appears.

3. Type %temp%

4. The Temp folder opens, Click Ctrl + A to select all the files in the folder. Press Delete key.

5. A message box appears. Click Yes to confirm.

6. All the files in the Temp folder will be deleted. Some files which are related to current
open files may not get deleted. You can ignore those files and close the pop-up window.

Q36) What is Firewall?

A computer firewall could be a programmable device or a software or a network security

system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on user-
defined security rules.

Firewalls enhance the security of computers connected to a network, such as LAN or the
Internet. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and
untrusted external network, such as the Internet. Firewall inspects each packet of data
whether incoming or outgoing and determines whether it should be allowed to pass or be
blocked.

The main purpose of a firewall is to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of unwanted network
communications while allowing normal traffic.

Q37) What are Cookies?

In computing, cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when you visit a
website on the internet. These files are designed to hold data specific to a particular client and
website.
When you visit a website, it sends a cookie to your computer where it is stored in a file. Only
the website that creates a cookie can read it. Other servers cannot access this information.

These files typically contain information about your visit to the webpage or record your login
information. This may not always be bad. Under normal circumstances, cookies cannot
transfer viruses or malware to your computer. But. Some viruses and malware may get
disguised as cookies.

You can manage your cookies in order to protect your online activity. Each browser stores
cookies in different location. Every browser gives a range of options for handling cookies.
Most browsers store cookie settings under Privacy options. You can use browser’s help files
to control cookie settings.
 UNIT: 4
ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS
Q1) What are the qualities of successful entrepreneurs?
(a)They are confident and take business decision.
(b) They believe in themselves and their abilities.
(c)They keep trying new ideas in their business.
(d) They are patient and should believe success will come soon.
(e)They are creative and have different solution to the problem that is think differently
about business ideas.
(f) They take responsibility for their actions and mistakes, work to make it better.
(g) They take decisions after thinking about them.
(h) They work hard.
(i) They do not give up when they face a difficulty, stay positive.
Q2) Explain the qualities of an entrepreneur.
Hard work: Without working hard, no entrepreneur can be successful. On an average,
successful entrepreneurs are found to be working anywhere between 60 to 90 hours per week,
which is much higher than 40 hours per week. Entrepreneurs use a lot of trial and error and
keep putting in work till they succeed.
Optimism: Positivity and belief in what they do is what takes entrepreneurs far in their
journey. Entrepreneurs should get think negatively or be afraid of adverse situations. For an
entrepreneur, part of being optimistic is about learning from mistakes and failures and finding
alternative ways to do things.
Independence: Entrepreneurs are confident and like the freedom to take decisions. They
prefer to be their own master and not work under someone else. Entrepreneurs like the
independence to drive a business on their own.
Energetic: Drive and energy is always high in successful entrepreneurs which makes them
extremely proactive. They are continuously taking actions to try multiple approaches and
execute things.
Self-confident: Belief in one’s own vision and abilities and passion for the goal makes
successful entrepreneurs confident. Entrepreneurs are able to transfer this passion and vision
to investors, employees, customers etc. to sell their idea to every stakeholder.
Perseverant: A way of thinking that helps to accept failure, learn from mistakes, not give up,
continuously experiment etc. is crucial for an entrepreneur. Hence, entrepreneurs need to be
perseverant in their pursuit.
Q3) Who is an entrepreneur?
A self-employed person who is always trying to make his/her business better by taking
risks and trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.
Q4) Ramya and Ramu both own plant shops. Ramu sits at his shop every day. When
customers come, he sells to them. Ramya walks around and gets customers to her shop.
She also sells seeds and flowers with her plants. What is the difference between them?
Ramya is working to do more and grow her business. She has also added a different idea
to her business. So, Ramya is an entrepreneur and Ramu is a businessman.
Q5) What do entrepreneurs do when they run their business?
1. Fulfil Customer Needs - Demand means a product or service that people want.
Entrepreneurs find out what people want. Then, they use their creativity to come up with
a business idea that will meet that demand.
2. Use Local Materials- Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around
them, to make products at low cost.
3. Help Society - Entrepreneurs have a positive relationship with society. They make
profits through activities that benefit society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving
the environment, some give money to build schools and hospitals. This way, the people
and area around them becomes better. These are the roles that entrepreneurs do in a
society.
4. Create Jobs - With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to
help them. They buy more material, and from more people. They also hire more people to
work for them. In this way, more people have jobs.
5. Sharing of Wealth - Wealth means having enough money to live a comfortable life.
As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people working for them and in related
businesses also grow. Hey have more money to live a better quality life.
6. Lower Price of Products- As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of
the product goes down. For example, when more mobile phones were getting sold in
India, the cost of the phone became lesser.
Q6) What are the positive impact of Entrepreneurship on society?
• Accentuates economic Growth
• Fosters Creativity
 • Stimulates Innovation and Efficiency
• Creates Jobs and Employment Opportunities
• Solves the problems of the society
• Encourages welfare of the society
Q7) How do society boost entrepreneurship?
Society plays a role in boosting entrepreneurship by:
• Creates needs and demands
• Provides raw materials
• Enables financial support
• Creates a need for education
• Catalyses policy formation and reform
• Facilitates networking
• Supports infrastructure development
Q8) What are the functions of an entrepreneur?
1. Making Decisions - An entrepreneur makes decisions every day. This includes what
to produce or sell, how much and where to sell.
2. Managing The Business - An entrepreneur plans the future of his or her business.
He/she arranges for raw material, hires people for work and tells everyone what to do.
They also check if the plan is being followed.
3. Divide Income - The entrepreneur divides the business money to many groups.
He/she spends money to buy material, pays rent of the building and salaries to people.
4. Taking Risk - Risk is the chance of something going wrong. An entrepreneur takes
risks against fires, lost items and theft.
5. Create a New Method, Idea or Product - An entrepreneur is always trying new things.
He/she does this to increase their importance and income.
Q9) What are the classifications of the functions of entrepreneurs?
1. Entrepreneurial functions
1. Organisation Building and Management: Organisation building is about bringing
together different factors of production and allocating these resources to bring down
costs and losses. All decisions relating to an enterprise are taken by the
entrepreneur. An entrepreneur builds the organization by taking various steps such
as hiring employees, organizing the factors of production, sourcing finance etc.
2. Risk taking: Risk taking is about taking responsibility and planning for a loss or
mishap that may occur in the future due to unforeseen contingencies. Some common
 risks entrepreneurs take are around return on investment, hiring of new employees,
working with vendors etc. An entrepreneur plays the function of developing a
certain risk-taking appetite and taking calculative risks to reduce adverse
consequences.
3. Innovation: Entrepreneurs innovate by introducing new concepts, products,
services, designs, ideas etc. They may introduce something new and innovative in
any branch of economic activity. In today’s world, a new business cannot survive
and sustain without innovating in some manner. An entrepreneur foresees a
potentially profitable opportunity and innovates in the effort to exploit it.

2. Promotional functions
1. Idea Discovery: The first step towards entrepreneurship is discovery of a business
idea. An entrepreneur comes up with a business idea and thinks about ways to
implement it. It is about seeking opportunities for a specific type of business and
finding ways to commercialize on it. Usually, entrepreneurs work around the
process of idea discovery by exploiting natural resources, finding a market need or
calculating the profit potential.
2. Detailed Investigation: While coming up with ideas can seem like an easy
process, the challenge is to understand if the idea has the potential to turn into a
viable business venture. For this, an entrepreneur conducts research, investigates
and evaluates an idea considering various factors and estimates the total demand
for a new product or service.
3. Assembling the Requirements: Some basic business requirements include
infrastructure or office space, human resources, key vendors or partners, working
capital etc. In a manufacturing or product-based business, some requirements are
selecting the factory site, sourcing plant and machinery, hiring staff, finding the
right suppliers etc. No matter what is the type of the business, an entrepreneur has
to work towards assembling and organizing all the requirements once he/she is
sure about the practicality and profitability of the proposition. Once this function
is performed, the project is set to start smoothly.
4. Financing: Raising capital for a business is one of the core functions that
entrepreneurs perform themselves, not just at the initial stage of the business, but
even to grow and scale the business. First, the requirements of finances are
estimated. Next, the sources from which capital will come are determined. This
includes calculating the long-term and short-term financial requirements and
considering the debt equity ratio.
3. Managerial functions
1. Planning: An entrepreneur documents a business idea in the form of a business
plan, to detail each element of the business such as product or service description,
operations, marketing, finance, accounting, growth plan etc. A business plan
serves as a guide to determine the business objectives and the course of action. It
helps to detail the “what, when, how and who” of doing every specific task.
2. Organizing: Organizing in the managerial context refers to setting specific and
attainable goals and objectives to be achieved by different departments and by
each employee. It is about arranging, directing, guiding, coordinating and
controlling the key business activities.
3. Directing: Directing is about initiating planned action and ensuring that each
employee is performing effectively. This also includes doing continuous
performance reviews and organizing tasks according to plans.
4. Staffing: Staffing refers to different sub-processes around human resource
management, such as manpower planning, recruitment, selection, placement,
training, transfer, salary, promotion, payroll, appraisal etc. The objective of
staffing is to fill a particular position with the right employee at the right time.
5. Leadership: Leadership is more of a skill than a function for an entrepreneur as
he or she has to lead, guide and supervise people who work for the business. As a
leader, an entrepreneur guides, directs, and influences the work of others to attain
specific goals. An entrepreneur acts as a mediator between the individual and the
organisation to ensure mutual benefit satisfaction.
6. Communication: Communication enables exchange of feelings, ideas, emotions,
information and knowledge between two or more persons. An entrepreneur has to
communicate every single day, in the form of writing, responding, drafting emails,
verbal instruction, discussion etc. On an average, entrepreneurs spend 75%-90%
of their work time communicating with others.
7. Supervision: Supervision is a key skill as even overseeing that things are being
executed well is important. An entrepreneur might delegate tasks and give
instructions, but it is important to ensure that these instructions are carried out
well. For example, some tasks entrepreneurs supervise are tracking utilisation of
resources, correcting subordinates where they go wrong, getting the required work
done as directed, ensuring all functions of the business are running smoothly etc.
 8. Motivation: Along with guiding employees, an entrepreneur also plays a role of
motivating them and encouraging positive behaviour and culture within the
organization. Motivating employees is about creating an urge in them to exhibit a
desired behaviour and positive attitude towards work. Employees with high
motivation automatically do other things along with it to perform successfully,
such as being productive, flexible, competitive, comprehensive, efficient etc.
9. Co-ordination: Co-ordination between different departments of the business
helps to ensure that work happens in a timely manner. Activities of all employees
must be channelized towards goal achievement. An entrepreneur has to set certain
targets, measures, goals etc. with different departments to ensure all are
coordinating and working effectively internally as well.
10. Controlling: Sometimes controlling is necessary for the entrepreneur to set
company rules and policies. Controlling function helps the entrepreneur to set
performance standards, measure and compare productivity and performance,
identify variations, take corrective action etc.
11. Negotiation: An entrepreneur negotiates terms and conditions for many parts
of the business such as payment terms and timelines, salaries of employees,
vendor quotations etc.
4. Commercial Functions
1. Production and Operations: Depending on whether it is a service business or
product business, an entrepreneur has to perform the function of managing production
or operations. For a manufacturing business, production related activities include
sourcing of raw materials, checking functioning of machinery, utilising maximum
capacity, meeting order requirements etc.
2. Finance and Accounting: While finance is more focused on raising funds and
managing them, accounting helps to record and analyse the financial position of the
business. Thus, an entrepreneur has to prepare and analyse cash flow statements,
income sheet, balance sheet etc.
3. Marketing: Marketing is about moving the product or service from producer into the
hands of the end customer or user. It involves promotion, advertising, distribution,
customer service etc. An entrepreneur has to perform this function to make people
aware about the offerings of the business and makes sales.
4. Human Resource Management: Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to
recruitment, employment, selection, training, development and compensation of the
 employees with an organization. An entrepreneur performs this function as no
business can function without people.
Q10) List the myths about entrepreneurship.
1. Every business idea needs to be unique or special ( Great ideas are what makes
entrepreneurs)
In actuality, there is no real or commercial value of just an idea. People who are able to
execute the idea and turn it into a business are referred to as entrepreneurial. A person
can take an idea that is already there in the market and do something different with it.
2. A person needs a lot of money to start a business.
While certain amount of capital is required for take a business off the ground, it varies
depending on the business. The key in entrepreneurship is to start with resources
available and grow slowly and steadily. It is not necessary that one should fear or deter
from entrepreneurship due to lack of financial resources.
3. Only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur.
No business is big or small. If a person is running a business to fulfill a customer need,
they are an entrepreneur. Most businesses start small. It becomes big with hard work
and creativity.
4. Entrepreneurs are born, not made.
It is an assumption that entrepreneurial qualities are inborn and that only people with
certain natural talents can become entrepreneurs. This is a myth and research had
established that almost anyone can be an entrepreneur with the right skills, drive and
passion. There is no set defined way to point towards personality types of entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship is a learned skill, not a natural-born ability. You must believe that
anything is possible and it shall be achieved. It starts with thinking of an idea that you
want to work on, making it different.
5. Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risk
While entrepreneurs definitely have to bear some risks, they do not necessarily put
themselves in high-risk situations. Entrepreneurs take calculated risks and weigh risk
versus reward.
6. Businesses either skyrocket or fail
Although select few start-ups skyrocket and receive all the media attention, it is easy to
adopt an all or-nothing outlook on entrepreneurship. While many ventures make it big
and many fail, a lot of businesses are run with patience and strategy with a focus on
self-sustenance and gradual growth.
 7. One must know everything before starting a business
Entrepreneurs continuously thrive to be in a constant state of learning. Being new and
even somewhat naïve can be an asset in today’s rapidly changing world, because
succeeding at entrepreneurship requires energy, innovation and the ability to push
yourself outside your comfort zone. What actually counts is not what you know, but
how fast you can learn.

Q11) What is meant by career?

A career is a line of work that a person takes for life. There are two ways a person can earn
a living. They are
1. Self-employment –If a doctor has own clinic, he or she is a self-employed person. A
self-employed person running a business to satisfy a need by trying new ideas is an
entrepreneur.
2. Wage employment - A doctor who works for a hospital is a wage employed person.
Q12) What is the career process that a person who becomes an entrepreneur goes
through?

1. Enter - When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering the market to do
business.
2. Survive - There are many entrepreneurs in the market. The entrepreneur has to remain
in a competitive market.
3. Grow - Once the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks about expanding his or her
business.

Q13) List some common entrepreneurship activities related to society.

Social Entrepreneurship: Social entrepreneurship can be understood as creation of

sustainable solutions for social problems that leads to social change by employing
entrepreneurial mindset, processes and operations. In social entrepreneurship research is
conducted to completely define a specific and core social problem. Many social problems are
tackled by social entrepreneurs such as low reach of quality education, health and sanitation,
unemployment, child labour etc.

Agricultural Entrepreneurship: Agricultural Entrepreneurship can be defined as being

primarily related to the marketing and production of inputs and products used in agricultural
activities. Farmers have benefited the most with rise in agricultural entrepreneurship as it has
led to low-cost innovations in farming processes.

Women Entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurship is referred to the entrepreneurial

activity led by women, where women undertake risks, create enterprises, organise factors of
production, innovate with products/services and generate employment opportunities.
Government of India has defined women entrepreneurship as “an enterprise owned and
controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and
giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women.”

Small Scale Entrepreneurship: Small scale entrepreneurship refers to starting industries in

which manufacturing, trading, providing services, productions are done on a small scale or
micro scale. These businesses serve as the backbone of many developing countries.

Q14) List the role of entrepreneur.

1. Innovator’s Role: Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new products and
services into the market. In many cases, these are improved versions of existing
products or services available. Innovation fuels economic growth and helps to boost
global presence of products and services.
2. Agent’s role: Entrepreneurs act as ‘Agents of Change’ as they identify opportunities,
solve problems, offer effective solutions, establish enterprises, set up industries and
bring positive change for the economy.
3. Coordinating role: An entrepreneur coordinates many things such as factors of
production, delegated tasks, smooth functioning across different business
departments, timely delivery of inputs and outputs etc. However, by combining
resources in an optimal and best possible manner, an entrepreneur even makes use of
under-utilized resources in an economy.
4. Risk assumption role: Entrepreneurs are not risk aversive and they realize that taking
risks is a part of business. The fruit of bearing risks can be profit, which leads to
wealth generation for overall economy.
5. Capital formation role: Mobilization of idle savings takes place when money is
invested in a business. This mobilisation of capital leads to development of assets,
trade activities, increase in capital availability and economic development.
6. Imitating role: In many developing countries, entrepreneurs either imitate or adapt
the innovations of developed nations. These innovations are adapted according to the
 local needs and conditions and work towards overcoming the entrepreneurial
challenges.
7. Employment Generation role: Businesses cannot function without employing
people. Skilled professionals, unskilled labour and managerial staff are all required by
businesses. Hence, entrepreneurship solves the problem of unemployment, which is a
major problem in economic development.
8. Status transformation role: Since more and more people are employed by
entrepreneurs, overall income and standard of living of the society increases. This
encourages equitable distribution of wealth and reduces income disparity in the
economy.
9. Balancing role: Entrepreneurship is encouraged with small and micro enterprises and
small-scale industries as well. This encourages regional development and removes
development imbalances in the economy.
Q15) Explain the importance of entrepreneurs.

1. Free market evolution: In a free market, entrepreneurs are able to respond to

changing customer preferences, prices, shifts in demand etc. Entrepreneurs bring
change in technology, trends and markets. For example, with increase in digital
services, entrepreneurs have created companies that offer many home delivery
services such as groceries, restaurant food, clothes, accessories etc.
2. Efficiency improvements: Entrepreneurs tend to adapt in an established business and
increase their own efficiency. They innovate with current systems and introduce new
technologies which can significantly create advancement in an industry. Hence,
during any major changes in the economy, entrepreneurs adapt and do not have to go
out of business.
3. New markets: Entrepreneurs can often ‘redefine the rules’ of an established industry.
They do this by creating new markets for existing products and slightly innovating in
small ways to suit the needs of a new target market.
4. New values: Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit and offer a more
ethical product to the world and are transparent about it.

Q16) How can entrepreneurship as career benefit an individual?

1. Nurtures development of entrepreneurial skills and capabilities:

Entrepreneurship cultivates unique skills and encourages outside the box thinking. It
instils confidence, creates opportunity, offers solutions and stimulates the economy.
Entrepreneurship education provides with the skills and knowledge to come up with
business ideas and develop ventures. It is broadly about learning to practice core
business areas such as marketing, sales, finance, accounting, management etc. and
developing skills such as effective communication, creative problem solving,
adaptability etc.

2. Enables application of an entrepreneurial mindset:

Entrepreneurial mindset and skills are not necessarily only relevant to becoming an
entrepreneur, but also in any field. Even the top employability skills of today are
basically entrepreneurial skills. In fact, having an entrepreneurial mindset and wide
range of business-relevant skills acquired through studying entrepreneurship would
make one an ideal candidate in most fields.
3. Develops the ability to handle failure and ambiguity:

In the Indian culture, since childhood failure is looked upon as something intolerably
bad. However, a critical part of learning in the entrepreneurial process is to learn
from failure. Hence, going through this process helps to learn from mistakes, take
failure positively and stay motivated to work towards achieving the goal. Similarly,
just like life is uncertain, business is full of ambiguity. While actually finding
solutions to deal with ambiguity, one develops certain traits such as risk
management, perseverance and persistence.

4. Enhances critical thinking and problem-solving ability:

The ability to think critically and solve problems is essential to succeed in the world
of business. The focus of learning is not on these aspects during our school years.
Learning entrepreneurship exposes one to numerous opportunities that force one to
think critically, analyze all alternatives and consider possible solutions.

5. Provides early exposure to the real world:

Ultimately, working professionally in the real world requires one to collaborate,

think creatively and demonstrate proficiency. In most cases, real life exposure during
educational years remains limited. Entrepreneurship practice at an early stage in
one’s career encourages activities such as going out and interacting with customers,
creating tangible concepts and ideas, preparing detailed documents, working with
investors etc., which gives great exposure and knowledge about the trends and needs
of the real world.

6. Inspires to think about one’s career differently: Many students do not even
consider that they can try to work on business ideas, take up entrepreneurial projects,
take the initiative to impact society etc. Thus, they tend to develop a certain trail of
thought about their career – from graduating high school to college to looking for a
job. If entrepreneurship exposure is given at the first point when one starts thinking
towards building a career, it can help them to think of different career options and
exploring what they are actually passionate about.
7. Leads to creating difference in society: Entrepreneurs not only economically
impact society but they also work on identifying the real needs and problems of
people and solving them. Learning entrepreneurship encourages one to find problems
that need to be solved, invent a solution for them, and ultimately, make the world a
better place.
 UNIT: 5

GREEN SKILLS

Q1) What is Sustainable Development?

Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, guaranteeing the
balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.

For example, sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of farming

that allow the production of agricultural crops or livestock without damage to human or
natural systems. It also involves preventing the use of chemicals so as to avoid adverse
effects to soil, water and biodiversity.

Q2) Why is sustainable development important?

1. Judicious use of resources is of prime importance since the exploitation of resources is

causing its depletion. We need to curb our usage to ensure that resources like air, water,
forests are available to future generation. This would also mean that the resources are in their
pure form.

2. Not only for the next generation but even for the existing generation, the quality of basic
resources is deteriorating leading to major health concerns such as Cancer, Bronchitis etc.
Ensuring sustainability will help curb these problems.

3. Rising demands is leading to economic disparity. The rich is becoming richer while the
poor is becoming poorer. The uneven distribution of available resources across different
economic fronts is leading to discrimination, giving rise to crime and creating social
imbalance. To ensure proper balance Sustainability is important.

4. Environmental problems like Climate Change, Emission of Green House gases are
alarming. If everyone draws a line for themselves, we will be able to combat these issues with
the help of Sustainable Development.

5. Adoption of Sustainable Development in our daily life and at our work place will also
promote economic growth. Young entrepreneurs with minimum investment can produce
better output. Introduction of Solar Power Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants, Electric
Vehicles etc. will not only help in protecting Environment but shall also contribute in Saving
money and resources. The economy that reduces environmental risks and strikes ecological
balance is termed as Green Economy.

3. Rising demands is leading to economic disparity. The rich is becoming richer while the
poor is becoming poorer. The uneven distribution of available resources across different
economic fronts is leading to discrimination, giving rise to crime and creating social
imbalance. To ensure proper balance Sustainability is important.

4. Environmental problems like Climate Change, Emission of Green House gases are
alarming. If everyone draws a line for themselves, we will be able to combat these issues with
the help of Sustainable Development.

5. Adoption of Sustainable Development in our daily life and at our work place will also
promote economic growth. Young entrepreneurs with minimum investment can produce
better output. Introduction of Solar Power Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants, Electric
Vehicles etc. will not only help in protecting Environment but shall also contribute in Saving
money and resources. The economy that reduces environmental risks and strikes ecological
balance is termed as Green Economy.

Q3) What are the problems related to sustainable development?

Three major problems related to sustainable development are:

(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as wheat, rice, etc., is
becoming less as we are using up more and more land for other purposes. Soil nutrients are
also getting depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling the soil due to use of chemical
fertilisers.

(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and cleaning but dump
garbage into them. The rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This way after several years, we
will have no clean water for our use.

(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for construction of homes and
furniture. As more and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate of the place.
Extreme weather conditions, such as floods, extreme cold or heat, are seen in many places,
which affect the people living there.
Q4) How can you attain sustainable development?

Sustainable development includes

• Reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource conservation;

• Recycling and reuse of waste materials;

• Scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources;

• Planting more trees;

• Green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between concrete buildings;

• Using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material and

• Use of technologies, which are environmental friendly and based on efficient use of
resources.

Q5) How can you contribute to create a Sustainable Society in your daily life?

We can contribute to create a Sustainable Society in our daily life by following 4Rs’ and 1U
of Sustainability. These are Refuse, Reduce, And Reuse, Recycle And Upcycle.

Refuse – Refuse to use products that may harm the environment.

Reduce- is the next step that is minimizing the use of the products that may cause harm to
environment.

Reuse - Reuse products as far as possible, in order to reduce the waste generation.

Recycle - After reusing the product, we must try to recycle it as far as possible. When we
recycle any product, the quality is usually affected and the new product is not of the same
quality as the original product. In these modern times, another smart way has seen its
emergence, this is the U in sustainability – Upcycling.

Upcycling - This allows the scope of human skills to get their due. Any product that is not
usable can be upcycled with creativity and innovation. Upcycling of products could be done
manually as well as with help of machines, giving a new look to the old product and making
it look desirable.
Q6) List the sustainable development goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call of action to end poverty,
protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

The 17 SDGs have been made with the aim to take care of important issues facing businesses,
governments and society. They are

No Poverty Zero Hunger Good Health And Well Quality Education

Being

Decent Work And Gender Equality Clean Water And Sanitation Life Below Water
Economic Growth

Reduced Inequalities Climate Action Affordable And Clean Peace Justice And
Energy Strong Institutions

Sustainable Cities Life On Land Responsible Consumption Partnership For

And Communities And Production The Goals

Industry Innovation And

Infrastructure

Q7) Write one example of Sustainable Development Initiatives in India.

1. When plastics were banned by the municipal corporation of Mangalore, an innovator

and entrepreneur Mr Avasth Hedge found an eco-friendly alternative. He made a 100
per cent bio-degradable bag which can dissolve in hot water and decompose in natural
environment. This is now being used in many countries and is going to help the
environment.
2. To stop the use of plastics spoons, forks, etc. Narayana Peesapaty made edible cutlery
made out of a grain — these spoons can be eaten and even if they are not eaten they
will easily decompose in the soil enriching it.

Q8) Give example of sustainable development? (Give few examples of how sustainable
development can be done)
Some practices, such as organic farming, vermi-composting and rainwater harvesting are
being used to help preserve the environment.

Organic farming is where farmers do not use chemical pesticides and fertilisers to increase
their production. They use organic and natural fertilisers, such as cow dung to help in
growing crops. This helps in better quality chemical free crops while at the same time
maintaining the soil quality for future use. This is a true example of sustainable development
where we are not only using the earth resources but are also preserving it for our future
generations.

Q9) What are Kulhads’ ?What are the major advantages gained by using ‘Kulhads’ in
Railways in Varanasi and Raibareilly ?

Kulhads’ are clay pots ‘to replace plastic and paper cups and to bring back taste of tradition.
Three major advantages gained by using ‘Kulhads’ are to

1. reduce cutting of tree for making paper cups.

2. job creation for potters, which contributes to economy.

3. reduce plastic waste.

Q10) Why is sustainable development important?

1. Increasing population and development has led to the increase in consumption of the
natural resources. The more the population, the more food, energy and water we need.
When we grow more crops, the soil’s nutrients are consumed and slowly the soil
becomes unusable.
2. Similarly, is we continue to use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, very
soon we will run out of these natural resources. We use so many resources from
nature but we don’t give back to nature.
3. Factories give out smoke that pollutes the air.
4. Garbage collected from homes is dumped into landfills. Untreated garbage can lead
to disease and unhealthy environment.
5. Sewage from the cities is dumped into the seas and lakes making it unsafe for marine
life.
 This shows that though we are using the natural resources, we are doing nothing to return
or give back to nature. Natural resources are limited and with time they will get over and
if we do not do anything about it, our future generations will not be able to survive.

Q11) List few basic ways in which people can help towards Sustainable Development
Goals.

1. Quality Education - Education is the most important factors for sustainable

development. Children who have gone to school will be able to do jobs so that they
can take care of themselves and their families. Education helps us become aware of
our role as a responsible citizen.

We should

1. Use the facilities present in our areas.

2. Take our friends to school.

3. Help friends study.

4. Stop friends from dropping out of school.

2. Clean Water and Sanitation - We must make efforts to make India free of open
defecation by building toilets and creating awareness towards sanitation. Industrial
pollution is polluting our water resources, which in near future will cause scarcity of
clean drinking and usable water. We must take measurable steps by promoting
awareness to keep water sources clean.
3. Affordable and Clean Energy - Using solar power i.e., power generated using the
sun does not cause pollution as it does not require burning of non-renewable fuels,
such as coal. We are making efforts to increase the solar power generation so that our
electricity needs are met and at the same time we do not pollute the environment or
use up natural resources. Use of biogas is also an eco-friendly alternative to natural
gas.
4. Decent Work and Economic Growth - We can

(a) Study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and our families.

(b) Work hard and contribute to society.

 (c) Learn and develop skills so that we get add value in our community.

5. Reduced Inequalities - To reduce inequalities we can

1. Be helpful to one another.
2. Be friendly with everyone.
3. Include everyone while working or playing.
4. Help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl or boy,
belong to any class or caste.
6. Sustainable Cities and Communities - Creating Sustainable Cities
1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances.
7. Responsible Consumers and Producers - We can become responsible about our
own environment by
1. Reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. Taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. Donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.
8. Protect Life Below Water - Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing
marine life. Protecting marine life, saving our oceans from pollution is necessary to
preserve the marine life.
9. Protect Life on Land - Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry
and unusable for cultivation. Planting more tree to replace the ones that we have cut is
an important step towards sustainable development.
Q12) What are the challenge in realising this sustainable development goals?
1. A large population in major parts of the world is living an underprivileged life and is
excluded. For them earning a meal each day is a challenge. Under such circumstances,
expecting an alteration in their mind set or behaviour is not easy.
2. A huge population in world’s economy is unemployed. Any means of earning whether
sustainable or not is their ray of hope.
3. With the existing issues of climate change, number of species has extinct and many
are on verge of their extinction. Under such circumstances striking a balance in the food
chain is a big responsibility.
4. The market all over the world is trying to capture as many resources as possible to
maximize their profit. In pursuit of maximizing the profit they overuse and exploit the
resources.
5. In the time of nuclear race, where every developing country is trying its hand to
become developed nation, ensuring world peace is a global challenge.
6. It is the responsibility of every country to ensure having a full proof policy towards
Sustainable Development. While the challenge remains that many are simply leaving
loose ends in the execution of policies.
7. Last but most important, while it is the responsibility and accountability of every
individual to promote Sustainable Development, there is a huge world population which
is simply insensitive towards its need.
If we as individuals become alert and cautious towards creating and promoting
sustainable development, we will certainly be able to have a flourishing green economy
where interdependence will be appreciated and our future generation will be able to lead
a healthy life.