BER vs SNR in Binary Phase Shift Keying 2023-2024

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the problem statement regarding the project and the information
about the software used in the development of the project is been provided.

MATLAB, an acronym for MATrix LABoratory, is a powerful programming

language and numerical computing environment extensively utilized in engineering, science,
and academia. Renowned for its user-friendly interface and expressive syntax, MATLAB
excels in numerical computations, offering built-in functions for various mathematical
operations and linear algebra tasks.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

To write a program BER VS SNR IN Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) using Matlab R2023b

1.2 INTRODUCTION

The Bit Error Rate (BER) versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) analysis is a fundamental aspect
in the evaluation of communication systems, providing valuable insights into the system's
performance under varying noise conditions. In digital communication, BER quantifies the
accuracy of information transmission by measuring the fraction of incorrectly received bits.
Meanwhile, SNR represents the ratio of signal power to noise power and serves as a key
parameter influencing the reliability of communication systems.

In the context of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), a widely used digital modulation scheme,
the relationship between BER and SNR plays a pivotal role in understanding the robustness of
the communication link. BPSK is characterized by the modulation of binary information onto a
carrier wave through phase manipulation, where a phase shift of 180 degrees represents the
binary states 0 and 1.

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BER vs SNR in Binary Phase Shift Keying 2023-2024

This analysis involves the simulation of BPSK modulation and demodulation in the presence of
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). By systematically varying the SNR, which
represents the quality of the received signal relative to the background noise, the BER is
computed for each SNR point. The resulting BER vs SNR curve provides valuable insights into
the trade-off between the clarity of signal representation and the noise-induced errors in the
communication system.

In this exploration, a MATLAB code has been developed to illustrate the BER vs SNR
performance of BPSK. The code generates random bits, modulates them using BPSK,
introduces simulated noise through AWGN, demodulates the received signal, and calculates the
BER at different SNR levels. The graphical representation of BER vs SNR enables the
visualization of the communication system's resilience to noise, aiding in the design and
optimization of digital communication systems.

In the context of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), a widely used digital modulation scheme,
the relationship between BER and SNR plays a pivotal role in understanding the robustness of
the communication link. BPSK is characterized by the modulation of binary information onto a
carrier wave through phase manipulation, where a phase shift of 180 degrees represents the
binary states 0 and 1.

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 BER vs SNR in Binary Phase Shift Keying 2023-2024

Chapter 2

ALGORITHM

In this chapter, the algorithm for the program of DC motor is been provided. The
algorithm for the program is as follows.

I. Initialize Parameters.
II. Set the number of bits (numBits).
III. Define the SNR range (snrRange).
IV. Generate Random Bits.
V. Generate a random sequence of bits (bits) with values 0 or 1.
VI. Loop over SNR Values.
VII. For each SNR value in the specified range.
VIII. Modulate the random bits using BPSK modulation.
IX. Add AWGN to the modulated signal based on the current SNR.
X. Demodulate the noisy signal using BPSK demodulation.
XI. Calculate the Bit Error Rate (BER) by comparing the original bits with the
demodulated bits.
XII. Store the BER value for the current SNR.
XIII. Plot BER vs SNR.
XIV. Plot the BER values against the corresponding SNR values.

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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the block diagram, components required and the components details is
been provided.

3.1 BER vs SNR in BPSK using MATLAB:

1. **Initialization:**
Begin by defining the parameters for your simulation. Specify the number of bits (`numBits`),
the range of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (`snrRange`), and any other relevant parameters.

```matlab
numBits = 100000; % Number of bits
snrRange = 0:1:20; % SNR range in
dB
```

2. **Bit Generation:**
Generate a sequence of random bits (0s and 1s) to be used for BPSK modulation.

```matlab
bits = randi([0, 1], 1, numBits);
```

3. **BPSK Modulation:**
Modulate the generated bits using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK).

```matlab
modulatedSignal = 2 * bits - 1;
```

4. **SNR Loop:**
Iterate over the specified SNR range and simulate the BPSK system at different SNR values.

```matlab
ber = zeros(size(snrRange));

for i = 1:length(snrRange)
% SNR-related calculations and noise
addition snr = snrRange(i);
noisePower = 10^(-snr/10);
noisySignal = awgn(modulatedSignal, snr, 'measured');

% BPSK demodulation
demodulatedBits =
sign(noisySignal);

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 BER vs SNR in Binary Phase Shift Keying 2023-2024

% Calculate Bit Error Rate (BER)

ber(i) = sum(bits ~= (demodulatedBits + 1)/2) /
numBits; end
```

5. **Plotting:**
Visualize the BER vs SNR performance using a semilogarithmic plot.

```matlab
figure;
semilogy(snrRange, ber, 'o-');
title('BER vs SNR for
BPSK'); xlabel('SNR (dB)');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate
(BER)'); grid on;
```

6. **Analysis:**
Analyze the resulting plot to understand how the Bit Error Rate varies with changes in
the Signal-to-Noise Ratio. A lower BER indicates better performance in the presence of
noise.

7. **Optimization (Optional):**
If needed, further optimize the simulation parameters, such as increasing the number of bits for
more statistical significance or adjusting the SNR range for specific analysis requirements.
.

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Initialize Parameters
Start

Generate random bits

Loop over SNR values (i = 1 to length(snrRange)

no
Modulate the Signal Add AWGN
Demodulate the Signal Calculate BER
Store BER

yes

Plot BER vs SNR

(semilogy, title...)

Stop

Fig 3.1 Flow Diagram

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 BER vs SNR in Binary Phase Shift Keying 2023-2024

Chapter 4
CODE

% BPSK modulation and demodulation with AWGN channel

% Parameters

numBits = 100000; % Number of bits

snrRange = 0:1:20; % SNR range in
dB
% Generate random bits

bits = randi([0,1], 1,
numBits); ber =
zeros(size(snrRange)); for i =
1:length(snrRange)
% BPSK modulation
modulatedSignal = 2*bits -
1;
% Add AWGN
snr = snrRange(i);
noisePower = 10^(-snr/10);
noisySignal = awgn(modulatedSignal, snr, 'measured');
% BPSK demodulation
demodulatedBits =
sign(noisySignal);
% Calculate Bit Error Rate (BER)
ber(i) = sum(bits ~= (demodulatedBits + 1)/2) /
numBits; end
% Plot BER vs SNR
figure;
semilogy(snrRange, ber, 'o-');
title('BER vs SNR for
BPSK'); xlabel('SNR (dB)');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate
(BER)');
grid on;

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Fig 4.1 Result

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Chapter 5
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the MATLAB simulation of Bit Error Rate (BER) versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(SNR) for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) provides valuable insights into the robustness of
digital communication systems. Through the systematic variation of SNR levels, the simulation
allows for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of noise on BPSK-modulated signals. The
resulting BER vs SNR curve illustrates the trade-off between signal clarity and the susceptibility
to errors, offering crucial information for the design and optimization of communication systems.
MATLAB's versatility in numerical computing and visualization, coupled with its user-friendly
interface, enables engineers and researchers to efficiently analyze and understand the
performance of BPSK under different noise conditions. This simulation serves as a practical tool
for evaluating and enhancing the reliability of communication links, contributing to
advancements in the field of digital communication and signal processing.

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Chapter 6

REFRENCE
1. Wikipedia

2. BPSK BER v/s SNR Simulation for AWGN channel – MathWorks.

https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/37994-bpsk-ber-v-s-snr-simulation-for-
awgn-channel#:~:text=Share%20'BPSK%20BER%20v%2Fs%20SNR%20Simulation%20for
%20AWGN%20channel'&text=If%20the%20transmitted%20bit%20is,%2B(sqrt(SNR))%2Bn.

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