BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME

FROM THE
SAGE -ENDOWMENT FUND
THE GIFT OF
flettrg H9. Sage
XS91

..A z.i.^.z.Lo : /.^/a/.a£.

9963
 Cornell University Library

Four figure mathematical tables,

3 1924 004 044 859

 The original of this book is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in

the United States on the use of the text.

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 FOUR FIGURE
MATHEMATICAL TABLES.
Ai
 FOUR FIGURE
MATHEMATICAL TABLES
COMPRISING LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES, AND
TABLES OF SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, AND RECIPROCALS.

J. T. BOTTOMLEY, M.A., LL.D., D.SC,

P'.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.C.S.,
LATE LECTURER IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF. GLASGOW.

MAC MILL AN AND CO., Limited

NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1907

A/^ rights reserved

 %l>1(o 35/5 (5t)

\\ 2-^4x^
First Edition 1887.

Reprinted 1S90, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1897, 1899 (twice), 1900, 1901,
1902, J903 (twice). With additions 1904, 1905 (twice), 1907.

GLASGOW PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITT; PRESS

;

,BY ROBERT MACLBHOSB AND CO. LTU.

 EXPLANATIONS AND RULES

USE OF THK ACCOMPANYING TABLES.

The logarithm of a number consists in general of two parts, an

integer part and a decimal. The integer part is called the Index or
Characteristic; the decimal part is called the Mantissa.

RULE I. The Index of the logarithm of a number greater than

unity is the number which is less by one than the number of digits in
the integral part of the given number.

Thus, the index of the logarithm of 47320 is 4.

473 '2 is 2.

4732 is o.

RULE n. The Index of the logarithm of a number less than unity,

and reduced to the form of a decimal fraction, is negative, and is a
higher number by one than the number of zeros that follow the decimal
point of the given number.

Thus, the index of the logarithm of '4732 is - i

004732 is - 3
To denote that the index is negative the sign minus is often
written above it ; thus T, 3.

RULE III. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of a given numbei

consisting of four figures. — Find
the first two figures in the left hand
column of the table. Pass along the corresponding horizontal line and
take the number in the vertical column headed by the third figure.
To this number add the number found in the difference columns under
the fourth figure of the given number. The sum with a decimal point
prefixed is the required mantissa.
 —

6 MATHEMATICAL TABLES.
Example. Find the mantissas corresponding to the sequences of
figures 4732 and 6983
473 6749
2 from dif. col. - • 'i

•6751

698 • 8439
5 from dif. col. •
3

•8442

RULE IV. To find the logarithm of a given number consisting of

four figures. — Find the mantissa corresponding to the given four figures,
and to it prefix the proper index. The number thus obtained is the
required logarithm.
Examples.
log 47320 - - • 154-6751
log 47-32 - - is 1-6751
log 6-985 is 0-8442
log 0-006985 is 3'8442

Note. —A logarithm whose index is negative really consists of a

positive mantissa with a negative index algebraically added to it.

Thus: — 7-8442= +08442- important to bear this in mind

I. It is
in numerical operations on logarithms. For example, in taking the
square root of 0-6985, the logarithm of that number is divided by 2,

and in taking the cube by 3. The simplest way of doing this is

as follows :

^-8442- i) = |(i-8442-2) = -922i - I

K-8442 - I) = 1(2-8442 -3)= 9481 - I

RULE V. To find the anti-logarithm of a given logarithm, «>., the

number corresponding to the given logarithm. — Find in the table of
anti-logarithms, proceeding as in Rule III., the sequence of figures cor-
responding to the mantissa of the given logarithm. To these figures
place a decimal point, in the position indicated by the index of the
given logarithm, prefixing or affixing zeros, if necessary. (See Rules I.
and II.) The number thus obtained is that required.
Examples. Given the logarithm 27834 find the anti-logarithm.
•783 - - - 6067
4 from dif col. - - 6

6073
Hence the number whose logarithm is 2-7834 is 607-3.
 EXPLANATIONS AND RULES. 7

The number corresponding to the logarithm 67834 is 6073000 ; that

corresponding to 47834 is •'0006073.
Note. —The use of Rules L and IL, which are commonly given for
the purposes of finding the index and of placing the decimal point
in an anti-logarithm, may be dispensed with altogether if the prin-
ciple on which these rules are founded is kept in view and in ;

reality the principle is more simple than the rules and easier to
remember. The logarithm, to the base 10, of any number greater than
I and less than 10 is a positive proper fraction, and is given in the

tables as a decimal without whole number. On the other hand the

anti-logarithm of a decimal without whole number is a number greater
than I and less than 10.
Thus log 7'32=o'8645 ; and the logarithm o'693l corresponds to the

number 4'933.
Any number such as 7320, or '000732 is derived from 732 by
multiplying or dividing by a power of 10 ; and the corresponding
change in the logarithm is made by adding or subtracting the index of
that power of 10.
Thus 732o=7'32X 10' ; log. 7320= •8645 -(-3
•ooo732 = 7'32x 10-*; log. '000732 = •8645 -4
In the same way since '6931 as a logarithm corresponds to 4'933, it

follows that 2-6931, or 6931-1-2, corresponds to 4-933x102; and

3-6931, or -6931 -3, corresponds to 4"933X io~^.

RULE VI. Given any angle less than 90° to find its natural sine,
cosine, tangent, etc., or its value in radian measure.* — Find the
degrees in the hand column of the proper table. Pass along the
left

corresponding horizontal line, and take out the number in the vertical
column headed by the number of minutes lower than, and nearest to,
the given number of minutes. Take the difference between the number
of minutes given and the number of minutes just found, and from the
difference columns find in the same horizontal line the corresponding
correction. This correction is additive in the cases of the sine, tangent,
secant, and radian measure. In the cases of cosine, cotangent, and
cosecant it is subtractive.

Note. — It will be. observed that the main division of the degree in
the trigonometrical tables is into parts of 6' each. This corresponds
to decimals of the degree. Thus, 1
2° 1 8' = 1 2°-3.

Note. — In the tables of natural sines and cosines the decimal points
are omitted. In the other tables the decimal points and the whole
numbers which precede them are omitted in all the columns except
* Formerly called " circular measure."
 »

8 MATHEMATICAL TABLES.
that headed o' and excepting also the case of a few numbers at the
;

extremities of the tables, where the variation of the trigonometrical

function is extremely rapid. At the extremities of some of the tables
differences are not given, as the variation of the function is so rapid as
to make the differences unserviceable.
Examples. Find the sine and cosine of i8°27', and. the tangent and
secant of 58°44'.
From table of sines 24 3'S6
3' 8

sin i8°27' 3164

From table of cosines i8°24' 9489
3'
3

cos i8°27' •9486

From table of tangents 58°42' 1-6447

tan 58°44' 1-6468

From table of secants 58''42' 1-9249
2' 18

sec 58°44' I 9267

RULE VII. To find the logarithmic sine, tangent, cosine, cotangent,

secant, or cosecant of an angle less than 90°. Proceed as in Rule VI.
using the proper table.

Kote. — The sines of all angles, and the tangents of angles less than
45°,being less than unity, the logarithms of these sines and tangents
are preceded by a negative index. In order to avoid the writing of
these negative indices the number 10 is added to the real value of the
log. sin. log. tan. etc., and the number so found is entered in the
tables. In all calculations this must be borne in mind, and allowance
must be made.

RULE VIII. To find the angle in degrees and minutes, or in

degrees and decimals of a. degree, corresponding to any given natural
or logarithmic sine, cosine, tangent, etc. Find in the proper table the
number nearest by means of
to that given, interpolating, if necessary,
the difference columns and by reversing the process of Rules VI. and
;

VII. obtain the corresponding number of degrees and minutes, or

degrees and decimals of a degree.

The preceding explanations are easily applicable to the remaining-

 EXPLANATIONS AND RULES. 9

tables of squares, square roots,and reciprocals. With regard to the

tables of squares and square roots, it is to be noticed that while the
square of such a number as 528 is found from the square of 5'28 simply
by multiplying by a power of 10, a similar relation does not hold
root. It is necessary, therefore, to have
always in the case of the square
—
two tables of square roots one extending from i or 100 to 9.99 or 999,
and the other from 10 or 1000 to 99.99 or 9999.*
RULE IX. To find the Neperian or hyperbolic logarithm of a
number.— If the number be greater than i and less than 10 its Neperian

logarithm is found directly from the proper table in the manner

explained in Rule III. If the number is greater than 10 or less than

I, it may always be expressed as the product of two factors, of which

one is a power of 10, and the other a number greater than i and less
than 10 the latter being simply the original series of figures with the
;

decimal point suitably moved. The sum of the Neperian logarithms of

these two factors is the Neperian logarithm of the given number. A
table of Neperian logarithms of powers of 10 is given on pp. 54, 55.
Examples.
Find the Neperian logarithms of 3 241, 324'i, and '0003241.
(i) log^3'24i is 11759

(2) log^324'i =log^3'24i X io2

log^3-24i - I -1759
log^io^ 4'6o52

logp24-i 57811

(3) iog^-ooo324i =log^3-24i x iq-*

log^3-24i -
^-1759
log 10-* 107897

loge'ooo324i 9'96s6

In calculating the value: of a fraction, of which the numerator and

denominator each consists of two or more factors, it is often of advan-,
tage, instead of subtractinj^ the logarithms of the denominator factors,
to add in the logarithms of their reciprocals the complemental —
logarithms or co-logs as they are sometimes called.
* That which causes the necessity for two such tables gives rise .ilso to the necessity foi

watchfulness on the part of the calculator. Probably the best preventive against mistakes
is the habit, excellent in all calculations, of making a mental estimate of the number to be

expected as the result of taking the square root. Mistakes may also be avoided easily
and with little loss of time by comparing with the table of squares.
 —

lo MATHEMATICAL TABLES.
RULE X. To find the mantissa of the log-arithm of a reciprocal.
Write down the difference between the mantissa of the logarithm of
the given number and I'oooo; or simply, commencing at the left hand,
write down the series of numbers which will make each figure of the
mantissa of the logarithm of the number up to be equal to 9, except
the last significant figure, which must be made up to 10.

RULE XI. Otherwise : To find the mantissa of the logarithm of a

reciprocal. — Proceed as in Rule III., using the Table of Logarithms of
Reciprocals,

RULE XII. To find the index for the logarithm of a reciprocal.

If the given number consist of a whole number and a decimal,
the index is equal to the number of the digits which constitute the

whole number, and is negative. If the given number is a decimal

without a whole number the index is equal to the number of zeros
which follow the decimal point and is positive.
Examples. Find
log^L
237-4
Mantissa of co-log from table, p. 16. '6246.

Index —3
log = '6246 - 3 or 3'6246
237'4

log ?
^ -002374
= •6246 + 2 or 2 '6246
Remark. — In iinding the logarithm of the reciprocal of a trigono-
metrical function it is only necessary to subtract the tabular logarithm

from 10. This will readily be seen from an example.

Since (see Note to Rule VI 1.),
log sin 36° = Tab. log sin 36*- lo
we have
log { .
•'
-„ )= -log sin 36° =10 -Tab. log sin 36°.
\sm 36 '

The subtraction from 10 is most easily^ performed by writing down

the numbers which make up the figures of the tabular logarithm to 9,
as in Rule X., except in the case of the last significant figure, for
which write the number which, if added to it, would make it up to
be 10.
An example of calculation is given here in order to show a con-
venient way of writing down the given numbers and their logarithms.
It is scarcely possible to overestimate the importance of strict ad-

herence to method ; for instance, in physical calculations. In the

 EXPLANATIONS AND RULES. ii

first place errors are thus most easily avoided or detected and it is
;

also frequently useful to be able to return on the arithmetical steps in

order to make an alteration of form, or, if improved data are forth-
coming, to obtain a result true to a closer degree of approximation.
Example. Calculate the value of
3734xo'i 325 X sin 29°
14-23 X -00176 X tan 34°
12
14
iVJB-t '-'4
i6 LOGARITHMS OF RECIPROCALS.

10

iT
12
13

14
IS
16
17
18
19
 LOGARITHMS OF RECIPROCALS. 17

55
56

57
58
59
18 ANTILOGARITHMS.
20
22
24
26
28
30
LOGARITHMIC COSECANTS. 31
32
34
36
38
4° NATURAL SECANTS.
42
NATURAL COSECANTS. 43
44
 1

46 SQUARES.
6 8 9 123456789
10 I '000 1 "020 I '040 I •061 I '082 I '103 I -124 I'HS I -166 246 8 10 13 IS 17 19

1-1 I -210 I -232I '254 1-277 I -300 1-323 I "346 369 1-392 I -416 S 7 9 II 18 21
1-2 1-440 464 1-488 538 1-588 1-613 1-638 1-664 5 7 ID 12 20 22
1-3 1-690 716 1-742 1-769 1-796 1-823 1-850 1-877 1-904 1-932 S 8 II 13 22 24
X-4 1-960 2-016 2-045 2-074 103 2-132 2-i6i 2-190 2-220 6 9 12 14 23 25
1-5 2-250 2-280 2-310 2-341 2-372 2-403 2-434 2-465 2-496 2-528 6 9 12 15 25 28
1-6 2-560 2-592 2-624 2-657 2-690 2-723 2-756 2-789 2-822 2-856 7 10 13 16 26 30
1-7 2-: 2-924 2-958 2-993 3-028 3-063 3-098 -133 3-168 3-204 7 10 14 17 28 31
1-8 3-240 3-276 3-312 3-349 3-386 3-423 3-460 3-497 3-534 3-572 7 II 15 18 30 33
1-9 3-610 3-648 3-686 3-725 3-764 3-803 3-842 3-881 3-920 3-960 8 12 16 19 31 35
2-0 4-000 4-040 4-080 4-121 4.
•162 4-203 4-244 4-285 4-326 4-368 4 8 12 16 20 25 29 33 37
2-1 4-410 4-452 4'-580 4-623 4-666 4-709 4-752 4-796
_ 4-494 4 537 " 9 13 17 21 30 34 39
1-2 884 4-928 4-973 5-018 5-063 5-108 S-153 5-1
4-84014-884 5-244 913 18 22 31 36 40
2-3 5 •2905 336 5-382 5-429 5-476 5-523 5-570 5-617 5-664 5-712 9 14 19 23 33 38 42
2-4 5-761.05 5-856 5-905 5-954 6-003 6-052 5-101 6-150 6-200 10 15 20 24 29 34 39 44
2-5 6-2i;o 6-300 6-350 6-401 6-452 6-503 6-554 '605 6-656 6-708 10 15 20 25 31 36 41 46
2-6 6-760 6-8i2 6-864 6-917 5-970 7-023 7-076 129 7-182 7-236 11 16 21 26 32 37 42 48

2-7 7-2907-344 7-398 7-453 7-508 7-563 7-618 7-673 7-728 7-784 II 16 22 27 33 38 44 49
2-8 7-840 7-952 8-009 8-066 8-123 8-180 8-237 8-294 8-352 11 17 23 28 34 40 46 51
2-9 8'4io 8-468 8-526 8-585 8-644 8-703 8-762 8-821 8-880 8-940 12 18 24 29 35 41 47 S3
3-0 9-0009-060 9-120 9-181 9-242 9-303 9-364 9-425 9-486 9-548 6 12 18 24 30 37 43 49 55

3-1 9-6109-672 9-734 9-797 9-860 9-923 9-986 13 19 25 31 38 44 50 57

3 1 10-05 lO-II lo-iS I 2 3 3 4 5 5
3-2 10 24 I 0-30 10-37 10-43 10-50 10-56 10-63 10-69 10-76 10 82 I 2 3 3 4 S 5 6
3-3 10-89 10-96 11-02 11-09 11-16 11 -22 II 29 I 1-36 11-42 11-49 I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
3-4 11-56 11-63 1-70 11-76 11-83 11-90 II 12-04 12-11 12-18 I 2 3 3 4 6 6
3-5 12-25 2-32 12-39 12-46 12-53 12-60 12 12-74 12-82 12-89 I 2 3 4 4 6 6
3-6 12-96 13-03 13-10 13-18 13-25 13-32 I3-40H3-47 13-54 13-62 I 2 3 4 4 6 7
3-7 13- 13-76 13-84 13-91 13-99 14-06 14 14-21 14-29 14-36 2 2 3 4 5 6 7
3-8 14-44 14-52 14-59 14-67 4-75 14-82 9014 15-05 15-13 2 2 3 4 5 6 7
3-9 15*21 5-29 15-37 15-44 15-52 15-60 68 15-76 1584 15-92 2 2 3 4 5 6 7
4-0 1600 16-08 16-16 16-24 16-32 16-40 16-48 16-56 16-65 16-73 3 4 5 667
4-1 16-81 6 16-97 17-06 17-14 17-22 17-39 17-47 17-56 2 2 3 4 5 7 7
4-2 17-64 1772 17-81 17-89 17-98 18-06 18-23 18-32 18-40 2 3 3 4 5 7 8
4-3 18-49 18-58 18-66 1875 18-84 18-92 19-10 19-18 19-27 2 3 3 4 5 7 8
4-4 19-36 19-45 19-54 19-62 19-71 19-80 19-, 20-07 20-16 2 3 4 S 5 7 8
4-5 20-25 20-34 20-43 20-52 20 -6 20-70 20-1 20-98 21-07 2 3 4 S 5 7 8
4-6 21-16 21-25 21-34 21 •442 1-53 21-62 21-81 21-90 22-00 2 3 4 5 7
4-7 22-09 22-18 22-28 22-37 22-47 22-56 22-75 22-85 22-94 2 3 4 5 8 9
4-8 23- 0423 14 23-23 23-33 23-43 23-52 23-72 23-81 23-91 2 3 4 5 8 9
4-9 24-01 24-11 24-21 24 3024 '40 24-50 60 24-70 24-80 24-90 2 3 4 5 8 9
5-0 25-00 25-10 25 -20 25-3025-40 25-50 25-60 25-70 25-81 25-91 I 2 3 456 7 8 9
6-1 26-01 26-11 26-21 26 32 26 42 26-52 2673 26-83 26-94 2 3 4 5 8 9
6-2 27 0427 -14 27-25 27-35 27-46 27-56 27-77 27-88 27-98 2 3 4 S 8 9
6-3 28-09 28-20 28-30 28-41 28-52 28-62 28-84 28-94 29-05 2 3 4 5 9 10
6-4 29-16 29-27 29-38 29-48 29-59 29-7029-81 29-92 30-03130-1411 23 467 9 10
 SQUARES. 47-

6 8 9 1234567 89
5-6
30-2S 30-36 30"47 30-58 30-69 30-80 30-91 31-02 3i'i4 31-25 2 3 4 6 7 9 10

5-6 31-36 31-47 58 31 31-92 32-04 1532-26 6 9 10

7
5-7 32-49 32-60 33-06 33-18 2933-41 6 9 10
7
5-8 33-64 33-76 34-22 34-34 46 34-57 6 7 9 II
Ti 34-81 34-93 35-28" 35-40 35-52 35-76 2 4 6 7 8 10 II
6-0 36-00 36-12 36' 36-60 36-72 36-97 2 6 9 10 II
4 7
6-1 37-21 37-33 37-70 37-82 37-95 38-19 2 4 6 9 10 II
7
6-2 38-44 38-56 39-06 39-19 39-44 9 10 II
3 4
6-3 39-69 3982 40-32 40-45 40-70 9 10 11
3 4
6-4 40-96 41-09 41-60 41-73 41-99 9 10 12
3 4
6-5 42-25 42-38 42-51 42-64 42-77 42-90 43-03 43-16 43-30 43-43 9 10 12
3 4 5 7
6-6 43-5643-6943' 44-22 44-36JM-49 44-62 9 II 12
3 4
6-7 44-8945-0245 45-56 45-70 83 45-97 3 4 9 II
6-8 46-2446-3846 46-92 47-06 20 47-33 4 10 II 12
3
6-9 47-61 47-75 8948-0248-16 48-30 48-44 48-72 8 10 11 13
3 4 7
7-0 49-00 49-14 56 49-70 49-84 50-13 4 7 8 10 II I
3
7-1 50-41 50-55 51-12 51-27 51-55 3 4 7 9 10 II 13
7-2 51-84 si- 42 52-5652-71 53-00 3 4 7 9 10 12 13
7-3 53-29 53-44 54-0254-17 54-46 3 4 7 9 10 12 13
7-4 54-76 54-91 35 55-5055-65 55-95 3 4 7 9 10 12 13
7-5 56-25 56-40 56-55 56-70 56-8557-00 57-1557-30 57-46 57-61 2 3 5 689 II 12 14
7-6 57-76 57-91 58-52 58-68 58-9859 3 5 n 12 14
7-7 59-29 59-44 60-06 60-22 60-5360 II 12 14
3 5
7-8 60-84 61 -oo 61-62 61-78 62-0962-25 II 13 14
3 5
7-9 62-41 62-57 63-20 63-36 63-6863-1 8 10 II 13 14
8-0 64-00 64-16 48 64-80 64-96 65-2965-45 8 10 II 13 14
8-1 65-61 65-77 66-10 66-42 66-59 66-91 67-08 8 10 II 13 15
8-2 67-24 67-40 68-06 68-2 68-5668 3 S 8 10 12 13 15
8-3 68-89 69-06 69-72 69-89 70-22 70 3 5 8 10 12 13 15
8-4 70-56 70-73 71-40 71-57 71-9 72 3 8 10 12 14 15
5
8-5 72-25 72-42 72-59 72-76 72-93 73-10 73-27 73-44 73-6273-79 235 7 9 10 12 14 15
8-6 73-96 74-13 74-82 75-00 75-34 3 9 10 12 14 16
5
8-T 75-69 75-86 76-56 76-74 77-09 4 5 9 II 12 14 16
8-8 77-44 77-62 78-32 78-50 78-85 4 5 9 II 12 14 16
8-9 79-21 74 79 8o-io 80-28 80-6480-82 9 II 13 14
90 81-00 5481' 81-90 82-08 82-45 82-(63 9 II 13 14 16
9-1 82-81 36 83 83-72 83-91 84-27 84--46 9 II 13 IS 16
9-2 84-64 85-56 85-75 86-12 86' 4 6 9 II 13 15 17
9-3 86-49 87-42 87-61 87-98 4 6 9 II 13 15 17
9-4 88-36 89-30 89-49 89-87 90 4 6 9 II 13 15 17
9-5 90-25 90-44 90-63 90-82 91-01 91-20 91-39 91-58 91-78 91-97 246 8 10 II 13 IS 17
9-6 92-16 93-12 93-32 93-70 4 6 10 12 14 15 17
9-7 94-09 95-06 95-26 95-65 4 6 10 12 14 16 18
9-8 96-04 96-24 97-02 97*22 97-61 4 10 12 14 16 I

9-9 98-01 9» -2198-41 98-60 98-80 99-00 99-20 99-40 99-60 99-80 2 4 8 10 12 14 16 18
48
 "

SQUARE ROOTS from ioo to 999-9. 49

O 6 8 9-1-2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9

23-45 23-47 23-49 23-52 23-54 23-56 23-58 23-60 23-62 23-64 001
23-16623 69 23-71 23-73 23-75 23-77 2379 23-81 23-83 23-85 001
23-87 23-9023-92 23-94 23-96 23-98 24-00 24-02 24-04
24-08 24-10 24- 12 24-15 24-17 24-19 24-21 24-23 24-25
24-29 24-31 24-;33 24-35 2437 24-39 24-41 24-43 24-45

60 2449 24-52 24-54 24-56 24-58 24-60 24-62 24-64 24-66 24-68

61 24 7024 72 24-76 24-78 24-80 24 '82 24-84 24-86 O I

24-90 24-92 24-96 24-98 25-00 25-02 25-04 25-06 O I

63 25-10 25-12 25-16 25-18 25-20 25-22 25-24 25-26 O I

64 25-30 25-32 25-36 25-38 25-40 25-42 25-44 25-46 O I

65 25-^5025 -51 25-55 25-57 25-59 25-61 25-63 25-65 O I

66 25-69 25-71 25-75 25-77 25-79 25-81 25-83 25-85 O I

25-: -5-90 . 25-94 25 25-98 26-00 26-02 26-04

26-08 26-1026 26-13 26-15 26-17 26,-i9 26-21 26-23
26-27 26-2926 26 32 26-34 26-36 26-38 26-40 26-42

70 26-46 26-4826-50 26-51 26-53 26-55 2657 26-59 26-61 26-63

26-65 26-6626 26-70 26-72 26-74 26-76 26-78 26-80 O I

26-83 26-8526 26-89 26-91 26-93 26-94 26-96 26-98 O I

27-02 27 -04 27 27-07 27-09 27-11 27-13 27-15 27-17 O I

27-20 27-22 27-:262728 27-29 27-31 27-33 27-35 O I

27-39 27-40 27 4427 46 27-. 27-50 27-51 2753 O I

27-57 27-59 27-62 2764 27-66 27-68 27-69 27-71 O 1

27-75 27-77 27-80 27 82 27-84 27-86 27-87 27-89 O I

27-93 27-95 27-98 28-00 28-02 28-04 2805 28-07 O I

28-11 28-12 28-16 28-18 28-20 28-21 28-23 28-25 O I

80 28-28 28-30 28-32 28-34 28-35 28-37 28-39 2841 28-43 28-44
28-,4628 48 28-51 28-53 28-55 28-57 28-58 28-60 o I

28-64 28-65 28-69 28-7 28-72 28 7428 -76 28-77 O 1

28-81 28-83 28-86 28-88 28-90 28-91 28-93 28-95 O 1

84 28-98 2900 29-07 29-10 29-12 29-14 O 1

86 29-15 29-17 29-24 29-27 29-29 29-31 O I

86 29-,3329 -34 29-41 29-44 29-46 29-48 O 1

29 5029 51 29-58 29 61 29-63 29-65 o 1

29 6629 68 29-75 29-78 29-80 29-82 O I

29-83 29-85 29-92 29-95 29-97 29-98 O 1

90 30-00 30-02 30-03 30-05 30-07 30-08 30-10 30-12 30-13 30-15
30-25 30-28 30-32 o o
30-41 30-45 30-48 o o
30-58 30-61 30-64 o o
30-74 76 30-77 30-81 o o
30-90 30-94 30-97 o o
0331 31-06 31-10 31-13 o o
97 •1431 31-22 24 31-26 31-29 o o o
3031 31-38 40 3 '-42 31-45 o o o
99 46 31-48 31-54 5631-58 31-61 o o o

n
so SQUARE ROOTS from looo to 9999.

2 6 8 9 123 456 7 8 9
10 31-62 3178 31 "94 32-09 32-25 32-40 32-56 32-71 32-86 33 '02 23s 6 8 9 II 12 14

11 33'i7 33'32 33' 33 '62 3376 33-91 34-06 34-21 34-35 34-50 t 3 4 679 10 12 13
12 34 '64 347934 35-07 35-21 35-36 35-50 35-64 35-78 35-92 I 3 4 678 10 II 13
13 36-06 36-1936 36-47 36-61 36-74 36-88 37-01 37-15 37-28 1 3 4 578 10 II 12
14 37-42 37-55 37-82 37-95 38-08 38-21 38-34 38-47 38-60 1 3 4 5 78 9 II 12
15 38-73 38-86 39-12 39-24 39-37 39-50 39-62 39-75 39-87 I 568
3 4 9 10 II
16 40-00 40-12 40-37 40-50 40-62 40-74 40-87 40-99 41-II 124 567 9 10 n
41 -23 41 -35 41 -47 41-59 41-71 41-83 41-95 42-07 42-19 42-31 124 8 10 II
42-43 42-54 42 •66 42 7842 90 43-01 43-13
-( 43-24 43-36 43-47 I 2 3 S 6 7 8 9 10
43-5943-7043-182 43-93 44-05 44-16 44-27 44-38 44-50 44-61 I 2 3 567 8 9 10
20 44-7244-83 44-94 45-0645-17 45-28 45-39 45-50 45-61 45-72 I 2 3 467 8 9 10
21 45-8345-93 46-1 546 46-37 46-48 46-58 46-69 46 80 I 2 3 4 S 6 8 9 10
22 46-9o"47-oi 47-:'22 47' 47-43 47-54 47-64 4775 47-85 I ^ 3 456 7 8 9
23 47-9648-06 48-2; 48-48 48-58 48-68 48-79 48-89 I 2 3 456 789
24 48-99 49-09 49-30 49-40 49-50 49 60 49-70 49-80 49-90 I 2 3 456 78 9
25 50-00 50-10 50-30 50-40 50-50 50-60 50-70 50-79 50-89 I 2 3 456 789
26 50-99 51-09 51-28 51-38 51-48 51-58 51-67 S'-77 51-87 I 2 3 456 7 8 9
27 51-96 52-06 52-25 52-35 52-44 52-54 52-63 52-73 528 I 2 3 456 7 8 9
28 52-92 53-01 53-20 53-29 53-39 53-48 53-57 53-67 53-76 I 2 3 456 7 7 8
29 53-85 53-94 54-13 54-22 54-31 54-41 54-50 54-59 54-68 I 2 3 4 5 5 678
30 5477 54-86 54-95 55-05 55-14 55-23 55-32 55-41 55-50 55-59 I 2 3 4 4 5
31 55-68 55-77 55-95 56-04 56-12 56-21 56-30 56-39 56-48 I 2 3 3 4 5 6 7
32 56-57 56-66 56-83 56-92 57-01 57-10 57-18 57-27 57-36 I 2 3 3 4 5 6 7
33 57-45 57-53 5771 57-79 57-88 57-97 58-05 58-14 58-22 I 2 3 3 4 5 6 7
34 58-31 58-40 58-57 58-65 58-74 58-82 58-91 58-99 59-08 I 2 3 3 4 5 678
35 59-16 59-25 59-41 59-50 59-58 59-67 5975 59-83 59-92 122 3 4 5 678
'
36 6o' 00 60 08 60-25 66-33 60-42 60-50 60-58 6066 60-75 122 3 4 5 677
37 60-83 60-91 61-0'76 i-i661-24 61 32 61-40 61-48 61 56 122 3 4 5 677
'
38 61 645 1-73 61-89 61-97 62-05 62-13 62-21 62-29 62-37 122 3 4 5 667
39 62-45 62-53 62-69 62-77 62-85 62-93 6301 6309 63-17 122 3 4 5 667
40 63-25 63-32 63-40 63-48 63-56 63-6463-72 63-80 63-87 63-95 12 2 3 4 5
41 64-03 64-11
64-81 64-88
64-27 64-34 64-42 64-50 64-58 64-65 64-73 122
122
3 4 5 567
42 65-04 65-12 65-19 65-27 65-35 65-42 65-50 3 4 5 56 7
43 65-57 65-65 65-80 65-88 65-95 66-03 66-11 66-18 66-26 122 3 4 5 567
44 66-33 66-41 66
45 67-08 67-1667
66-56 66-63 66-71 66-78 66-86 66-93 67-01
67-60 6; -68 6775
122
112
3 4 5 567
67-31 67-38 67-45 67-53 3 4 4 56 7
46 67-82 67-9067 68-04 68-12 68-19 68-26 68-34 6841 68-48 I I 2 3 4 4 567
47 68-56 68-63 68-77 68-85 68-92 68-99 69-07 69-14 69 21 112 3 4 4 567
48 69 -2r ''9-35
8 6<
49 70 0070 -07
69-50 69-57 69-64 69-71
70-21 70-29 70-36 70-43
69-79 69-86 69-93 112
112
3 4 4 566
-( 70-50 70-57 70-64 3 4 4 5 6 6
50 70-71 70-78 70-85 70-92 70-99 71-06 71-13 71-20 71-27 71-34 I 2 3 4 4
61 71-41 71-48
72-18
71-62 71-69 71-76 71-83 71-90 71-97 72-04 1 2 3 4 4 566
52 72-11
'
72-32 72-39 72-46 72-53 7259 72-66 72-73 I 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
63 72 8072-87 73-01 73-08 73-14 73-21 73-28 73-35 73-42 I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6

54 73-48 73-55 73-62 73-69 73-7673-82 73-89 73-96 74-03 7409 3 3 4

52
54'
 S6

»n
 —

USEFUL FORMULAS AND NUMBERS.

Binomial Theorem.

Hence, when ne is so small that its square and higher powers may
be neglected, (i ±^)" N i ± ne.
Examples
e=-oi; (i + -oi)2Ni*o2; (i + -oi)iNi'oo5; (i + 'oi)-i==o'9967.
—
Barometric Formula. Let P and p be the atmospheric pressures
observed by the barometer at the lower and upper stations respec-
tively ; and let T
and t be the respective atmospheric tempera-
tures on the Fahrenheit scale ; then H, being the difference of
levels in feet,

^=60360 {log P-log/i} (i+Z±|z64).

Base of Hyperbolic or Neperian Log:arithms, .... €=271828.

To convert common into hyperbolic logarithms, multi-
ply by 2'30258.
To convert hyperbolic into common logarithms, multi-
ply by o*43429-
Ratio of circumference of circle to diameter, ir=3"i4iS9.
Number of degrees in one radian (the unit angle, which is the angle
subtended by arc equal to radius), 57°'29S8=57° 17' 4s"=2o626s".

T=3"I41S9
e = 2'7i828
....
....
Logarithm.
0-49715
0*43429
Metre in inches, . , 39*37043 Cubic inch of distilled
Foot in centimetres, , . 30*4797 water at 4°C, . . zcfl'ig grains.
Mile in kilometres,
Gramme in grains,
Pound in grammes,
.

.
.

.
i'6o93
15*43235
453*593
.... Cubic foot of water at
4°C,
Cubic inch of mercury
62"43 lbs.

Kilogramme in pounds, . 2*2046 ato'C, . , 3439 grains.

.

British ton in French tons Do, do,, '4913 lbs.

of 1000 kilos., , . I '016 Litre of dry air at o'C,
Litre in cubic inches, , 61 '0253 j5om.in. pressure, . i'2932 grms.
Cubic inch in cubic centimetres, 16*3866 Cubic foot „ ,, S6s'i grains.
Cubic foot in cubic centimetres, 28316*0 Density of mercury, , is'SgS.
57
 58

I
I
I
centim.
metre
ft. lb.
gramme
kilogramme .... 981 ergs.
9-81x10'.
i3'56 X 10' ergs.
I ft. poundal (independent of ^. ) . 421390 ergs.
1 joule (i watt for i second) . 10' ergs.
I horse power. 7 '46 X 10' ergs per sec.
I watt (rate of working of i volt through i ohm, or of i volt carrying "i a'mpere)
=io' ergs per second.

Earth's mean radius, 6'37i x lo^centims Mass of moon, . 1/81 "5 of earth's mass
Earth's mean radius Distance of moon
(approx. ), . . 21 X 10° feet. from earth. . 3*8 X lo'** centims,
Mass of earth, as- Sun's radius, . 697 X 108 centims.
suming s'67 as Mass of sun, . 324000 earth's mass,
mean density, 6*14 X 10^'' grammes
. Distance of sun - -

Earth's mass (ap- from earth. . I "498 X 10^^ centims.

proximately), . i3'5 X
10^* lbs. = Distance of sun
6 X 10^' tons. from earth. . 93'i,>< 10' miles.

Seconds pendulum at Mass in grammes which

Greenwich, . . 39'i39 inches= concentrated at a
99 "414 centims. point I centimetre
Gravity of i pound distant from a point at
at Greenwich, . 32"igi poundals. which another equal
Gravity of i pound mass is concentrated
'
mass in lat. 55" 35' would attract it with a
(approximately thai force of I dyne, 3928 grammes.
of Edinburgh or Same where the foot,
Glasgow), . .32*2 poundals. pound, and poundal
Gravity of i gramme are units of length, r
in same latitude, . 981 '424 dynes. mass, and force, 31,675 lbs.

Height of Homogeneous atmosphere at Greenwich at o°C, 26,210 ft.=

7'g88 X 10^ centims.

Newtonian velocity of sound in air at o°C, . . 9i8'5 feet per second,

= 27996 centims. per second.

True velocity at ^"0 = 33240 1^1 + "00366 1 centims. per second.

Joule's Equivalent. 777'2 Greenwich foot-pounds of work will raise

I lb. pure water from 60° to 61° Fahrenheit.
This is equivalent to 1399 ft. -lbs. per pound degree centigrade, —or
41-84 X 10' ergs per gramme degree centigrade, — or 42600 centi-
metre-grammes per gramme degree.
Latent heat of water, 79*25. Latent heat of steam at 100°, 537

Specific heat of air pressure constant^ 0*237 >

sp. heat of air pres. const,

= 1-4.
sp. heat of air vol. const.

I litre of hydrogen at o'C and 760 mm. pressure weighs 0-0896 gm.

Density of hydrogen compared with air = 0*0693 = .

]
.
 — ;

59

Conductivity of heat. Quantity, in gramme-water-centigrade units

conducted per second ; per square centimetre of area ; per degree,
per centimetre of thickness, of difference of temperature of two
sides of plate.
Copper, 996
Iron, 15 to -19
Stone, -oi to -005

Velocity of light in vacuum = 3'oo4 x 10'" centims. per second.

Mean wave length 5-3 x lo"* centim.

One electromagnetic unit=3 x lo^" electrostatic units of electricity

I B. A. Unit = -9866 Ohm. i Ohm= 1-01358 B. A. Unit.

Resistance of 100 metres of pure annealed round wire, i mm. in

diameter, at o°C, Copper, . 2 '028 ohms.
. .

„ „ Iron,. 12-34
,, „ Platinum, . 11-50

„ „ Platinoid, . 4i'i7

Electro-motive force of i Daniell's cell, I -07 volt.

„ „ I Grove's cell, - I '95 »

„ „ Standard Clark cell at I5"C, 1-435 volt.
t°C i'435[i-"o«x577U-JS)]

One volt through one ohm (i watt) generates per second of a

4-184
thermal unit (gramme-water-centigrade).

Electro-Chemical Decomposition.

Element.
GLASGOW PRINTED AT THE UNIVEKSITV PRESS
;

BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO, LTD,