RS232 TO LIN CONVERTER

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

KEERTHANA.T(210416105019)

NALLAMMAL.P(210416105023)

ROOBIKA.S (210416105030)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHENNAI 600069

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600 025

SEPTEMBER 2020

1
 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “RS232 TO LIN CONVERTER” is the

bonafide Work of KEERTHANA.T(210416105019) ,
ROOBIKA.S(210416105030), NALLAMMAL.P (210416105023) who carried
out the project work under my supervision

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. M. ETTAPPAN Dr. J.VISHNUPRIYAN

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of Electrical and Assistant professor,

Electronics Engineering, Department of Electrical and

Chennai Institute of Technology, Electronics Engineering,

Kundrathur-600069. Chennai institute of technology

Submitted for Anna University Viva Voice held on 22.09.2020

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all,we bow our heads to the God Almighty for his everlasting grace in all
our endeavors.

It is a pleasure to thank the people who have made this project possible and have
given their encouragement , assistance and support throughout the whole process
of the completion of our project at Chennai Institute of Technology,Kundrathur.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our respected Chairman

Shri. P.SRIRAM, for his valuable support and encouragement in technological
upgrades and novel projects.

We owe our sincere gratitude to our vice chairman MR.P.JANAKIRAMAN and

our secretary Mrs. S. SRIDEVI for helping us in all the way to complete this
project successfully

Our sincere thanks to Dr. K. S . SRINIVASAN, Principal,Chennai Institute of

Technology,for his valuable suggestions,moral support and encouragement
towards completing this project work

We express our gratefulness to Dr. M . ETTAPPAN Head of the Department,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chennai Institute of
Technology,for guiding and encouraging during the project.

We would like to thank our supervisor Dr.J.VISHNUPRIYAN, Assistant

Professor, Chennai institute of Technology,for his valuable guidance and help in
our project work.He has provided his kind help from the very beginning of the
project,to the end of the editing the last word of our project.

3
We are blessed to have the help and kindnss of our class mates.words cannot
adequately express our appreciation for their patience, understanding and
unconditional support during difficult times and their invaluable help in formatting
this project.

4
 ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to develop a device which should convert the data
which should convert the data that is sent in RS232 (Recommended Standard ) bus.
The LIN (Local Interconnect Network) bus is similar to CAN (Controller Area
Network) bus . The CAN bus is very costly.So, in non-vital areas of the vehicle
such as sunroof or window control and etc. they use LIN bus to reduce the cost .
On comparing to CAN , the LIN bus is a single wire system which supports single
master medium access control and its transfer rate is slow and it has 6-bit identifier
message routing and 8-bit checksum error checking . They need to be connected to
the respective data pins of the LIN bus.

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL 12
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13
1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM 15
1.3.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM
1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 16
1.4.1 ADVANTAGES
1.5 OBJECTIVES 17

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
2.1 INTRODUCTION 18
2.2 CAN BUS 21
2.3 LIN BUS
2.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAN BUS LIN BUS 23
2.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS EXPLANATION 24
3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

6
 3.1 LOGIC ANALYSER 26

3.11 OPERATION 26

3.12 CHARACTERISTICS 27

3.13 ADVANTAGES 28

3.14 BLOCK DIAGRAM 28

3.2 LIN TRANSCIEVERS 29

3.21 FEATURES 30

3.22 BLOCK DIAGRAM 31

3.23 APPLICATIONS 32

3.3 LCD DISPLAY MODULE 33

3.31 FEATURES

3.32 LCD (`16*2)

3.32.1 PIN DIAGRAM 34

3.32.2 REGISTERS 36

3.4 RS232 – USB CONVERTER 38

3.41 ARCHITECTURE 40

3.42 PHYSICAL INTERFACE

3.43 APPLICATIONS 42

3.5 TTL CONVERTER 44

7
 3.51 IMPLEMENTATION

3.52 INTERFACING CONSIDERATIONS 46

3.53 COMPARISON 47

3.54 APPLICATION

4. RESULT ANALYSIS 48

5. REFERENCES 49

8
 LIST OF FIGURES

NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

1 Automotive CAN bus system 19

2 Communication in CAN bus modules 20

3 Communication in CAN bus modules 22

4 Block diagram 25

5 LIN TRANSCEIVERS 29

6 LIN TRANSCEIVERS 31

7 LCD module 35
8 pin diagram 37

9 Architecture 40

10 UART serial communication 40

11 voltage levels 41

12 Fundamental TTL gate 45

13 Acceptable TTL signal levels 47

9
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NAME OF THE ABBREVIATIONS PAGE NO

1 CAN - The Controller Area Network 12

2 LIN - The Local Interconnect Network 14

3 HMI - Human Machine Interface 15

4 ABS - Anti-Lock Brake System 15

5 ECU – electronic control unit 16

6 SUV - sport utility vehicle 16

7 RS232(Recommended Standard) bus 17

8 LCD - Liquid Crystal Display 17

9 UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. 21

10 EMC – Electro magnetic compactability 24

11 SUT - System under test 26

12 HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol 27

13 IC – integrated circuit 27

14 SOC - system on a chip 28

15 EEPROM - electrically erasable programmable readonly memory 29

16 cathode ray tube (CRT) 33

10
17 OLED – Organic Light Emitting Diodes 35

18 ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange 36

19 TTL - Transistor–transistor logic 37

20 USB – Universal Serial Bus 38

21 VLSI - Very-large-scale integration 40

22 DTE Data terminal equipment 41

23 DCE Data communication equipment 42

24 GND Ground 42

25 RTS - request to send 43

26 CTS - , clear to send 44
27 DTR - , data terminal ready 44
28 DSR - data set ready 45
29 RTL - resistor –transistor logic 45
30 DTL - diode transistor logic 45
31 CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 48
32 NAND - (NOT-AND) logic gate 48

11
 LIST OF TABLES

NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO

1 Pin description of LCD(16*2) MODULE 38

2 logic and voltage levels 42

3 V+ Voltage of RS-232 Transceivers (TX Side) 48

4 V+ Voltage of RS-232 Transceivers (RX Side) 48

12
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The number of sensors, actuators, entertainment and navigation systems and

their corresponding electronic control units in the typical automobile has been
growing exponentially. Digital devices and systems must communicate via an
electrical or optical signal employing a well defined protocol. These signals
and protocols constitute a communications bus.
The Controller Area Network (CAN bus) is the nervous system, enabling
communication. Can bus is a serial bus originally developed by Robert Bosch
GmbH in 1986 for in-vehicle networks in cars. CAN buses employing twisted
wire pairs were specifically designed to be robust in electromagnetically noisy
environments. The applications of CAN bus in automobiles include window
and seat operation (low speed), engine management (high speed), brake
control (high speed) and many other systems. CAN buses can also be found in
other embedded control applications such as factory automation, building
automation, and aerospace systems. CAN bus is a message-based protocol
allowing individual systems, devices and controllers within a network to
communicate. In general, a bus is a communication system that transfers data
between components. A Controller Area Network allows for data transfer in a
system not otherwise connected to a network hosting device. For instance,
Logic Supply has worked with clients to equip farming equipment like
combines and other complex pieces of machinery with CAN-capable
hardware, enabling the various equipment components to efficiently and
effectively relay information to each other.

13
The CAN bus is very costly so in non-vital areas of the vehicle such as sunroof
or window control they can use LIN bus to reduce the cost . on comparing to CAN
bus system , the LIN bus is a single wire system which supports single master
medium access control and its transfer rate is slow and it has 6- bit identifier
message routing and 8-bit error checking . They need to be connected to the
respective data pins of the LIN bus.

The Local Interconnect Network (LIN) bus was developed to create a standard for
low-cost, low-end multiplexed communication in automotive networks. Though
the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus addresses the need for high-bandwidth,
advanced error-handling networks, the hardware and software costs of CAN
implementation have become prohibitive for lower performance devices such as
power window and seat controllers. LIN provides cost-efficient communication in
applications where the bandwidth and versatility of CAN are not required. You can
implement LIN relatively inexpensively using the standard serial universal
asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) embedded into most modern low-cost
8-bit microcontrollers.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review explains the themes of the research questions of different
project which is based on “RS232 to LIN converter”

More and more microcontrollers are embedded in a large area of products from
industrial to domestic domains. A good example is the automobile, a modern one
containing tens of microcontrollers. As their number increased the communication
between them became necessary. The serial solution was preferred and a lot of
serial buses and protocols were developed optimizing different parameters of the
communication. Several examples are: RS232, LIN, SPI, CAN and so on.
Monitoring serial communications is necessary in R&D phase, e.g. for creating
virtual transfer partners, and in testing and debugging phases.

Many microcontrollers contain the LIN and SPI buses and almost all of them
include the RS232 bus. The created tools work in passive mode, monitoring the

14
transfers and sending the data to a PC or in active mode (only for the LIN bus),
interfering in the communication and sending headers, responses or injecting
typical errors.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a new personal computer interconnection protocol,

developed to make the connection of peripheral devices to a computer easier and
more efficient. It reduces the cost for the end user, improves communication speed
and supports simultaneous attachment of multiple devices (up to 127). RS232, on
the other hand, was designed for single device connection, but is one of the most
used communication protocols. An embedded converter from RS232 to USB is
very interesting, since it would allow serial-based devices to experience USB
advantages without major changes. This work describes the specification and
development of such a converter and it is also a useful guide for implementing
other USB devices. The converter specification was based on Engetron UPS' serial
communication requirements and its implementation uses a Cypress
microcontroller with USB support.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a new personal computer interconnection protocol,

developed to make the connection of peripheral devices to a computer easier and
more efficient. It reduces the cost for the end user, improves communication speed
and supports simultaneous attachment of multiple devices (up to127)RS232, in
another hand, was designed to single device connection, but is one of the most
used communication protocols. An embedded converter from RS232 to USB is
very interesting, since it would allow serial-based devices to experience USB
advantages without major changes. This work describes the specification and
development of such converter and it is also a useful guide for implementing other
USB devices. The main blocks in the implementation are USB device, UART
(RS232 protocol engine) and interface FIFO logic. The USB device block has to

15
know how to detect and respond to events at a USB port and it has to provide a
way for the device to store data to be sent and retrieve data that have been received
UART consists of different blocks which handle the serial communication through
RS232 protocol. There are a set of control registers to control the data transfer. The
interface FIFO logic has FIFO to bridge the data rate differences between USB and
RS232 protocols.

The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is a serial communication protocol

for communicating between various electronic devices or nodes. CAN protocol has
been used, in the past, in connection with vehicles such as automobiles. In
accordance with CAN protocol, multiple different electronic devices or nodes can
be coupled to a single serial bus, such that messages and data may be sent from one
electronic device to another. The CAN protocol is a message-based protocol
wherein CAN frames are placed on a common CAN bus. The CAN bus may be a
single wire or may be a differentially driven pair of wires. Each electronic device
or node on the common CAN bus receives each frame present on the bus and
filters out those frames that are not required in performing that node's tasks. For
example, if a device associated with an automobile dashboard sends onto the CAN
bus

1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

In an automated industrial installation, CAN bus is most commonly used as part of

a distributed control system, connecting vital systems that may be spread
throughout a facility. Generally a Human Machine Interface (HMI) allows the
operator to interact with the system. From there programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) relay those commands through the CAN bus interface to the sensors,
actuators, motors or other mechanical systems that carry out the desired action.

CAN is often found in use on production lines in manufacturing environments,

allowing operators and equipment to effectively communicate at each step of the
assembly process. Building automation is another area where the speed, low cost
and ease of installation have made CAN bus communication a popular choice to

16
connect access control, security and environmental systems. Typical places to pick
up CAN include the ABS system (look for a pair of twisted wires, but ignore the
four wheel speed wires) or on the back of the dashboard (look for a pair of twisted
wires)

1.3.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

It has high software expenditure.and undesirable interaction more probable.

Though maximum number of nodes are not specified for the network. It supports
upto 64 nodes due to electrical loading. ,It supports maximum length of 40 meters.
It is likely to have undesirable interactions between nodes. It incurs more
expenditure for software development and maintenance. CAN driver must produce
atleast 1.5V across typical 60 Ohm. Network should be wired in topology which
limits stubs as much as possible. In order to reduce signal integrity issues such as
reflections CAN bus should be properly terminated at both the ends with resistors.
Node removal requires use of termination resistors of 120 Ohm value at
appropriate places on the CAN bus
CAN bus uses a simple 25Kbps to 1Mbps twisted-pair connection. Chips are now
available to implement 2Mbps data. The bus will reach to 1000m at 50Kbps or
40m at 1Mbps. CAN’s vehicle popularity results from the elegant ways that
developers have found to guarantee predictable error-free communications in the
safety-conscious automotive environment. And such characteristics can be put to
very good use on the factory floor as well.
CAN is carried differentially on a single pair of wires. This differential nature
means that CAN is able to reject common mode noise. The structure also reduces
emissions since the electric fields of differential communications tend to cancel
each other.
1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM
Alternatives to CAN include Local Interconnected Network (LIN) bus and Flexray.
LIN bus is even less expensive than CAN. LIN is not a full replacement of the
CAN bus, but is a good alternative wherever low costs are essential and
speed/bandwidth is not important. In automotive applications, it is typically used
within sub-systems that are not critical to vehicle performance or safety. Flexray
has been in development since 2000, was used in a 2006 production BMW, and is
now used in most German cars and SUVs. It enables faster 10Mbps data rates with
deterministic time responses and is designed to be redundant. But, it is costly and
much more complex than CAN and has only a 24m reach. There is also the MOST

17
network that is used for infotainment systems. The very quick Ethernet connection
is being proposed for infotainment and display applications in the car—and maybe
more.
1.4.1 ADVANTAGES

The LIN bus is generally cheaper than the CAN bus to implement.

A small and relatively slow in-vehicle communication and networking serial bus
system, LIN bus is used to integrate intelligent sensors and actuators, such as air
conditioning systems, door locks, and seat motors. The LIN bus is most useful
when controlling systems that don't require very much information too quickly.

A primary advantage of this bus is that it can be implemented with a single wire
(using the vehicle chassis as a current return path). The system can only send one
command over the line at a time. The maximum command size is 8 bytes, which
can be transmitted every 10 ms, but commands of 2 bytes or 4 bytes can be sent
every 5 ms. The LIN bus can also communicate over a vehicle's power distribution
system with a DC-LIN transceiver. The LIN Bus uses a master/slave interface. The
master sends out a message identifying the slave, and the slave responds. Slaves
can only respond when the master sends out a call for a response, and each slave
has a unique identifier.

1.5 OBJECTIVES

 The LIN bus is similar to CAN bus. The CAN bus is very costly so in non-
vital areas such as sunroof or window control etc…
 They use LIN bus to reduce the cost .LIN bus is a single wire system which
supports single master medium access control
 To develop a device which should convert the data that is sent in
RS232(Recommended Standard) bus
 To convert the RS232 data into LIN bus data to avoid the voltage imbalance
between the two buses or else data transfer wont take place
 To display the final data on an LCD display module in a user-readable form.

18
 CHAPTER 2

PROPOSED SYSTEM

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Can bus is the most commonly used serial transfer bus which is used to
transfer signals due to increase cost of CAN bus , the LIN bus is used.

The LIN bus can be used as a alternative to CAN bus and it can be used
in non-vital areas of the car such as sunroof and windshield.

2.2 CAN BUS

A Controller Area Network (CAN bus) is a robust vehicle bus standard

designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other's
applications without a host computer. It is a message-based protocol, designed
originally for multiplex electrical wiring within automobiles to save on copper, but
can also be used in many other contexts. For each device the data in a frame is
transmitted sequentially but in such a way that if more than one device transmits at
the same time the highest priority device is able to continue while the others back
off. Frames are received by all devices, including by the transmitting device.

In an automotive CAN bus system, ECUs can e.g. be the engine control unit,
airbags, audio system etc. A modern car may have up to 70 ECUs - and each of
them may have information that needs to be shared with other parts of the network.

19
 Fig 2.2.1 Automotive CAN bus system

In short, the Controller Area Network (CAN) is a standard used to allow Electronic
Control Units (ECUs) to communicate in an efficient manner without a central
computer. Messages are broadcast in a system that requires very little physical
wiring making CAN bus low cost, robust and efficient. Applications of the CAN
protocol include in particular automotive (cars, trucks, buses, commercial vehicles
etc.), but also e.g. boats, drones and industrial automation.

Low cost: ECUs communicate via a single CAN interface, i.e. not direct analogue
signal lines, reducing errors, weight, costs

Centralized: The CAN bus system allows for central error diagnosis and
configuration across all ECUs

Robust: The system is robust towards failure of subsystems and electromagnetic

interference, making it ideal for e.g. vehicles

Efficient: CAN messages are prioritized via IDs so that the highest priority IDs are
non-interrupted (key in e.g. vehicles)

Flexible: Each ECU contains a chip for receiving all transmitted messages, decide
relevance and act accordingly – this allows easy modification and inclusion of
additional nodes (e.g. CAN bus data loggers) – cf. below figure

20
CAN bus uses two dedicated wires for communication.The wires are called CAN
high and CAN low. When the CAN bus is in idle mode, both lines carry 2.5V.
When data bits are being transmitted, the CAN high line goes to 3.75V and the
CAN low drops to 1.25V, thereby generating a 2.5V differential between the lines.
Since communication relies on a voltage differential between the two bus lines, the
CAN bus is NOT sensitive to inductive spikes, electrical fields or other noise. This
makes CAN bus a reliable choice for networked communications on mobile
equipment.

Fig.2.2.2 Communication in CAN bus modules

CAN power can be supplied through CAN bus. Or a power supply for the CAN
bus modules can be arranged separately. The power supply wiring can be either
totally separate from the CAN bus lines (using suitable gauge wiring for each
module) resulting in two 2-wire cables being utilized for the network, or it can be
integrated into the same cable as the CAN bus lines resulting in a single 4-wire
cable. CAN bus cabling is available from multiple vendors.

2.3 LIN BUS

LIN (Local Interconnect Network) is a serial network protocol used for

communication between components in vehicles. The need for a cheap serial
network arose as the technologies and the facilities implemented in the car grew,
while the CAN bus was too expensive to implement for every component in the
car. European car manufacturers started using different serial communication

21
 technologies, which led to compatibility problems. The LIN specification was
designed to allow very cheap hardware-nodes being used within a network. It is a
low-cost, single-wire network based on ISO 9141.[11] In today’s car networking
topologies, microcontrollers with either UART capability or dedicated LIN
hardware are used. The microcontroller generates all needed LIN data (protocol ...)
(partly) by software and is connected to the LIN network via a
LIN transceiver (simply speaking, a level shifter with some add-ons). Working as a
LIN node is only part of the possible functionality. The LIN hardware may include
this transceiver and works as a pure LIN node without added functionality.
.

• Low cost option (if speed/fault tolerance are not critical)

• Often used in vehicles for windows, wipers, air condition etc..
• LIN clusters consist of 1 master and up to 16 slave nodes
• Single wire (+ground) with 1-20 kbit/s at max 40 m bus length
• Time triggered scheduling with guaranteed latency time
• Variable data length (2, 4, 8 bytes)
• LIN supports error detection, checksums & configuration
• Operating voltage of 12V
• Physical layer based on ISO 9141 (K-line)
• Sleep mode & wakeup support
• Most newer vehicles have 10+ LIN nodes

Fig 2.3 Application of LIN in automotive industry

22
Typical applications for the LIN bus are assembly units such as doors, steering
wheel, seats, climate regulation, lighting, rain sensors etc. The cost-effective nature
of LIN allows for the introduction of mechatronic elements such as actuators,
smart sensors, or illumination; all of which can be easily connected to the in-car
network and become accessible to all types of services and diagnostics. When
asking where the LIN network protocol can be used, one can easily see the
possibilities are nearly endless. The first LIN enabled vehicles have already proved
success since its introduction in 2001. While the LIN specification is still in its
infancy, it is expected that the number of LIN nodes will grow rapidly to 20 per
vehicle over the next decade; a volume of about 1.2 billion nodes worldwide each
year.
Basically put, LIN is a single-wire serial communications protocol. The protocol is
based on the common UART interface, which is available on most micro-
controllers and is extremely affordable. Further more, it can be easily implemented
as an equivalent in software. A LIN network is comprised of a LIN Master, and at
least one LIN Slave. The master requests data from the slaves by using a
chronological schedule. Because only one LIN message is transmitted at any given
point in time, and because all messages to be transmitted are sent within one cycle,
it is impossible for data collisions to occur. Thus no arbitration or collision
management in the slave nodes is required.

2.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAN BUS AND LIN BUS

They are all automotive protocols. Like other protocols, they all have their pros
and cons. CAN is the main protocol that is in use today. All newer model cars are
mandated by law to use this protocol for connecting engine control units (ECUs).
LIN is a protocol that is used for interconnecting other components within a car;
it's main advantage is that is is cheaper to implement than CAN. Lastly, FlexRay is
the newest protocol of the bunch. It was designed to supersede CAN, being both
more reliable and permitting faster data speeds; it was however, also more
expensive. The consortium that was developing the protocol disbanded in 2009.
However, the specifications are still available, and the protocol is currently being
converted into a standard. The Local Interconnect Network (LIN) protocol
specification provides a low-cost, short-distance, and low-speed network, enabling
the implementation of a new level of electronics intelligence in automotive
subsystems. LIN operates under a CAN platform, but it doesn't require the robust
data rate and bandwidth performance, or the higher cost, associated with CAN.

The typical automobile network is broken up into several subnetworks. These in-
clude body control, powertrain, and multimedia networks. Depending on the speed
23
and cost requirements, either CAN or LIN can be implemented..LIN is a single-
master multislave bus that communicates via a single wire, reducing wiring
complexity as well as cost. Because this protocol is self-synchronizing, it allows
the slave nodes to run from a low-cost RC oscillator.LIN and CAN don't compete
with each other, but instead complement one another. On the one hand, CAN
serves high-speed, error-sensitive needs and operates on a 5-V differential bus.
LIN, however, serves low-speed, low-bandwidth requirements on a 12-V single-
wire bus.An interface is necessary between LIN's country roads and CAN's high-
speed thoroughfares. A bridge node might consist of a microcontroller with an
integrated LIN transceiver combined with a low-cost stand-alone CAN transceiver.
This The CAN specification requirement for node-to-node oscillator tolerances of
1.5% and hardware-based error handling drive node costs up to well over $2.00.
But, LiN's tolerances of 15% and the ability to implement its protocol entirely in
software are moving node costs below $2.00.

2.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM

24
 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The hardware requirements includes USB-RS232 converter , RS232-TTL

Converter,LIN transceiver , logic analyser

3.1 LOGIC ANALYSER

A logic analyzer is an electronic instrument that captures and displays

multiple signals from a digital system or digital circuit A logic analyzer may
convert the captured data into timing diagrams, protocol decodes, state
machine traces, assembly language, or may correlate assembly with source-level
software. Logic analyzers have advanced triggering capabilities, and are useful
when a user needs to see the timing relationships between many signals in a digital
system.

3.11 OPERATION

A logic analyzer can be triggered on a complicated sequence of digital events, then

capture a large amount of digital data from the system under test (SUT).
When logic analyzers first came into use, it was common to attach several hundred
"clips" to a digital system. Later, specialized connectors came into use. The
evolution of logic analyzer probes has led to a common footprint that multiple
vendors support, which provides added freedom to end users. Introduced in April,
2002, connectorless technology (identified by several vendor-specific trade names:
Compression Probing; Soft Touch; D-Max) has become popular. These probes
provide a durable, reliable mechanical and electrical connection between the probe
and the circuit board with less than 0.5 to 0.7 pF loading per signal.
After the mode is chosen, a trigger condition must be set. A trigger condition can
range from simple (such as triggering on a rising or falling edge of a single signal)
to the very complex (such as configuring the analyzer to decode the higher levels
of the TCP/IP stack and triggering on a certain HTTP packet).
At this point, the user sets the analyzer to "run" mode, either triggering once, or
repeatedly triggering.
Once the data are captured, they can be displayed several ways, from the simple
(showing waveforms or state listings) to the complex (showing decoded Ethernet
protocol traffic). Some analyzers can also operate in a "compare" mode, where
they compare each captured data set to a previously recorded data set,

25
3.12 CHARACTERISTICS

There are several key characteristics of a logic analyser that separate it from multi-
channel oscilloscopes and other test instruments:
• Multiple channels: Logic analyzers are designed to monitor a large number of
digital lines. As logic analyzers are optimised for monitoring a large number of
digital circuits, typically they may have anywhere between about 32 and 200+
channels they can monitor, each channel monitoring one digital line. However
some specialised logic analyzers are suitably scaled to be able to handle many
more lines, and in this way enable tracking and fault finding on much more
complex systems.
• Provide a time display of logic states: Logic analysers possess a horizontal
time axis and a vertical axis to indicate a logic high or low states. In this way a
picture of the digital lines can be easily displayed.
• Displays logic states: The vertical display on the analyser displays the logic
state as a high of low state. The signals enter the various channels and are
converted into a high or low state for further processing within the analyser. It
provides a logic timing diagram of the various lines being monitored.
• Does NOT display analogue information : These test instruments do not
present any analogue information, and in this way they differ from an
oscilloscope. They are purely aimed at monitoring the logic operation of the
system. If any analogue information is required, then an oscilloscope must be
used in addition.

3.13 ADVANTAGES

The main use for logic analyzers is to look at digital signals. They were a
particularly attractive and useful test instrument many years ago when complicated
digital systems were made using many different ICs. It was possible to gain access
to the various test points and it was possible to debug the wide busses and IO. Now
with much higher levels of integration this is not always possible because there are
more embedded devices using System On a Chip, SOC designs, and access to the
required test points is not achievable.

26
3.14 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2 LIN TRANSCEIVERS

The TJA1020 is the interface between the LIN master/slave protocol controller and
the physical bus in a Local Interconnect Network (LIN). It is primarily intended for
in-vehicle sub-networks using baud rates from 2.4 up to 20 Kbaud.
The transmit data stream of the protocol controller at the TXD input is converted
by the LIN transceiver into a bus signal with controlled slew rate and wave shaping
to minimize EME. The LIN bus output pin is pulled HIGH via an internal
termination resistor. For a master application an external resistor in series with a
diode should be connected between pin INH or pin BAT and pin LIN. The receiver
detects the data stream at the LIN bus input pin and transfers it via pin RXD to the
microcontroller.
In normal transceiver operation the TJA1020 can be switched in the normal slope
mode or the low slope mode. In the low slope mode the TJA1020 lengthens the
rise and fall slopes of the LIN bus signal, thus further reducing the already very
low emission in normal slope mode.
In sleep mode the power consumption of the TJA1020 is very low, whereas in
failure modes the power consumption is reduced to a minimum. Data is transferred
across the bus in fixed form messages of selectable lengths. The master task

27
transmits a header that consists of a break signal followed by synchronization and
identifier fields. The slaves respond with a data frame that consists of between 2, 4
and 8 data bytes plus 3 bytes of control information

3.2.1 FEATURES

The LIN bus is a polled bus with a single master device and one or more slave
devices. The master device contains both a master task and a slave task. Each slave
device contains only a slave task. Communication over the LIN bus is controlled
entirely by the master task in the master device. The basic unit of transfer on the
LIN bus is the frame, which is divided into a header and a response. The header is
always transmitted by the master node and consists of three distinct fields: the
break, synchronization (sync), and identifier (ID). The response, which is
transmitted by a slave task and can reside in either the master node or a slave node,
consists of a data payload and a checksum.

Normally, the master task polls each slave task in a loop by transmitting a header,
which consists of a break-sync-ID sequence. Prior to starting the LIN, each slave
task is configured to either publish data to the bus or subscribe to data in response
to each received header ID. Upon receiving the header, each slave task verifies ID
parity and then checks the ID to determine whether it needs to publish or subscribe.
If the slave task needs to publish a response, it transmits one to eight data bytes to
the bus followed by a checksum byte. If the slave task needs to subscribe, it reads
the data payload and checksum byte from the bus and takes appropriate internal
action.

For standard slave-to-master communication, the master broadcasts the identifier

to the network, and only one slave responds with a data payload.

Master-to-slave communication is accomplished by a separate slave task in the

master node. This task self-receives all data published to the bus and responds as if
it were an independent slave node. To transmit data bytes, the master must first
update its internal slave task’s response with the data values it wants to transmit.
The master then publishes the appropriate frame header, and the internal slave task
transmits its data payload to the bus.

3.2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

28
The Local Interconnection Network (LIN) standard defines a low
cost, serial communication network for automotive distributed electronic systems.
LIN is a complement to the other automotive multiplex networks, including
the Controller Area Network (CAN), but it targets applications that require
networks that do not need excessive bandwidth, performance, or extreme fault
tolerance.

LIN enables a cost-effective communication network for switches, smart sensors

and actuator applications inside a vehicle. The communication protocol is based on
the SCI (UART) data format, a single-master/multiple-slave concept, a single-wire
(plus ground) 12 V bus, and a clock synchronization for nodes without a precise
time base (i.e., without a crystal or resonator).

Typical LIN applications are associated with body-control electronics for occupant
comfort, such as assembly units for doors, steering wheel, seats and mirrors, and
motors and sensors in climate control, lighting, rain sensors, smart wipers,
intelligent alternators and switch panels. With LIN, automotive subsystem
designers can connect modules for these applications to the car's network and then
have them accessible for a variety of diagnostics and services.

29
3.23 APPLICATIONS

1. Roof: LIN system is used at vehicle roof for controlling their sensors such
as sun roof sensor and light control sensor.
2. Steering wheel: It is used at vehicle steering wheel for controlling climate
control sensor, wiper sensor, turning light sensor, radio and wheel lock
sensor etc.
3. Seat: It is used at vehicle seat where the position of seat is controlled
through a motor and this motor is controlled through LIN system. Beside it
is also used for controlling the occupant sensor and control panel sensor
which are installed at seat.
4. Door: It is used at vehicle door for controlling the position of motor which
is installed with door mirror. Beside this it is also used for controlling
central ECU (electronic control unit), window lift, seat control switch and
door lock etc.
5. Engine and Illuminations: It is also used for controlling engine sensor
such as cooling fan motor sensor and illumination senor which controls the
illumination of light

3.3 LCD DISPLAY MODULE

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically

modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid
crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light
directly,[1] instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color
or monochrome.[2] LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-
purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which
can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment
displays, as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that
arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have
larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative),
depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD
with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the
backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the
letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white
on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

30
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD
televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and
indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in portable consumer
devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones,
including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer
electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD
screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all
applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT
and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital
watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced
by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower
response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing
angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because
OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the
thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on
LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where
needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a
given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or
phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from
screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas
LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is
not yet widespread. Attempts to increase the lifespan of LCDs are quantum dot
displays, which offer similar performance to an OLED display, but the quantum
dot sheet that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

3.31 FEATURES

• Resolution The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns

and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-
pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of
LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However,
there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among pixels and
add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a
display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.
• Spatial performance: For a computer monitor or some other display that is
being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms
of dot pitch or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry.
Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low

31
 density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density
for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important
depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display
technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.
• Temporal performance: the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can
display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second
the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off
between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker no matter
how low the refresh rate.[149] But a lower refresh rate can mean visual artefacts
like ghosting or smearing, especially with fast moving images. Individual pixel
response time is also important, as all displays have some inherent latency in
displaying an image which can be large enough to create visual artifacts if the
displayed image changes rapidly.

3.32 LCD (16*2)

LCD modules are very commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason
being its cheap price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have
come across these displays in our day to day life, either at PCO’s or calculators.
The appearance and the pinouts have already been visualized above now let us get
a bit technical.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is
the 16×2 LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character
will be made of 5×8 Pixel Dots. Now, we know that each character has (5×8=40)

32
40 Pixels and for 32 Characters we will have (32×40) 1280 Pixels. Further, the
LCD should also be instructed about the Position of the Pixels. Hence it will be a
hectic task to handle everything with the help of MCU, hence an Interface IC like
HD44780is used, which is mounted on the backside of the LCD Module itself. The
function of this IC is to get the Commands and Data from the MCU and process
them to display meaningful information onto our LCD Screen. You can learn how
to interface an LCD using the above mentioned links. If you are an advanced
programmer and would like to create your own library for interfacing your
Microcontroller with this LCD module then you have to understand the HD44780
IC is working and commands which can be found its datasheet

Features of 16×2 LCD module

• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
• Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and
numbers
• Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
• Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
• Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
• It can also display any custom generated characters
• Available in Green and Blue Backlight

3.321 PIN DIAGRAM

33
A 16×2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5×7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the

LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task
like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed
on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed
on the LCD.

Fig 3.321 Pin description of LCD(16*2) MODULE

34
3.32.2 REGISTERS

A 16*2 LCD display module has two registers namely command and data. The
register select is used to transfer from one register to otherRS=0 for command
register, whereas RS=1 for data register.

command Register: The command register stores the command instructions given
to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task.
Examples like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. Processing for commands happens in the command
register.

Data Register: The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The
data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. When we
send data to LCD it goes to the data register and is processed there. When RS=1,
data register is selected.

3.4 RS232-USB CONVERTER

A USB adapter is a type of protocol converter that is used for

converting USB data signals to and from other communications standards.
Commonly, USB adapters are used to convert USB data to standard serial port data
and vice versa. Most commonly the USB data signals are converted to
either RS232, RS485, RS422, or TTL-level UART serial data. The older serial
RS423 protocol is rarely used any more, so USB to RS423 adapters are less
common.

35
 UART to serial communication

3.41 ARCHITECTURE

As a simplified example a typical standard USB to serial adapter consists of a USB

processor chip which processes the USB signals. The USB processor sends the
processed USB signals to a serial driver chip which applies the correct voltages
and sends the processed data signals to the serial output.[1]
36
For the computer to be able to detect and process the data signals drivers must be
installed on the computer. Some chip models have drivers installed by default,
including FTDI, while drivers for other chip models must be manually installed
(e.g. for Windows and MacOS, WCH CH340 [2], Silicon Labs 210x[3].
When the USB to serial adapter is connected to the computer via the USB port the
drivers on the computer creates a virtual COM port which shows up in Device
Manager on Windows, and under /dev on Linux and MacOS. This virtual COM
port can be accessed and used as if it was a built-in serial COM port. However, the
characteristics of the virtual COM port are not exactly the same as a real internal
COM port, mainly due to data latency; which means that if very sensitive and
precise data transfer is required, the USB to serial adapter might be unreliable and
not a desired solution.[4] Virtual COM drivers are usually available for Windows,
Linux and Mac only.[5]

3.42 PHYSICAL INTERFACE

In RS-232, user data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and

asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data
circuits, the standard defines a number of control circuits used to manage the
connection between the DTE and DCE. Each data or control circuit only operates
in one direction, that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse.
Because transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can
operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions.
The standard does not define character framing within the data stream, or character
encoding.

Voltage levels

Diagrammatic oscilloscope trace of voltage levels for an ASCII "K" character

(0x4B) with 1 start bit, 8 data bits (least significant bit first), 1 stop bit. This is
typical for start-stop communications, but the standard does not dictate a character
format or bit order.

37
RS-232 data line on the terminals of the receiver side (RxD) probed by an
oscilloscope (for an ASCII "K" character (0x4B) with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 stop
bit, and no parity bits).
The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and
logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines. Valid
signals are either in the range of +3 to +15 volts or the range −3 to −15 volts with
respect to the "Common Ground" (GND) pin; consequently, the range between −3
to +3 volts is not a valid RS-232 level. For data transmission lines (TxD, RxD, and
their secondary channel equivalents), logic one is represented as a negative voltage
and the signal condition is called "mark". Logic zero is signaled with a positive
voltage and the signal condition is termed "space". Control signals have the
opposite polarity: the asserted or active state is positive voltage and the de-asserted
or inactive state is negative voltage. Examples of control lines include request to
send (RTS), clear to send (CTS), data terminal ready (DTR), and data set ready
(DSR).

RS-232 logic and voltage levels

Data circuits Control circuits Voltage

0 (space) Asserted +3 to +15 V

1 (mark) Deasserted −15 to −3 V

The standard specifies a maximum open-circuit voltage of 25 volts: signal levels of

±5 V, ±10 V, ±12 V, and ±15 V are all commonly seen depending on the voltages
available to the line driver circuit. Some RS-232 driver chips have inbuilt circuitry

38
to produce the required voltages from a 3 or 5 volt supply. RS-232 drivers and
receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to ground or to any
voltage level up to ±25 volts. The slew rate, or how fast the signal changes
between levels, is also controlled.
Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels typically used by integrated
circuits, special intervening driver circuits are required to translate logic levels.
These also protect the device's internal circuitry from short circuits or transients
that may appear on the RS-232 interface, and provide sufficient current to comply
with the slew rate requirements for data transmission.
Connectors
RS-232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data
Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will
be sending and receiving each signal. According to the standard, male connectors
have DTE pin functions, and female connectors have DCE pin functions. Other
devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions. Many
terminals were manufactured with female connectors but were sold with a cable
with male connectors at each end; the terminal with its cable satisfied the
recommendations in the standard.
The standard recommends the D-subminiature 25-pin connector up to revision C,
and makes it mandatory as of revision D. Most devices only implement a few of
the twenty signals specified in the standard, so connectors and cables with fewer
pins are sufficient for most connections, more compact, and less expensive.
Personal computer manufacturers replaced the DB-25M connector with the
smaller DE-9M connector. This connector, with a different pinout (see Serial port
pinouts), is prevalent for personal computers and associated devices.
Cables
The standard does not define a maximum cable length, but instead defines the
maximum capacitance that a compliant drive circuit must tolerate. A widely used
rule of thumb indicates that cables more than 15 m (50 ft) long will have too much
capacitance, unless special cables are used. By using low-capacitance cables,
communication can be maintained over larger distances up to about 300 m
(1,000 ft).[13] For longer distances, other signal standards, such as RS-422, are
better suited for higher speeds.
Since the standard definitions are not always correctly applied, it is often necessary
to consult documentation, test connections with a breakout box, or use trial and
error to find a cable that works when interconnecting two devices. Connecting a
fully standard-compliant DCE device and DTE device would use a cable that
39
connects identical pin numbers in each connector (a so-called "straight cable").
"Gender changers" are available to solve gender mismatches between cables and
connectors. Connecting devices with different types of connectors requires a cable
that connects the corresponding pins according to the table below. Cables with 9
pins on one end and 25 on the other are common. Manufacturers of equipment
with 8P8C connectors usually provide a cable with either a DB-25 or DE-9
connector (or sometimes interchangeable connectors so they can work with
multiple devices). Poor-quality cables can cause false signals by crosstalk between
data and control lines (such as Ring Indicator).
If a given cable will not allow a data connection, especially if a gender changer is
in use, a null modem cable may be necessary. Gender changers and null modem
cables are not mentioned in the standard, so there is no officially sanctioned design
for them.
3-wire and 5-wire RS-232
A minimal "3-wire" RS-232 connection consisting only of transmit data, receive
data, and ground, is commonly used when the full facilities of RS-232 are not
required. Even a two-wire connection (data and ground) can be used if the data
flow is one way (for example, a digital postal scale that periodically sends a weight
reading, or a GPS receiver that periodically sends position, if no configuration via
RS-232 is necessary). When only hardware flow control is required in addition to
two-way data, the RTS and CTS lines are added in a 5-wire version.

3.43 APPLICATIONS
Modem applications are one of the most popular uses for the RS–232 standard.
Figure 4 illustrates a typical modem application utilizing the RS–232 interface
standard. As can be seen in the diagram, the PC is the DTE and the modem is the
DCE. Communication between each PC and its associated modem is accomplished
using the RS–232 standard. Communication between the two modems is
accomplished via telecommunication. It should be noted that although a
microcomputer is usually the DTE in RS–232 applications, this is not mandatory
according to a strict interpretation of the standard

3.5 TTL CONVERTER

40
Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction
transistors. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function (the
first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor"); it is the
same naming convention used in resistor–transistor logic (RTL) and diode–
transistor logic (DTL).
TTL integrated circuits (ICs) were widely used in applications such as computers,
industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer electronics,
and synthesizers. Sometimes TTL-compatible logic levels are not associated
directly with TTL integrated circuits, for example, they may be used at the inputs
and outputs of electronic instruments.[1]
TTL became the foundation of computers and other digital electronics. Even
after Very-Large-Scale Integration (VSLI) CMOS integrated
circuit microprocessors made multiple-chip processors obsolete, TTL devices still
found extensive use as glue logic interfacing between more densely integrated
components.

3.51 IMPLEMENTATION

Fundamental TTL gate

Two-input TTL NAND gate with a simple output stage (simplified).

TTL inputs are the emitters of bipolar transistors. In the case of NAND inputs, the
inputs are the emitters of multiple-emitter transistors, functionally equivalent to
multiple transistors where the bases and collectors are tied together.[12] The output
is buffered by a common emitter amplifier.
Inputs both logical ones. When all the inputs are held at high voltage, the base–
emitter junctions of the multiple-emitter transistor are reverse-biased. Unlike DTL,
a small “collector” current (approximately 10µA) is drawn by each of the inputs.
This is because the transistor is in reverse-active mode. An approximately constant

41
current flows from the positive rail, through the resistor and into the base of the
multiple emitter transistor.[13] This current passes through the base–emitter junction
of the output transistor, allowing it to conduct and pulling the output voltage low
(logical zero).
An input logical zero. Note that the base–collector junction of the multiple-
emitter transistor and the base–emitter junction of the output transistor are in series
between the bottom of the resistor and ground. If one input voltage becomes zero,
the corresponding base–emitter junction of the multiple-emitter transistor is in
parallel with these two junctions. A phenomenon called current steering means that
when two voltage-stable elements with different threshold voltages are connected
in parallel, the current flows through the path with the smaller threshold voltage.
That is, current flows out of this input and into the zero (low) voltage source. As a
result, no current flows through the base of the output transistor, causing it to stop
conducting and the output voltage becomes high (logical one). During the
transition the input transistor is briefly in its active region; so it draws a large
current away from the base of the output transistor and thus quickly discharges its
base. This is a critical advantage of TTL over DTL that speeds up the transition

maximum voltage, such as 15 V for the 7426,[16] useful when driving other than
TTL loads.

3.52 INTERFACING CONSIDERATIONS

Like DTL, TTL is a current-sinking logic since a current must be drawn from
inputs to bring them to a logic 0 voltage level. The driving stage must absorb up to
1.6 mA from a standard TTL input while not allowing the voltage to rise to more
than 0.4 volts. [19]. The output stage of the most common TTL gates is specified to
function correctly when driving up to 10 standard input stages (a fanout of 10).

42
TTL inputs are sometimes simply left floating to provide a logical "1", though this
usage is not recommended.[20]
Standard TTL circuits operate with a 5-volt power supply. A TTL input signal is
defined as "low" when between 0 V and 0.8 V with respect to the ground terminal,
and "high" when between 2 V and VCC (5 V),[21][22] and if a voltage signal ranging
between 0.8 V and 2.0 V is sent into the input of a TTL gate, there is no certain
response from the gate and therefore it is considered "uncertain" (precise logic
levels vary slightly between sub-types and by temperature). TTL outputs are
typically restricted to narrower limits of between 0.0 V and 0.4 V for a "low" and
between 2.4 V and VCC for a "high"

3.53 COMPARISONS

TTL devices consume substantially more power than equivalent CMOS devices at
rest, but power consumption does not increase with clock speed as rapidly as for
CMOS devices.[27] Compared to contemporary ECL circuits, TTL uses less power
and has easier design rules but is substantially slower. Designers can combine ECL
and TTL devices in the same system to achieve best overall performance and
economy, but level-shifting devices are required between the two logic families.
TTL is less sensitive to damage from electrostatic discharge than early CMOS
devices.
Due to the output structure of TTL devices, the output impedance is asymmetrical
between the high and low state, making them unsuitable for driving transmission
lines. This drawback is usually overcome by buffering the outputs with special
line-driver devices where signals need to be sent through cables. ECL, by virtue of
its symmetric low-impedance output structure, does not have this drawback.
The TTL "totem-pole" output structure often has a momentary overlap when both
the upper and lower transistors are conducting, resulting in a substantial pulse of
current drawn from the power supply. These pulses can couple in unexpected ways
between multiple integrated circuit packages, resulting in reduced noise margin
and lower performance. TTL systems usually have a decoupling capacitor for
every one or two IC packages, so that a current pulse from one TTL chip does not
momentarily reduce the supply voltage to another.
Several manufacturers now supply CMOS logic equivalents with TTL-compatible
input and output levels, usually bearing part numbers similar to the equivalent TTL
component and with the same pinouts. For example, the 74HCT00 series provides

43
many drop-in replacements for bipolar 7400 series parts, but
uses CMOS technology.

3.54 APPLICATIONS

Before the advent of VLSI devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard
method of construction for the processors
of minicomputer and mainframe computers; such as the DEC VAX and Data
General Eclipse, and for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls,
printers and video display terminals. As microprocessors became more functional,
TTL devices became important for "glue logic" applications, such as fast bus
drivers on a motherboard, which tie together the function blocks realized in VLSI
elements.
Analog applications
While originally designed to handle logic-level digital signals, a TTL inverter can
be biased as an analog amplifier. Connecting a resistor between the output and the
input biases the TTL element as a negative feedback amplifier. Such amplifiers
may be useful to convert analog signals to the digital domain but would not
ordinarily be used where analog amplification is the primary purpose.[29] TTL
inverters can also be used in crystal oscillators where their analog amplification
ability is significant.
A TTL gate may operate inadvertently as an analog amplifier if the input is
connected to a slowly changing input signal that traverses the unspecified region
from 0.8 V to 2 V. The output can be erratic when the input is in this range. A
slowly changing input like this can also cause excess power dissipation in the
output circuit. If such an analog input must be used, there are specialized TTL
parts with Schmitt trigger inputs available that will reliably convert the analog
input to a digital value, effectively operating as a one bit A to D converter.

44
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT ANALYSIS

Output:

+ Voltage of RS-232 Transceivers (TX Side)

V+ Voltage of RS-232 Transceivers (RX Side)

45
 Input 1 kHz RS-232 clock data

CONVERTED SIGNAL:

The Converted RS-232 Signal (TX Side)

The Converted RS-232 Signal (RX Side)

46
RECEIVED SIGNAL:

Received RS-232 Signal

CONCLUSION

The goal of project is achieved and difficulties are solved. CAN bus is most
commonly used as part of a distributed control system, connecting vital systems
that may be spread throughout a facility. Generally a Human Machine Interface
(HMI) allows the operator to interact with the system. From there programmable
logic controllers (PLCs) relay those commands through the CAN bus interface to
the sensors, actuators, motors or other mechanical systems that carry out the
desired action .LIN bus is generally cheaper than the can bus to implement. It can
be implemented single wire.so that we can reduce the cost and manpower

47
 REFERENCES

• Petr Dosbilk, Vladimir Vasek, “Portable data acquisition device based on

motorola 68HC908GP32 microcontroller”, IFAC Programmable Devices
and Embedded Systems, Elsevier, pp. 106-109, 2006
• Kristian Ismaila, Aam Muharam, Mulia Pratama, Design of CAN bus
for research applications purpose hybrid electric vehicle using ARM
microcontroller, Energy procedia, Elseiver, vol. 68, pp. 288 – 296, 2015
• L.D. de Almeida Pereira Zuquim “ "Universal Serial Bus
Specification", USB Implementers Forum, 1998.
• D. Anderson, "Universal Serial Bus System Architecture" in ,
U.S.:Addison-Wesley Developers Press, 1997.
• J. Axelson, "USB Complete - Everything You Need to Develop Custom
USB Peripherals", Lakeview Research Madison, 1999
• "Designing a Low-Cost USB Interface for an Uninterruptable Power Supply
with the Cypress Semiconductor CY7C630001 USB Controller" in ,
Cypress, 1998
• "CY3651 test firmware" in Application notes provided with Cypress
CY3651 development kit, Cypress, 1999.
• J. Axelson, "Usbhidio - Universal Serial Bus Human Interface Device
Input/Ouput (I/O) application".
• WEN Zhi-hong,HU Wen-dong,LI Xiao-jing,WANG Tao (Department of
Aerospace Medicine,The Fourth Military Medical University,Xi’an
710032,China);Design of USB interface based on PL2303[J];Electronic
Design Engineering;2010-01

• Design and Realization of USB-RS232 Converter Card

LAI Biao,JIN Hai-ying(Unit 91245 of PLA,Huludao 125001,China)

• RS232/CAN Intelligent Protocol Converter and Its Communication Network

Zhijun,WANJianying(1.InformationEngineeringInstitute,Communication
University of China,Beijing 100024,China

48