Conformity and Deviance

Every society is a system of social control, or attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts
and behavior. Social control encourages conformity to certain norms and discourages deviance or
norm breaking. Deviance range from minor infractions such as bad manners to major infractions
such as serious violence
Social Control
refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviate behavior in any society. It occurs on
all levels of society
2 Types of Social Control
Informal Social Control – people use casually to enforce norms
Formal Social Control – carried out by authorized agents such as police officer, physicians,
school administrator, employers, military officers and managers.
- last resort when socialization and informal sanctions do not bring about
desired behavior.

CONFORMITY
➢ defined as going along with peers – individuals of our own status, who have no special
right to direct our behavior.
➢ Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards
➢ The desire to go along with the norms of a group of people so you will be accepted as in-
group person and not rejected as an out group or undesirable person

Obedience
➢ compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
DEVIANCE
➢ Departing from usual or accepted standards especially in social or sexual behavior
➢ A behavior that violates expected rules and norms.
Laws – norms that become specified and institutionalized
Crime – refers to the violation of the laws
There is lack of consensus in society regarding which behavior or traits are deviant. What is
considered as deviance will vary across time, places and social groups.

Functions of deviance according to Emile Durkheim

1. Affirms cultural norms and values. It is needed to define and support morality.
2. Clarifies moral boundaries.
3. Brings people together.
4. Encourages social change.
5.
Durkheim introduced the term “anomie”
Anomie – state of normlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social change
and disorder such as a time of economic collapse. (People become more aggressive or depressed)
Merton Strain Theory (Robert Merton 1910-2003)
➢ Argued that the extent and type of deviance people engage in depend on whether a
society provides the means (schooling and job opportunities) to achieve cultural goals
(such as financial success)
However, the strain between the cultural goal and the lack of opportunities to achieve these goals
using approved means may result in deviance.
4 Types of Deviance
Innovation /Innovator – accepts society’s goals but pursues them with means regarded as
improper
Ritualism – abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the
institutional means.
Retreatism / retreatist – rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means so that a person in
effect “drops out”.
Rebellion / rebels – persons who feel alienated from dominant means and goals may seek a
dramatically different social order.

Lesson 2 – State and Non – State Institution

Institution is an organization, establishment, foundation, society or the like, devoted to the
promotion of a particular cause or program, especially one of a public, educational, or charitable
character.
Main function: Keep society in order and implement specific task assigned to them
Characteristics of Institution:
➢ A cluster of social usage
➢ Relative degree of permanence
➢ Well known and defined objectives
➢ A bit resistant to social changes due to well solidified beliefs
➢ Transmitter of social heritage
State Institutions are institutions that have state functions and are established to govern
the state including all other agencies, bureaus and offices under this institutions.

State institutions

State institutions
National Government Agencies
• Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
• Department of Agriculture (DA)
• Department of Education (DepEd)
• Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
• Department of National Defense (DND)
• Others
• Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs)
• Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)
• Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industriya at Gobyerno (PAG-
IBIG)
• National Food Authority (NFA)
• Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC)
• Social Security System (SSS)
• Others
• Non-estate Institutions are group of people or organizations that participates in
international affairs and relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation. Also
called as non-state actors.
1. BANKS
• help us keep our money, avail different kinds of loan, and exchange currencies.
• help the country by providing financial assistance to those entrepreneurs who wanted to
create or expand their business.
2. Corporations refers to “organization created by a government charter that allows
people to associate together for a common purpose under a common name”.
- It denotes a group of people regarded by law as an individual as it is “a company
recognized by law as single body with its own powers and liabilities, separate
from those of the individual members”. Some businessmen or employers are only
after for profit and a bit abusive.
3. Trade unions are created to protect the labor force of the country. Workers are
essential to the creation of goods and services for the citizenry.

4. A cooperative (or coop) is an “autonomous association of people who voluntarily

cooperate for their mutual social, economic and cultural benefit”. Cooperatives
proportionally share their earnings with the members in the form of dividends.

5. Development agencies are institutions established primarily for the purpose of

economic and social growth. Objectives are to further economic development and
regeneration, promote business efficiency and competitiveness, promote employment,
enhance the development and application of skills relevant to employment and
contribute to sustainable development.
Examples: Pag – IBIG Fund, NHA, Social Housing Finance Corporation

6. Civil organizations include academic institutions, research teams, mass media,

religious organizations, and people’s organizations. They provide facts about the
life’s various realities to influence policy-making. These organizations are created to
expose the conditions of the marginalized sector of the society by using mass media
as its platform as they raise critical issues to the government.
Examples: Philippine Association of Agriculturist, Inc. Biotechnology Coalition of
the Phils, Rice Watch Action Network

7. Transnational advocacy groups influence the government to take action on matters

commonly neglected. A group maybe a national or an international organization that
 promotes and advocates progress and development related to particular issues of the
society.
Examples are: Green Peace and Friends of the Earth, Human Rights Watch

Lesson 3 - Education and Its Functions

Types of Education

1. FORMAL EDUCATION- This refers to the hierarchically structured,

chronologically graded educational system from primary school to the university, A
learner must obtain certification or diploma in order to proceed to the next level.
2. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION- It refers to any organized educational activity
outside the established formal system to provide selected types of learning to a
segment of the population. Non-formal education enables a student to learn skills and
knowledge through structured learning experiences. A student learns his/her values,
principles, and beliefs and undergoes lifelong learning.
3. INFORMAL EDUCATION - It is a lifelong process whereby every individual
acquires from daily experiences, attitudes, values, facts, skills, and knowledge or
motor skill from resources in his or her higher environment. .
4. SPECIAL EDUCATION - refers to the education of persons who are physically,
mentally, emotionally, socially, or culturally different from so called “normal”
individuals, such that they require modification of school practices to develop their
potential. Special education provides distinct services, curricula, and instructional
materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly higher or lower than the
average or norm. SPED aims to develop the maximums potential of the child with the
special needs to enable him/her to become self-reliant and take advantage of the
opportunities for a full and happy life.
Functions of Education
EDUCATION HAS THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS
✓ FUNCTION TOWARDS INDIVIDUAL
✓ FUNCTION TOWARDS SOCIETY
✓ FUNCTION TOWARDS NATION
FUNCTION TOWARDS INDIVIDUAL
◎ EDUCATION INFLUENCE THE GROWTH OF A PERSON IN ALL ASPECTS
◎ EDUCATION GIVES DIRECTION OF LIFE
◎ EDUCATION IS A PREPARATION FOR RESPONSIBILITES OF ADULT LIFE.
FUNCTION TOWARDS SOCIETY
◎ FOR SOCIALIZATION- AN INDIVIDUAL IS THE SUM OF HIS
INTERACTION WITH HIS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
◎ EDUCATION PROVIDES THE LEARNER WITH RICH RESOURCES TO
SHAPE HIS LIFE, PERSONALITY, CHARACTER, OUTLOOK AND HIS
EXPEREINCES AND INTERACTION IN THE SOCIETY.
FUNCTION TOWARDS NATION
◎ CIVIC AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY- Education promotes learners to understand
their rights and duties as citizens.
◎ Education trains learners for leadership
 ◎ It aims at promoting unity in diversity
◎ To produce skilled workforce and professionals

Lesson 4 – Social Stratification

Social Stratification - refers to the ranking of members of a society in groups on the basis of
their status. (Occupation, Wealth, Power, Education, Income)
Social Class – also called “class” is a group of people within a society who possess the same
socio-economic status

Social Classes:
Upper Class - high personal income, inherited wealth and economic influence
Middle Class - Mostly professional people, small businessmen, traders with modest income
Lower Class - Earning low incomes with a little or no savings, some are unemployed

Theories of Social Stratification:

1. Conflict Theory (Karl Marx) – stratification exist because it benefits certain groups of
people who dominate and exploit others. It highlights the interests that divide the people.
2. Functionalist Theory (Kingsley Davis) – elaborated the idea that stratification exist
because it serves important purpose or functions in the society.
3. Symbolic Interactionism - Uses everyday interactions of individuals to explain society
as a whole. This strives to explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday
life. It affects how people interact in everyday life and how they view certain aspects of
the social world.

Lesson 5 - SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS TO ADDRESS INEQUALITIES

1. Inequality in the access to social, political, and symbolic capital.
Government Programs Addressing these Inequalities are:

➢ Conditional Cash Transfer program locally known as Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program,
or 4Ps
➢ Agrarian reform in the Philippines seeks to solve the centuries-old problem of
landlessness in rural areas.
➢ SK Reform Act of 2015 has the provisions that prohibits political dynasty.
➢ The Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act
Social Capital is the ability of a collective to act together to pursue a common goal. It
refers to the connection of individuals within the society. Rich people have preferential
treatment than that of poor people.
Political Capital refers to the trust, good will, and influence possessed by a political
actor, such as politician, to mobilize support toward a preferred policy outcome.
 Moreover, political actors coming from political families had given preferential
treatment to enter politics than those who are not.
Symbolic Capital refers to the resources that one possesses which is a function of
honor, prestige or recognition, or any other traits that one values within a culture. Like
also in many other circumstances, rich people had greater opportunities to enter into
politics or in any other aspects because of their level in the society.
2. Minority groups
1. Gender Inequality
➢ The Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD)
➢ The Magna Carta of Women (MCW)
2. Ethnic Minorities
➢ Republic Act 8371, known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA)
3. Other Minorities
➢ Republic Act No. 9442, an Act Amending Republic Act No. 7277, Otherwise known as
the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons
➢ DepEd’s Child Protection Policy
➢ Enactment of Anti-Bullying Law
Gender Inequality. In some countries women are paid relatively lower than men due to
their sexuality and biological differences. The LGBT community has always been treated
indifferently and discriminatively because they do not fall within a biologically defined
gender group.
The Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD)
➢ rests on a vision of development that is equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human
rights, supportive of self-determination and the actualization of human potentials, and participatory
and empowering.
The Magna Carta of Women (MCW)
➢ a comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination
through the recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotion of the rights of Filipino
women, especially those belonging in the marginalized sectors of the society.
Republic Act 8371, known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA 1997)
➢ It has been praised for its support for the cultural integrity of indigenous peoples, the
right to their lands and the right to self-directed development of these lands. Under the
Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA), self-delineation shall be the guiding
principle in identifying and delineating ancestral domains. As such, indigenous cultural
communities (ICC) and indigenous people (IP) shall have a decisive role in all activities
pertinent thereto.
4. Other Minorities. This may include people with disabilities or people with religions
that are less prevalent in society. These minorities experience discrimination in
work, especially when the disabled have physical limitations, while the religious have
practices and beliefs that are greatly disagreed upon by the majority.
➢ Republic Act No. 9442, an Act Amending Republic Act No. 7277, Otherwise known as
the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and For Other Purposes’ Granting Additional
Privileges and Incentives and Prohibitions on Verbal, Non-verbal Ridicule and
Vilification Against Persons with Disability.
➢ DepEd’s Child Protection Policy of 2012
- Department of Education has adopted the policy to provide special protection to
children who are gravely threatened or endangered by circumstances which affect their
normal development and over which they have no control, and to assist the concerned
agencies in their rehabilitation.
➢ Anti-Bullying Law
- directed all elementary and secondary schools to adopt policies to address the
existence of bullying in their respective institutions.