Design

of
RC Foundation

Chapter : Eleven
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
 RC Foundation Shallow
Foundation

Part of RC Structure, which supports RC Foundation

whole structure and transmits total Deep
loads to soil is RC Foundation. Foundation

Spread Footing Pile Foundation

Shallow Deep
Isolated Footing
Foundation Foundation
Well/Caisson Foundation
Combined Footing

Mat Foundation

2
 Isolated Footing
Isolated Footing – Discretely provided footing for a column

Types of Isolated Footing

Footing with Uniform Depth

Eccentrically Loaded Footing Footing at Boundary Line

Footing with Varying Depth

Rectangular Footing Square Footing

Footing with Pedestal and

Varying Depth
Design of Isolated and Spread Footing Behaviour of isolated
footing under loads

Isolated Footing Tends to bend like a

cantilever slab in both
P direction

Column

Isolated Footing

Two Way Shear

Tends to slide along
the shear plane

One Way Shear

Design of Isolated and Spread Footing

Behaviour of spread
Spread Footing footing under loads
P
M
Tends to bend like a
cantilever slab
Wall

Spread Footing

Tends to slide along the

shear plane

One Way Shear

 Design of Isolated and Spread Footing
Design Steps

1. Determine size of footing.

A = ( P + Wf )/q = 1.1 P /q
Aprov ≥ A Aprov = L × B

2. Determine soil upward pressure on footing.

pu = Pu /Aprov for footing subjected to axial load

pu = Pu /Aprov ± My x/Iy ± Mx y/Ix for footing subjected to Pu and BM

3. Determine maximum BM, SF at the critical sections of footing.

b Critical section
d for one way shear
b/4 Critical section for max. BM in the
case of column or concrete wall
l d/2 L
Critical section for max. BM in the
case of masonry wall
d b
Critical section
pu B for two way shear
B
BM at the critical section of footing (Mu)
= pu × (B - b)2/8 for concrete wall, when L = 1 m
= pu × (B - 0.5b)2/8 for masonry wall, when L = 1 m
= pu × (B - b)2/8 for column, when L = 1 m

One way shear at the critical section of footing (Vu)

= pu × [(B - b)/2 – d] for column and wall when L = 1 m

Two way shear at the critical section of footing (Vu)

= pu × [ LB - (l + d)(b + d)] for column, when L = 1 m

4. Design the section of footing

a. Determine the thickness of footing

 Thickness of footing required to resist the design BM in SRURS is found by
d > dbal = (Mu /Q b)1/2
 Thickness of footing required to resist the one way shear is found by
τv ≤ k τc , where k is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 40.2.1.1)

 Thickness of footing required to resist the two way shear is found by

τv ≤ ks τc , where ks is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 31.6.3.1)
ks = ( 0.5 + βc ) ≤ 1 ; τc =0.25 ( fck )1/2
βc = B/L

Thickness of footing (D) ≥ 150 mm (Refer to Cl. 34.1.2)

4. Design the section of footing

b. Find the reinforcement (Ast) required for footing.

In isolated footing Ast is found in both direction of footing and in spread footing, Ast is found in the direction normal
to the wall

Ast = Mx or My / 0.87 fy (d – 0.416 xu ) ≥ Ast,min

Distribution of steel bars in footing (Refer to Cl. 34.3)

In spread footing, designed bars are distributed in equal spacing in the direction normal to the wall
In square isolated footing, designed bars are distributed in equal spacing in their respective direction.
In rectangular footing, designed bars for longer direction are distributed in equal spacing and for shorter direction
designed bars are distributed in central and outer bands as follow. L

In central band of width B, At,cent = 2Ast /(β +1) Where, β = L/B

B
In outer band of width B - L , At,out = Ast – At,cent ≥ Ast,min

B (B – L)/2

Shear reinforcement is designed, if footing is not safe for one way.

5. Check bearing stress in footing at the bearing level of column ( Refer to Cl. 34.4 )

Bearing stress in concrete of footing ≤ Permissible bearing stress in concrete

Pu / (l × b) ≤ 0.45fck (A1/A2) 0.5

 6. Carry out detailing of reinforcement

 Provide distribution bars of Ast,min in the direction parallel to the length of spread footing.
 Provide 360 mm2 per meter length in each direction on each face of footing, when the
thickness of footing exceeds 1 m.
 Check development length of reinforcing bars (Refer to Cl. 34.2.4.3) as shown in figure.

Where,

kτc – Shear strength of footing in one way shear

ksτc – Shear strength of footing in two way
shear
Wf – Weight of footing
≥ 150 mm Ld ≥ 300 mm Aprov – Provided area of footing

Ld L,B – Length and breadth of footing

pu – Upward soil pressure
Min. 3 – 8 mm @ 300 mm c/c q – Allowable bearing capacity of soil
Ix, Iy – Moment of inertia of footing about its
centroidal axes x-x and y-y
l, b – Longer and shorter sides of column
Reinforcement of
B
Isolated Footing

D>1m

Elevation

Bottom arrangement of reinforcing bars

(For square and rectangular footing)
Reinforcement of
Isolated Footing

Isolated footing with

shear reinforcement

Top arrangement of reinforcing bars

(For square and rectangular footing)
Shear reinforcement
 Non Prismatic
Isolated Footing Longitudinal bar
Starter bar of column

Lateral tie
Confining ties of column
of column
Min. 3 nos Sectional Elevation
of Footing
Designed bars ≥ Ld ≥ 300 mm
of footing ≥ 150 mm

Section at A-A

A A
Plan
of Footing
 Reinforcement of
Spread Foundation

Elevation

Bottom arrangement of
reinforcing bars
Reinforcement of
Spread Footing

Foundation with
shear reinforcement

Top arrangement of
reinforcing bars

Shear reinforcement
 Combined Footing
Combined Footing – A footing provided for two or more than two columns in a row
Types of Combined Footing
P1 P2

M M

Combined footing with slab and beam

If P1 ˂ P2

If P1 > P2

Footing combined by strap beam

Combined footing with slab
Behaviour of Combined Footing

Bending in
longitudinal direction Bending in
transverse direction

d + side of
column

SF Dia

d + side of
BM Dia column

Footing acts as a longitudinal

beam in longitudinal direction BM Dia

Footing acts as a cantilever

slab in transverse direction
 Design of Combined Footing

Design Steps

1. Determine size of footing. P1 P2

A = ( P + Wf )/q = 1.1 (P1 + P2) /q l1 l1

Aprov ≥ A Aprov = L × B s
D
L = 2 (m + n) = 2 [m + P2 S/ (P1 + P2)] m n L /2
B = 1.1 (P1 + P2) /(q L)

L
2. Determine soil upward pressure on
footing.
l1 l1
Soil upward pressure in longer
b1 b1 B
direction of footing
= 1.5 (P1 + P2 + Wf ) /L

Soil upward pressure in shorter

direction of footing
= 1.5 P1 /B
or
= 1.5 P2 /B
3. Analyse footing for their responses. Draw BM and SF diagram in longer and shorter
direction of footing due to applied load and soil upward pressure and find maximum
BM, SF at the critical sections of footing.
1.5 P2 / b1
or
L 1.5 P1 / b1

l1 l1
V6
b1 P1 b1 P2 B M4
V5

BM SF
1.5 P2 / B Dia. Dia.
1.5 P1 / l1 1.5 P2 / l1 or
1.5 P1 / B

1.5 (P1 + P2 ) /L

M2

BM dia.
M1 M3

V1 V3
SF dia.
V4
V2
4. Design the section of footing

a. Determine the thickness of footing

 Thickness of footing required to resist the design BM in SRURS is found by
d > dbal = (Mu /Q b)1/2
 Thickness of footing required to resist the one way shear is found by
τv ≤ k τc , where k is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 40.2.1.1)

 Thickness of footing required to resist the two way shear is found by

τv ≤ ks τc , where ks is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 31.6.3.1)
ks = ( 0.5 + βc ) ≤ 1 ; τc =0.25 ( fck )1/2
βc = B/L

Thickness of footing (D) ≥ 150 mm (Refer to Cl. 34.1.2)

b. Find the reinforcement (Ast) required for footing.

Determine Ast at all critical sections of footing in both direction of footing. Find Ast1 for M1, Ast2 for M2, Ast3 for M3
and Ast4 for M4 .

Ast = Mu / 0.87 fy (d – 0.416 xu ) ≥ Ast,min In SRURS

Designed bars are arranged and distributed as in continuous beam in longer direction and as a
cantilever beam in shorter direction.
Shear reinforcement is designed, if footing is not safe for one way
5. Carry out detailing of reinforcement

 Arrange designed bottom bars in central strip of l1 + 1.5 d and Ast,min in outer strips in the
shorter direction of footing.
 Arrange designed bars as in continuous beam in longer direction. Besides the design bars,
provide Ast,min .
 Provide 360 mm2 per meter length in each direction on each face of footing, when the
thickness of footing exceeds 1 m.
 Check development length of reinforcing bars in necessary places as shown figure.

≥ Ast,min ≥ Ld Ast2 ≥ Ld

≥ Ld ≥ Ld
Ast1 Ast3
≥ Ast,min
Arrangement of Reinforcing Bars

l1 + +1.5 d l1 + +1.5 d

B Bottom arrangement
of bars

Top arrangement of
bars
 Combined footing with slab

Footing combined by strap beam

 Raft/Mat Foundation
Raft Foundation – A footing provided for all columns of RC structures

Types of Mat Foundation

Section at A-A / B-B Section at A’-A’ / B’B’

B B’

A A A’ A’

B B’
Mat Foundation with RC Slab Mat Foundation with RC Slab and Beam
 Design of Mat Foundation
(Concept)
Structural behaviour of Mat Foundation depends on the rigidity of soil structure system.

According to the assumption made on the rigidity of soil structure system, there are two
methods of design of Mat Foundation.

1. Rigid Foundation Design Method

In this method, foundation is assumed to be rigid and pressure distribution on soil is
either uniform or linearly varying.
In the design, foundation is divided in to the strips and each strip is treated as combined
footing on rigid supports.

2. Flexible Foundation Design Method

In this method, foundation is analysed and designed considering the foundation as a
beam on elastic supports.
In the design, foundation is divided in to the strips and each strip is treated as combined
footing on flexible supports.

Method 1

Method 2
 Behaviour of raft
foundation under loads
Deformed shape of
slab of footing

Section at A-A

BM Dia.

SF Dia.

Part of Footing (strip) along

longitudinal and transverse direction
Section at B-B
acts like a longitudinal beam as in
combined footing.
Reinforcement of Mat Footing

RC Column
B A

Longitudinal Section at A’- A’ Footing

B A and B’-B’ of Mat Footing

RC Column RC Column

Section at A-A Section at B-B

Mat Foundation with RC Slab
Mat Foundation with RC Slab and Beam