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First Aid Introduction-2022 - Latest
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OVERVIEW OF FIRST AID

M.MWELWA
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First Aid
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Introduction


Unintentional injury continues to be a majorcause of morbidity and mortality

First aid is an important part of everyday life athome, work or at play.

Not every incident requiring first aid is a life anddeath situation.

However, proper first aid can mean thedifference between life and death

Common sense and a few rules are the keys toeffective first aid

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
A person who gives treatment for the one sueringfrom a disease or an accident, to improve hiscondion is
called an” aides” and the medicaltreatment given as aid is called “ rst aid”

 If an accident happens in the workplace, you cannotbe a helpless witness, since simply standing by
canpotenally worsens the situaon.

This is why it’s important to have at least a basicknowledge of rst aid.

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Definition


First aid is the immediate andtemporary care given to the victim of anaccident or sudden illness
until medicalservices can be obtained.

First aid is the assessment andintervention that can be performed by abystander with minimal
equipment untilappropriate medical personnel arrives

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cont

First Aider:
 is someone who givesimmediate assistance or help in the case ofinjury or sudden illness before the victim canbe
taken to a health worker/hospital.

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Signs of an emergency


Screams

Calls for help

Breaking glass

Screeching tires

Empty medicine bottles

Damaged electrical wires

Smoke or fire

Blood

Spilled chemicals

Difficulty breathing

Clutching chest or throat

Abnormal skin color

Confusion

Drowsiness

Distress
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Guiding principles/aims of Firstaid


The key guiding principles and purpose offirst aid, is often given in the mnemonic "3Ps". These three points
govern all theactions undertaken by a first aider.

Prevent further injury

Preserve life

Promote recovery

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AIMS OF FIRST AID

Main aims of first Aid1.
To presearve or save life by maintaining thelife sustaining body functions
i.e. air way,breathing, circulation.
2. To prevent condition from deterioration or
preventfurther or additional injuries
 e.g. diverting possibledanger - directing traffic around the accident site ormoving the patient
away from dangerous situation(e.g. fire),
Stop bleeding, treat shock, treat other injuries.

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Aims of First Aid

3.

To alleviate suffering and promote recoveryby

 preventing present injuries becomingworse
e.g. when you wrongly move a patientwith fractured spine you may cause damageto the spinal
cord.
Reassure casualty, Relieve pain, Handle with care and Protect them fromfurther harm
4.
To organize expert help
e.g. sendingsomeone to fetch a clinical officer and safetransport to hospital. Call ambulance abd
giveprecise direction and condition of the victims

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Philosophy of First Aid

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IMPORTANCE OFFIRSTAID TRAINING


You may be the first person on a sceneand you will require to help to save life.

Friends may ask you about how they couldhelp others.

You can organize classes where youlive/work.
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What to do when managing anemergency


Keep calm

Take charge of the situation

Ensure safety of self and casualties

Assess for serious and urgent symptoms

Reassure casualty

Call/ ask for help

Give emergency care

Tell helpers what to do

Send for medical help
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GENERALPRINCIPLESOFFIRSTAID

Prioritize and determine the injuries orcause for sudden illness. After immediateproblems are under control: -ask
exactlywhat happened (victim/bystanders).

Look for emergency medical identificationi.e. Diabetic band that may give a clue tothe cause of sudden illness.
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GENERALPRINCIPLESOFFIRSTAID

Look for and know how to look for signs andsymptoms, injuries, etc,
(assessing priorities).

Determine what is wrong and how severe or dangerousit is.

Breathing (listen and look at the rise and fall of his chestif necessary).

Colour of the skin (for dark skinned people, note thepalms, soles and the lips).

Circulation of blood (by taking pulse-noting Shock.)

External bleeding (check under clothing and part of bodyunder)

Levels of consciousness-noting alertness, pupil reaction,verbal response.

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GENERALPRINCIPLESOFFIRSTAID

Check for Fractures, open wounds or burns etc.

Do not move a victim unless it is necessary forsafety reasons.

Keep victim in the position best to his conditionor injuries; do not let him get up or walk about.

Protect the victim from unnecessarymanipulation and disturbance –control thecrowd.

Keep the victim warm-use blanket or coveravailable, over and under him.
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Specific principles whenmanaging a casualty

1. Make diagnosis (determine nature of injury/problem)

History from casualty, relatives, by standers

Signs and symptoms2. Treatment

 Aims at preserving life, preventing condition
fromdeteriorating, reducing and alleviating pain andsuffering3. Transport to the hospital by
suitable availabletransport.

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QUALITIES OF AGOODFIRSTAIDER/CAREGIVER
The first aider/care giver should know:

How to preserve (keep) or restorerespiration.-How to restart a heart that is not beating.-How to control bleeding.-
How to manage a casualty until experthelp arrives.
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QUALITIESOFTHECAREGIVER
One should always be :

Able to Stay calm
:should not panic and alarm patient andbystanders.


Observant:
should be able to notice signs and symptoms.

Resourceful:
one who is able to make the best use of thingsat hand.


Gentle:
should not cause unnecessary pain.


Tactiful:
should not alarm the patient (e.g. "He looks terrible,I'm sure he's going to die!).

Sympathetic
should be comforting.

Cheerful:
one who is always happy or has an appropriateexpression that inspires confidence.
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EMERGENCIES IN FIRST AID

Asphyxia

Definition : Asphyxia means
a defciency ooxygeninthebloodandanincreaseincarbon dioxide in the body tissues.

Asphyxia may mean that lungs do not getsucient supply o air rom breathing.

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cont.
Breathing is necessary to transer oxygen rom thelungs to the blood and on to the tissues to
keepthem alive and unctioning. I breathing stops, thebrain, the control centre o the body, is starved
ooxygen and the brain cells will die.This means that the centres in the brain whichcontrol the heart beat and
respiration will stopunctioning and breathing and heart beat will cease.Those centres that control
respiration will causebreathing to stop frst, ollowed by ailure o theheart.

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CAUSES
Anything that causes disruption in the normal exchangeo oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
lungs andtheoutsideair.

Airway obstruction, partial or complete blocking othe airway by blood, vomit or other
debris/oreignbodies or plastic papers covering the nostrils.

Gross chest/lung damage caused by trauma e.g.racture o the ribs caused by crushing o the chest
willpuncture the lungs and/or heart.

Disease o lung tissue e.g. asthma.


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