MAT 052: DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
LESSON 12: BASIC APPLICATIONS OF
FIRST ORDERED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
BASIC APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
› Population Growth (human population, bacteria
population, etc.)
› Radioactive Decay/Carbon Dating
› Newton’s Law of Cooling
› Electrical Circuits
› Chemical solutions/Mixing Problems
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
› Orthogonal Trajectories
› Simple harmonic motion
› Oscillations
› Catenary cables
› Steady State Heat Flow
› Dynamics
 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY
› Exponential growth and decay apply to physical
quantities that rapidly change in value or form. The
change can be measured using the concept of
exponential growth and exponential decay, and the new
amount obtained can be obtained from the existing
quantity.
› Exponential growth and decay have been derived from
the concept of geometric progression. Quantities that do
not change as constant but change exponentially can be
termed as having exponential growth or exponential
decay. 𝑛−1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY
 𝑑𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
∝𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
EXPONENTIAL 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜
GROWTH
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦
Exponential growth is a
𝑑𝑦 𝑘 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
mathematical change that = 𝑘𝑑𝑡
increases without a limit 𝑦 𝑘>0
based on an exponential
𝑦0 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
function. 𝑑𝑦
න = 𝑘 න 𝑑𝑡
Exponential growth finds 𝑦
applications in studying
ln 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
bacterial growth,
population increase, and 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
money growth schemes.
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑦0
𝐶 = 𝑦0
𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
 𝑑𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
∝𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
EXPONENTIAL 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜
DECAY
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦
Exponential decay is found
𝑑𝑦 𝑘 = 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
in mathematical functions = −𝑘𝑑𝑡
where the rate of change is 𝑦 𝑘>0
decreasing and thus, must
𝑦0 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
reach a limit, the 𝑑𝑦
horizontal asymptote of an න = −𝑘 න 𝑑𝑡
𝑦
exponential function.
ln 𝑦 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
Exponential decay refers to
a rapid decrease in a 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡+𝐶
quantity over a period of
time. The exponential 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
decay can be used to find 𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑦0
food decay, half-life, and
radioactive decay. 𝐶 = 𝑦0
𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A herd of llamas has 1000 llamas in it, and the population
is growing exponentially. At time t=4, it has 2000 llamas.
Write a formula for the number of llamas at arbitrary time
t.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A herd of llamas has 1000 llamas in it, and the population is growing exponentially. At time t=4, it has 2000 llamas. Write a
formula for the number of llamas at arbitrary time t.
𝑘𝑡
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 1000
1000 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0)
1000 = 𝐶
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 4, 𝑦 = 2000
2000 = 1000𝑒 𝑘(4)
2 = 𝑒 4𝑘
1 1
4𝑘
2 4 = 𝑒 4
1
2 4 = 𝑒𝑘
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑡
𝑦 = 1000 2 4
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A colony of bacteria is growing exponentially. At t=0, it has
10 bacteria in it, and at time t=4, it has 2000. At what time
will it have 100,000 bacteria?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A colony of bacteria is growing exponentially. At t=0, it has 10 bacteria in it, and at time t=4, it has 2000. At what time will it
have 100,000 bacteria?
𝑘𝑡
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 10
10 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0) 𝑡
10 = 𝐶 10,000 = 200 4

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 4, 𝑦 = 2000 𝑡
ln 10,000 = ln 200 4
𝑘(4)
2000 = 10𝑒
𝑡
200 = 𝑒 4𝑘 ln 10,000 = ln 200
4
1 1
200 4 = 4𝑘
𝑒 4 4 ln 10,000
𝑡=
1 ln 200
200 4 = 𝑒𝑘 𝑡 = 6.953 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑡
𝑦 = 10 200 4

𝐴𝑡 𝑦 = 100,000; 𝑡 =?
𝑡
100,000 = 10 200 4
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Suppose we are told that some animal population doubles
every 10 years. What growth rate would lead to such a
trend?
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Suppose we are told that some animal population doubles every 10 years. What growth rate would lead to such a trend?

𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑦0
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 10, 𝑦 = 2𝑦0
2𝑦0 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘(10)
2 = 𝑒10𝑘
ln 2 = ln 𝑒 10𝑘
ln 2 = 10𝑘 ln 𝑒
ln 2
𝑘=
10
𝑘 = 0.069 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A fragment of bone is discovered to contain 20% of the
usual Carbon-14 concentration. Estimate the age of the
bone.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A fragment of bone is discovered to contain 20% of the usual Carbon-14 concentration. Estimate the age of
the bone.

NOTE:
• Radioactive decay is known as the various processes of some energetically unstable
nuclei that can spontaneously transform into more stable forms.
• Half-life is the amount of time required for one-half the nuclei in a sample of the isotope
to decay; therefore the shorter the half-life, the more rapid the decay rate.
• Radiocarbon dating is a process used by anthropologists and archaeologists to estimate
the age of organic matter (such as wood or bone).
• The half-life of Carbon 14 𝑜𝑟 14 𝐶 is known to be 5730 years.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A fragment of bone is discovered to contain 20% of the usual Carbon-14 concentration. Estimate the age of
the bone.

𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 5730 ln 0.2

𝑡=
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑦0 1
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 0.2𝑦0 ln 2
𝑦0
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 5730, 𝑦 = 𝑡
𝑡 = 13,304.648 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
2 1 5730
𝑦0 0.2𝑦0 = 𝑦0
= 𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑘(5730) 2
2
1 𝑡
= 𝑒 −5730𝑘 1 5730
2
1
0.2 =
1
2
1 5730
−5730𝑘 5730
= 𝑒 𝑡
2 1 5730
1 ln 0.2 = ln
1 5730 2
= 𝑒 −𝑘
2 𝑡 1
ln 0.2 = ln
5730 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Continuation of Sample Problem 4: If today, we have 100 g
of Carbon-14, how much is left after 50 years?
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Continuation of Sample Problem 4: If today, we have 100 g of Carbon-14, how much is left after 50 years?

𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑦0 50
𝑦0 1 5730
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 5730, 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 100
2 2
𝑦0
= 𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑘(5730)
2 𝑦 = 99.397 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
1
= 𝑒 −5730𝑘
2
1
1 5730 1
= 𝑒 −5730𝑘 5730
2
1
1 5730
= 𝑒 −𝑘
2
 𝐿𝑒𝑡:

NEWTON’S LAW OF › 𝑇 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

COOLING › 𝑇𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠.

Newton’s Law of Cooling 𝑑𝑇

∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
states that the rate at 𝑑𝑡
which the object’s 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑘>0
temperature decreases is 𝑑𝑡
proportional to the 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘𝑑𝑡
difference between the 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
temperature of the object 𝑑𝑇
and the ambient න
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
= −𝑘 න 𝑑𝑡
temperature.
ln 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑒 ln 𝑇−𝑇𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇0 𝑇𝑠 < 𝑇
𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐶
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇𝑠 > 𝑇
𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
LIMITATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
› The difference in temperature between the body and
surroundings must be small.
› The loss of heat from the body should be by radiation
only.
› The major limitation of Newton’s Law of Cooling is that
the temperature of surroundings must remain constant
during the cooling of the body.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A thermometer that has a reading of 70°F inside a house is
placed outside where the air temperature is 10°F. Three
minutes later, it was found that the thermometer reading
was 25°F. Find the thermometer reading after 6 minutes.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A thermometer that has a reading of 70°F inside a house is placed outside where the air temperature is 10°F. Three minutes later, it was
found that the thermometer reading was 25°F. Find the thermometer reading after 6 minutes.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑇0 = 70°𝐹 𝑇𝑠 = 10°𝐹
𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇 3 = 25°𝐹
25 = 10 + 70 − 10 𝑒 −𝑘 3

15 = 60𝑒 −3𝑘
0.25 = 𝑒 −3𝑘
1 1
−3𝑘 3
0.25 3 = 𝑒
1
𝑒 −𝑘 = 0.25 3

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑇 =?
6
𝑇 6 = 10 + 70 − 10 0.25 3

𝑇 6 = 13.75℉
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
A thermometer reading 75°C is taken out where the
temperature is 20°C. The thermometer reading is 30°C, 4
minutes later. Find the time (in minutes) taken for the
reading to drop from 75°C to within half degree of the air
temperature.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
A thermometer reading 75°C is taken out where the temperature is 20°C. The thermometer reading is 30°C, 4 minutes later. Find the time
(in minutes) taken for the reading to drop from 75°C to within half degree of the air temperature.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑇0 = 75°𝐶 𝑇𝑠 = 20°𝐶 𝐴𝑡 𝑇 = 20.5°𝐶, 𝑡 =?
𝑡
𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 2 4
𝑇 4 = 30°𝐶 20.5 = 20 + 75 − 20
11
30 = 20 + 75 − 20 𝑒 −𝑘 4 𝑡
2 4
10 = 55𝑒 −4𝑘 0.5 = 55
11
2
= 𝑒 −4𝑘 𝑡
11 1 2 4
1 =
2 4 1 110 11
= 𝑒 −4𝑘 4
1 𝑡 2
11 ln = ln
1
110 4 11
2 4 1
𝑒 −𝑘 = 4 ln 110
11 𝑡=
2
ln 11

𝑡 = 11.029 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
Suppose that an object initially having a temperature of 20
degrees Celsius is placed in a large temperature-controlled
room of 80 degrees Celsius and one hour later, the object
has a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius. What will its
temperature be after three hours?
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
Suppose that an object initially having a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius is placed in a large temperature-controlled room of 80 degrees
Celsius and one hour later, the object has a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius. What will its temperature be after three hours?

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑇0 = 20°𝐶 𝑇𝑠 = 80°𝐶
𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇 1 = 35°𝐶
35 = 80 + 20 − 80 𝑒 −𝑘 1

−45 = −60𝑒 −𝑘
𝑒 −𝑘 = 0.75
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 3 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠, 𝑇 =?
3
𝑇 = 80 + 20 − 80 0.75
𝑇 = 54.6875℃
 ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS
A first-order RL series
circuit has one resistor (or
network of resistors) and a
single inductor.
Once the switch is closed,
the current in the circuit is
not constant. Instead, it
will build up from zero to
some steady state.
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
A. A source of electromotive force (emf) E—perhaps a battery or generator—which drives electric charge
and produces a current I. Depending on the nature of the source, E may be a constant or a function of
time.
B. A resistor of resistance R, which opposes the current by producing a drop in emf of magnitude
𝐸𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼
This equation is called Ohm’s Law.
C. An inductor of inductance L, which opposes any change in the current by producing a drop in emf of
magnitude
𝑑𝐼
𝐸𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
D. A capacitor (or condenser) of capacitance C which stores the charge Q. The charge accumulated by the
capacitor resists the inflow of additional charge,
and the drop in emf arising in this way is
1
𝐸𝐶 = ∙𝑄
𝐶
Furthermore, since the current is the rate of flow of charge, and hence the rate at which charge builds up on
the capacitor, we have
𝑑𝑄
𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
The four circuit elements act together according to Kirchhoff’s Law, which states that the algebraic sum of the electromotive
forces around a closed circuit is zero. This physical principle yields
𝐸 − 𝐸𝑅 − 𝐸𝐿 − 𝐸𝐶 = 0

𝑑𝐼 𝑄
𝐸 − 𝑅𝐼 − 𝐿 − =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

𝑑𝐼 𝑄
𝐸=𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 +
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

𝑑𝐸 𝑑2𝐼 𝑑𝐼 1 𝑑𝑄
=𝐿 2+𝑅 + ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐸 𝑑2𝐼 𝑑𝐼 1
=𝐿 2+𝑅 + ∙𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶

𝑑2𝑄 𝑑𝑄 1
𝐸=𝐿 2
+𝑅 + ∙𝑄
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶

𝑑𝐼
𝐸=𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼
𝑑𝑡
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ELEMENTS UNIT

INDUCTANCE (L) Henrys (H)
RESISTANCE (R) Ohms (Ω)
CURRENT (I) Amperes (A)
VOLTAGE SOURCE (E) Volts (V)
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
An RL circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 50 Ω, an
inductance of 1 H, and no initial current.
a. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.
b. Distinguish between the transient and steady-state
current.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
An RL circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 50 Ω, an inductance of 1 H, and no initial current.

a. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.

b. Distinguish between the transient and steady-state current.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐸 =5𝑉 𝑅 = 50 Ω 𝐿 =1𝐻
𝑑𝐼
𝐸 = 𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 1 1 −50𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐼= − 𝑒 (𝑎)
𝑑𝐼 𝐼𝑒 50𝑡 = 5 න 𝑒 50𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 10 10
5 = 1 + 50𝐼
𝑑𝑡 1 50𝑡
𝑑𝐼 𝐼𝑒 50𝑡 = 5 𝑒 +𝐶
+ 50𝐼 = 5 𝐹𝑂𝐿𝐷𝐸! 50
𝑑𝑡
𝑃 𝑡 = 50 𝑄 𝑡 = 5 1 50𝑡
𝐼𝑒 50𝑡 = 𝑒 +𝐶
10
∅ 𝑡 = 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬50𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 50𝑡
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 0
𝐼∅ 𝑡 = න ∅ 𝑡 𝑄 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 1 1
0= +𝐶 𝐶=−
10 10
𝐼𝑒 50𝑡 = න 𝑒 50𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 1 50𝑡 1
𝐼𝑒 50𝑡 = 𝑒 −
10 10
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
An RL circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 50 Ω, an inductance of 1 H, and no initial current.

a. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.

b. Distinguish between the transient and steady-state current.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
An RL circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 50 Ω, an inductance of 1 H, and no initial current.

a. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.

b. Distinguish between the transient and steady-state current.

𝐸
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐼 =
𝑅

𝐸 −
𝑅
𝑡
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐼 = 1 − 𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
An RL circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 50 Ω, an inductance of 1 H, and no initial current.

a. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.

b. Distinguish between the transient and steady-state current.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐸 =5𝑉 𝑅 = 50 Ω 𝐿 =1𝐻
𝐸
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐼 =
5 −
50 𝑅
𝐼= 1−𝑒 1 𝑡
50 𝐸 −
𝑅
𝑡
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐼 = 1−𝑒 𝐿
1 𝑅
𝐼= 1 − 𝑒 −50𝑡 (𝑎)
10
1
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐼 = 1 − 𝑒 −50𝑡 𝐴
10
(𝑏)
5 1
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐼= = 𝐴
50 10
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
An inductance of L Henrys and a resistance of 10 Ohms
are connected in series with an emf of 100V. If the current
is initially zero, and is equal to 9 Amperes after 1 second,
find the following:
a. Inductance L
b. Current after 0.5 of a second.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
An inductance of L Henrys and a resistance of 10 Ohms are connected in series with an emf of 100V. If the current is initially zero, and is
equal to 9 Amperes after 1 second, find the following:

a. Inductance L

b. Current after 0.5 of a second.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐸 = 100 𝑉 𝑅 = 10 Ω 𝐼 0 = 0 𝐴 𝐼 1 = 9 𝐴
𝑑𝐼 𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 1, 𝐼 = 9 𝐴
𝐸 = 𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 10
𝑑𝑡 10
𝑡 100 10
𝑡 −𝐿 1
𝐼𝑒 𝐿 = න 𝑒 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 9 = 10 − 10𝑒
𝑑𝐼 𝐿
100 = 𝐿 + 10𝐼 10
𝑑𝑡 10 100 𝐿 10𝑡 −1 = −10𝑒 −𝐿
𝑡
𝑑𝐼 10 100 𝐼𝑒 𝐿 = 𝑒𝐿 +𝐶
+ 𝐼= 𝐹𝑂𝐿𝐷𝐸! 𝐿 10 1 10
−𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿 =𝑒
10 10 10
10 100 𝐼𝑒 𝐿 = 10𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑡
𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑄 𝑡 = 1 10
−𝐿
𝐿 𝐿 10 ln = ln 𝑒
10 10
𝐼 = 10 + 𝐶𝑒 −𝐿𝑡 10
∅ 𝑡 = 𝑒 ‫𝑡 𝐿 𝑒 = 𝑡𝑑 𝐿 ׬ 𝑒 = 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑃 ׬‬ 1 10
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 0 ln =−
𝐼∅ 𝑡 = න ∅ 𝑡 𝑄 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 10 𝐿
0 = 10 + 𝐶 𝐶 = −10 10
10 10 100 𝐿=− 𝐿 = 4.343 𝐻 (𝑎)
𝐼𝑒 𝐿
𝑡
= න𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
10
−𝐿𝑡 1
𝐼 = 10 − 10𝑒 ln 10
𝐿
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
An inductance of L Henrys and a resistance of 10 Ohms are connected in series with an emf of 100V. If the current is initially zero, and is
equal to 9 Amperes after 1 second, find the following:

a. Inductance L

b. Current after 0.5 of a second.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐸 = 100 𝑉 𝑅 = 10 Ω 𝐼 0 = 0𝐴 𝐼 1 =9𝐴 𝐿 = 4.343 𝐻
10
− 𝑡
𝐼 = 10 − 10𝑒 𝐿
10
−4.343 0.5
𝐼 = 10 − 10𝑒
𝐼 = 6.838 𝐴 (𝑏)
 Input rate x(t) Output rate
CHEMICAL
SOLUTIONS
COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS MODEL
There are many types of
Let x(t) represent the amount of a substance (usually in lb or in kg) in
mixture problems. Such a tank (compartment) at any time t.
problems are standard in a 𝑑𝑥
first course on differential 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
equations as examples of Where:
first order differential 𝑅 = 𝐶𝑄
equations. Typically these 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
examples consist of a tank 𝑑𝑡
of brine, water containing a C – concentration (lb/gal or kg/L)
specific amount of salt
Q – volume flow rate (gal/min or L/s)
with pure water entering
and the mixture leaving, or R – rate of amount of substance entering or leaving the tank (lb/min
or kg/s)
the flow of a pollutant into,
𝑑𝑥
or out of, a lake. − 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑑𝑡
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Initially, a tank contains 10,000 Liters of brine with a salt
concentration of 1 kg salt per 100 Liters. Brine with 2 kg
salt per 100 Liters enters the tank at 20 Liters per second.
The well-stirred mixture leaves at the same rate. Find the
concentration of salt as a function of time.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Initially, a tank contains 10,000 Liters of brine with a salt concentration of 1 kg salt per 100 Liters. Brine with 2 kg salt per 100 Liters
enters the tank at 20 Liters per second. The well-stirred mixture leaves at the same rate. Find the concentration of salt as a function of
time.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑥 0 = 10,000 𝐿 × = 100 𝑘𝑔 = −
100 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 5 500 𝑥
2 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝐶𝑖𝑛 = = ൗ𝐿 + =
100 𝐿 50 𝑑𝑡 500 5 𝑡 2 𝑡
2 𝑥 𝑒 500 = න 𝑒 500 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 20 𝐿ൗ𝑠 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃 𝑡 =
1
𝑄 𝑡 = 5
500 5 𝑡 2 𝑡
𝑥 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 𝑘𝑔ൗ 𝑥 𝑒 500 = 500𝑒 500 + 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
‫׬‬500
𝑡 5
10,000 𝐿 10,000 ∅ 𝑡 = 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒 = 𝑒 500
𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 500 = 200𝑒 500 +𝐶
= 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥∅ 𝑡 = න ∅ 𝑡 𝑄 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 −500
𝑥 = 200 + 𝐶𝑒
𝑑𝑥
= 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 2
𝑥 𝑒 500 = න 𝑒 500 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 5
= 20 − 20
𝑑𝑡 50 10,000
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Initially, a tank contains 10,000 Liters of brine with a salt concentration of 1 kg salt per 100 Liters. Brine with 2 kg salt per 100 Liters
enters the tank at 20 Liters per second. The well-stirred mixture leaves at the same rate. Find the concentration of salt as a function of
time.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑥 0 = 10,000 𝐿 × = 100 𝑘𝑔
100 𝐿 𝑥
𝑡
−
𝑥 = 200 + 𝐶𝑒 500

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 100 𝑘𝑔
100 = 200 + 𝐶
𝐶 = −100
𝑡
−500
𝑥 = 200 − 100𝑒
𝑡
−500
𝑥 200 − 100𝑒
=
𝑉 10000
1 1 − 𝑡
𝐶= − 𝑒 500
50 100
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12
Take the same setup as in Sample Problem 11, but the
mixture leaves the tank at only 10 Liters per second. Of
course, the tank will eventually fill up, but we want to know
the amount of salt at any time before this.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Take the same setup as in Sample Problem 11, but the mixture leaves the tank at only 10 Liters per second. Of course, the tank will
eventually fill up, but we want to know the amount of salt at any time before this.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑥 0 = 10,000 𝐿 × = 100 𝑘𝑔
100 𝐿
𝑥
2 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑖𝑛 = = ൗ𝐿
100 𝐿 50
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 20 𝐿ൗ𝑠 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑥 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 𝑘𝑔ൗ
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 𝐿
10,000 𝐿 10,000
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Take the same setup as in Sample Problem 11, but the mixture leaves the tank at only 10 Liters per second. Of course, the tank will
eventually fill up, but we want to know the amount of salt at any time before this.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑥 0 = 10,000 𝐿 × = 100 𝑘𝑔
100 𝐿
𝑥
2 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑖𝑛 = = ൗ𝐿
100 𝐿 50
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 20 𝐿ൗ𝑠 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10 𝐿ൗ𝑠
𝑥 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 𝑘𝑔ൗ
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 𝐿
10,000 𝐿 10,000
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Take the same setup as in Sample Problem 11, but the mixture leaves the tank at only 10 Liters per second. Of course, the tank will
eventually fill up, but we want to know the amount of salt at any time before this.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑥 0 = 10,000 𝐿 × = 100 𝑘𝑔 = −
100 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 5 1,000 + 𝑡
𝑥
2 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝐶𝑖𝑛 = = ൗ𝐿 + =
100 𝐿 50 𝑑𝑡 1,000 + 𝑡 5
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 20 𝐿ൗ𝑠 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10 𝐿ൗ𝑠 1 2
𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑄 𝑡 =
1,000 + 𝑡 5
𝑥 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1
‫׬‬1,000+𝑡𝑑𝑡
10,000 + 20 − 10 𝑡 ∅ 𝑡 =𝑒 ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑃 ׬‬
= 𝑒 = 𝑒 ln 1000+𝑡
𝑥 𝑘𝑔ൗ
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∅ 𝑡 = 𝑒 ln 1000+𝑡 = 1000 + 𝑡
10,000 + 10𝑡 𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑥∅ 𝑡 = න ∅ 𝑡 𝑄 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
= 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑥 1000 + 𝑡 = න 1000 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 5
= 20 − 10
𝑑𝑡 50 10,000 + 10𝑡
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Take the same setup as in Sample Problem 11, but the mixture leaves the tank at only 10 Liters per second. Of course, the tank will
eventually fill up, but we want to know the amount of salt at any time before this.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑥 0 = 10,000 𝐿 × = 100 𝑘𝑔
100 𝐿
𝑥
2
𝑥 1000 + 𝑡 = න 1000 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑡2
5 + 400𝑡 + 200,000 + 𝐶
𝑥= 5
2 1,000 + 𝑡
𝑥 1000 + 𝑡 = න 1000 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 200,000 + 𝐶
5 𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 100 𝑘𝑔 100 =
1,000
2 1000 + 𝑡 2 100,000 = 200,000 + 𝐶 𝐶 = −100,000
𝑥 1000 + 𝑡 = +𝐶
5 2
𝑡2
1 + 400𝑡 + 200,000 − 100,000
𝑥= 5
𝑥 1000 + 𝑡 = 1,000,000 + 2,000𝑡 + 𝑡 2 + 𝐶 1,000 + 𝑡
5
𝑡2
𝑡2 + 400𝑡 + 100,000
𝑥 1000 + 𝑡 = + 400𝑡 + 200,000 + 𝐶 𝑥= 5
5 1,000 + 𝑡
SEATWORK (To be submitted on October 7)
On a short coupon bond paper, solve the following:

5. If we have 100 g of carbon-14, how much is left after 500 years? If an artifact that originally contained 100 g of carbon-14 now
contains 20 g of carbon-14, how old is it? Round the answer to the nearest hundred years.
6. According to experienced baristas, the ideal temperature to serve coffee is between 155°F and 175°F. Assuming that the coffee is
poured at a temperature of 200°F, and after 22 minutes in a 70°F room, it has cooled to 180°F. Solve the following:
a. When is the coffee first cool enough to serve?
b. When is the coffee too cold to serve?
7. An inductance of 4 Henrys and a resistance of 30 ohms are connected in series with an emf of E volts. If I=0 when t=0, determine
I when t=0.01 seconds if E=220 Volts.
8. A large tank holds 300 gallons of brine solution with 40 pounds (lb) of salt. A concentration of 2 lb/gallon is pumped at a rate of 4
gal/min. The concentration leaving the tank is pumped out at a rate of 3 gal/min. How much salt is in the tank after 12 minutes?