A

Project

On

CRIMINAL PROFILING: A CASE STUDY

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR’S DEGREE
in
Forensic Science

Submitted By: Supervised By:

Alisha
GarimaAButta
Joseph(21BFS1023)
(21BFS1025) Dr. Dolly Mahna
Alisha A Jospeh (21BFS1025)
Prayerna Masih (21BFS1152)

DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY GHARUAN, MOHALI, PUNJAB

JUNE
JUNE 2023
2023-24

1
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the project, entitled
“Criminal Profiling: A Case Study” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award Bachelor’s degree in Forensic Science and submitted to Chandigarh
University, Gharuan, Mohali is is aa Bonafide studywork
Bonafide study workcarried
carriedout
outbyby
usme during
during the the
period from August 2023 to April 2024 under the supervision of Dr. Dolly Mahna
Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Science, Chandigarh University,
Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab.

The
The matter embodiedininthis
matter embodied thisProject
Projecthas
has
notnot been
been submitted
submitted byfor
by us methe
foraward
the award
of of
any other degree of any other University/Institute.

Alisha
GarimaAButta
Joseph(21BFS1023)
Alisha A Jospeh (21BFS1025)
21BFS1025
Prayerna Masih (21BFS1152)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best
of my knowledge.

Dr. Dolly Mahna Dr. Sahil Sharma

Supervisor Hod Forensic Science
Assistant Professor Department of Forensic Science
Dept. Forensic Science UIAHS
Chandigarh University

2
 CERTIFICATE

The Final Project Viva-Voce examination of Ms.Ms.Alisha

GarimaAButta
Joseph UID:
UID: 21BFS1025,
(21BFS1023),
has
Ms.been heldAon
Alisha _________________
Jospeh UID: (21BFS1025)and and
her case
Ms. is recommended
Prayerna Masihfor the (21BFS1152)
UID: award
bachelor’s degree in forensic science.
has been held on _________________ and their case is recommended for the award bachelor’s
degree in forensic science.

Signature of Examiner(s) Signature of DRC Members

Signature of Supervisor Signature of DRC Chairman

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation to everyone who

contributed to the successful completion of our project, “Criminal Profiling: A

Case Study”.

We would like to express our special thanks/gratitude to our professor “Dr. Dolly

Mahna” who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic

which also helped us in growth of ourselves through a lot of research and gaining

some precious knowledge. Finally, I wish to express our appreciation to our parents,

for their love and support.

4
 ABSTRACT

Criminal profiling, as a tool in law enforcement, has garnered significant attention for
its potential to aid in the identification and apprehension of perpetrators. This project
seeks to explore the effectiveness of criminal profiling techniques in contemporary
law enforcement contexts. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature,
case studies, and interviews with professionals in the field, this study assesses the
validity and reliability of various profiling methods and their impact on criminal
investigations. We aim to provide an insight over how criminal profiling has an
impact over the years in both national and international cases. Besides this, we believe
to take holistic approach like showcasing how criminal profiling has been represented
in the Indian cinema so that it can be a well understood topic amongst
the public as well.

5
 INDEX

INTRODUCTION 9

HISTORY OF CRIMINAL PROFILING 9

ORGANIZED OFFENDERS 10
DISORGANIZED OFFENDERS 10

CRIMINAL PROFILING GENERATING PROCESS 11

APPROACHES TO CRIMINAL PROFILING 13

UTILITIES OF CRIMINAL PROFILING 14

MURDER 14
1. Degrees of Murder 15
2. Punishments 16
3. Indian Penal Code 16

TYPES OF HOMICIDE 17
1. Cause of Homicide 18
2. Prevention of Homicide 19

SERIAL KILLER 20
1. Classification of Serial Killer Based on Motives 21
2. Psychology of Serial Killers 21

RESEARCHES 22
1. A Study in Victim-ology 22
2. The “ Bio Psycho Social Study of Habitual Criminals by
BRPD 23
3. Study of causes and correlate of homicide 2005 FBI 24

DISORDERS 25

CASE STUDY 26
1. Mc Naughten 26
2. Albert Fish 27
3. Jack the Ripper 27

6
4. John Wayne Gacy 28

REPRESENTATION IN INDIAN MASS MEDIA 29

CONCLUSION 30

REFERENCES 31

7
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Table No. 1. The 18

punishment for the
different types of
murders.

8
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full form

CBI Central Bureau of Investigation

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation

BSU Behavioral Science Unit

PCL-R Psychopathy Checklist Revised

BRDP Bureau of Police Research and

Development

ASPD Antisocial Personality Disorder

9
 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL PROFILING

Criminal Profiling: A Case Study Introduction Criminal profiling, also called offender
profiling, can be defined as an investigative technique that is used to analyze or
observe the behavior of the criminal, the pattern of crime, mode of crime (modus
operandi), and motive of the criminal, and it helps to understand the criminal mind set.
Different agencies call criminal profiling by different names, such as the FBI, which
calls it “criminal investigative analysis,” forensic psychologists call it “investigative
psychology,” and others may call it "crime action profiling.” Criminal profiling
combines the analysis of the crime scene, forensic evidence, facts recovered from the
crime scene, and mainly the background of the victim. Studying the background of
the victim(s) is also very important to understand the basic concept behind any crime.
It also helps to link the victim to the criminal, but until the culprit is found, criminal
profiling is just a prediction of a suspect. It is believed and observed that the modus
operandi of a killer remains almost the same even after committing several crimes,
and it is the same as leaving a signature mark behind. Hence, by studying all the
factors, we can also generate a profile that may predict the unique characteristics of
the killer, such as anthropological and geological personality. Thus, by studying all
these key factors, we can establish the relationship between two or more crimes, or we
can exclude the suspect from the list.

History of criminal profiling

Special agent, John Douglas, called the father of criminal profiling, took over the
FBI’s Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) in 1972. He spent 25 years with the FBI
Investigative Support Unit and developed profiling techniques. He also advised on
Atlanta child murders, Green River killers, and Unabomber.

Criminal profiling had existed even as early as the 1880s, and it was first ever
used in the case of the serial killer named Jack the Ripper, who used to brutally kill
prostitutes in the White Chapel district in London's East End and rip apart their
internal organs. Thus, the name Jack the Ripper was given to him because of his act of
ripping organs apart. After each murder, Jack the Ripper used to mutilate the bodies
of the victims, which made people feel that he was a surgeon. After killing his sixth
victim, who was a young girl of 24 years, Jack the Ripper disappeared, and he was
never caught by the force of law and order. After his disappearance, the police and

10
FBI became clueless and requested that Dr. Thomas Bond generate a profile of Ripper,
who was conducting a postmortem on the victim’s bodies. Dr. Bond stated that every
murder that Jack the Ripper committed was even more violent and brutal than his
previous murders. Dr. Bond also included that the killer was “physically strong, cool,
and daring; inoffensive in appearance; middle-aged and neatly attired; probably
wearing a cloak; is a loner; has no occupation; may be eccentric and mentally
unstable.” He also pointed out that all the victims of Jack the Ripper died from his
killing, and the mutilations of the various bodies were almost identical. This was
targeted as the signature mark of Jack the Ripper for mutilating the bodies of the
victims.

The next criminal profiling was done on Adolph Hitler by a psychiatrist, Walter
Langar, in 1972. He generated a profile of Hitler in order to assess the German
situation during World War II. Dr. Langer anticipated that Hitler would commit
suicide in case his defeat in the war was imminent. This actually happened, and Hitler
committed suicide in a bunker when the defeat was clear to him.

The other criminal profiling was done in the case of a bomber who used to send
threatening letters in which he used to write “dastardly acts” to the police. The
profiling was done by a psychiatrist, Dr. James A. Brussel, in 1950. Between 1950
and 1956, the bomber planted 30 bombs, most of which exploded, but there was no
serious casualty. The police requested that Dr. Brussel make a profile of the bomber,
and Dr. Brussel described the bomber as a 50-year-old male. On further investigation,
it was found that the bomber was a former employee of a company called
“Consolidate Edison." He pointed out that the bomber was seeking revenge and that
he was a foreigner.

Organized Offender

 Reflects a great deal if planning in which little evidence is left behind

 The characteristics of organized offenders are listed below.
 Average to above average intelligence
 Socially competent
 Skilled work preferred
 Sexually competent
 High birth order status
 Father’s work stable
 Inconsistent childhood discipline
 Controlled mood during crime
 Use of alcohol with crime
 Precipitating situational stress
 Living with partner
 Mobility with car in good condition
 Follows crime in news media
 May change jobs and leave town

11
Disorganized Offender

Reflects an impulsive, unplanned crime with a lot of evidence left. The characteristics
of disorganized offender are listed below.

 Below average intelligence

 Socially inadequate
 Unskilled work
 Sexually incompetent
 Low birth order status
 Father’s work unstable
 Harsh discipline as a child
 Anxious mood during crime
 Minimal use of alcohol
 Minimal situational stress
 Living alone
 Lives/works near the crime scene
 Minimal interest in news media
 Significant behaviour change (e.g. drug or alcohol use)

Due to the nature of crime being organized and disorganized, mentioned above, the
FBI was able to generate profiles of many criminals and capture them. In addition,
they also used to get an insight into the personality of the murderer through
questioning about the murderer’s behavior at four crime scene phases, namely (1) the
antecedent phase, (2) method and manner, (3) body disposal phase, and (4) the post-
offense behavior phase.

In the first phase, the antecedent phase, a question is asked, such as what kind of
planning preceded the murder. In the second phase, method and manner, they were
asked about how they used to select the victims for murder and what their motives
were to kill them. In the third phase, the body disposal phase, they asked whether the
killing and disposing of the body were done at the same place or if they took the body
to a different place for disposing. In the fourth and last phase, the post-offense
behavior phase, they asked whether the murderer revisited the crime scene to check
on the condition of the dead body or if they had tried to collect information through
the investigating team or the news media as to what had happened to the case, etc. All
the information was put together and analyzed in detail to work out a profile of a
criminal.

All the information was put together and analyzed in detail to work out a profile
of a criminal. The approach of the FBI towards criminal profiling has been
standardized to a basic six-step process called the Criminal Profile Generating Process.

1.Profiling Input Stage: The very first step to creating a criminal profile is to gather
every single piece of information about the crime, including the victim (personal
information, personality, interpersonal relationships, etc.), the crime scene, and the
crime itself (analysis of all evidence, autopsy reports, toxicology results, etc.).

12
2.Decision Process Model Stage: This includes identifying the homicide type and
style, initial intention of the offender, victim and offender risk, escalation, and time
and location of the crime.

3.Crime Assessment Stage: The investigator begins to create a criminal profile,

which includes reconstruction of the crime scene and the behavior of the offender and
victim. In this way, crime can be divided into organized crime and disorganized crime.

4.Criminal Profile Stage: Once the criminal profile is made, the process of capturing
suspects begins based on the given data.

5.Investigation Stage: The data collected by the profiler could be useful in the
investigation process for any of the law enforcement agencies to narrow down the
suspect list.

6.Apprehension Stage:- The report and criminal will be cross-examined, and a

detailed interview will be given to the criminal to complete and validate the profiling
process.

Criminal profiling has been useful in increasing the probability of identifying

criminals and solving cases by gathering data about the offender and victim. Though
there were a few other cases in which the profile was not able to lead to the culprit,
Thus, profiling criminals has been attempted and tried out, but with a limited rate of
success.

A new statistical technique, termed investigative psychology, was used by David

Canter in 1985 to have more accurate criminal profiling. He used to gather data from
previous crimes and keep updating them with new crimes and criminals compared to
the others. Hence, he was called to Scotland Yard to discuss the possibility of
integrating investigation techniques with psychological concepts. He tried to apply
this technique in an investigation into railroad rapist John Duffy.

Statistical technique involves studying and defining the known offender

population and broad offender groups (known as typologies) and then using them as a
frame of reference to compare the crimes of an unknown offender to those of that
group.

Criminal Profiling and its applications

The statistically oriented and environmental psychology-based technique of criminal

profiling used by Canter follows basically five factor modes:

 Interpersonal coherence
 Significance of time and place
 Criminal characteristics
 Criminal career
 Forensic awareness

Interpersonal coherence- this tells us about how the offender behaves while
committing the crime and how he behaves while performing normal daily tasks.

13
Significance of time and place-This factor is very important as it tells us about the
location where the crime took place, whether it was a work place, a resident area, a
sparsely populated area, etc., and at what time the crime took place. All information
related to time and place can tell if the criminal was stalking the victim, as he knows
at what time his victim would be at a particular place.

Criminal characteristics- In this, the offenders are grouped into organized and
disorganized offenders, which makes it easier to identify the culprit.

Criminal carrier- this tells us whether the offender has a criminal record from early
crimes he has committed or a similar nature between crimes.

Forensic awareness- Many criminals have enough knowledge to hide their identity
by removing evidence from crime scenes, e.g., by wearing gloves, they can avoid
leaving their fingerprints behind, by removing footprints, or by removing evidence
such as body fluids. In such cases, evidence that is difficult to find or trace is collected
if possible.

Another important technique is behavior evidence analysis (BEA). This technique

was introduced by Brent Turvey in 1999. He found out that the serial killers uttered
many lies during the investigation process and during the court hearing, which was
contradictory. This discovery concluded that criminals will lie in order to protect
themselves from punishment. This technique of behavior evidence analysis was then
introduced in criminal profiling. Behavior evidence analysis (BEA) is divided into
two phases, and each of them contains two steps each

1. Investigative phase
 Equivocal Forensic analysis- in this, the evidence is considered to have more
than one meaning. This would include the analysis of crime photographs, audio
or videos, autopsy reports, documents recovered from crime scenes, or any other
information related to crime, etc.

 Victim-ology- It is important to have knowledge of both the offender and the

victim. If the victim is alive, he or she is the best source for gaining information
about the crime. They can identify the offender if they are able to recall their face,
which can make it easier to reach the offender; however, if the victim is dead,
efforts should be put in to understand the background of the victim. This may
lead to the suspect.

2. Trial phase
 Crime scene Characteristics- This determined the factors, including the location
of the crime scene and how the offender approaches his chosen victim.

 Offender characteristics- By gathering data from all the points mentioned

above, we can interpret the offender’s build, whether the offender is male or
female, the offender's occupation, the type of vehicle in which he might transfer
dead bodies from one location to another, the skills of the offender, and his
criminal records.

14
Approaches to criminal profiling

Mainly there are two man approaches to criminal profiling

1. Inductive profiling
2. Deductive profiling

In inductive profiling, the experts assume that the crimes committed by two different
people have some similarities. For example, a criminal may have a motive behind a
murder that may be similar to the motive of another criminal. In this case, every piece
of evidence recovered from a crime scene is studied thoroughly. All the postmortem
reports, documents, DNA reports, and motives of the criminal background of the
offender as well as the victim are studied to check whether the crime was committed
by two different individuals or by a single person only. By analyzing all the data, a
profile is then generated..

In deductive profiling, the expert does not search for similarities; instead,
they study all the evidence found at the crime scene, the criminal background,
and his behavior. They try to find out which category the offender falls into,
organized or disorganized, and on the basis of the data, a criminal profile is
generated.

Utilities of Criminal Profiling

Most of the time, in many cases, such as serial killings, more than a normal
investigation is required, in which criminal profiling plays an important role in
identifying the culprit and narrowing down the list of suspects. Through this, it
becomes easier for law enforcement to capture the offender.

Criminal profiling has no specific method, but it includes various factors through
which the identification of the offender can be made easier by studying his or her
pattern of killing, habits, evidence that is left behind, skills of killing, motives for
killing, etc.

Another important thing is that the criminal profile, if carried out at an early stage,
can help reach the offender early; in this case, the offender will not be able to harm
his other chosen targets.

Criminal profiling can also be helpful in letting us know if the offender is

suffering from any kind of mental illness or not, or if the offender is an organized or
disorganized offender. Through studies, it has been found that most serial killers
suffer from neurological disorders, which makes them do things violently.

Murder:

The intentional death of another person without using force or a legally permitted
extenuation of circumstances is known as murder. It also refers to killing someone
ruthlessly and violently. It can also mean to stop or destroy anything.(As Per the
Oxford Dictionary): When someone commits murder, they plan, coordinate, and have

15
the deliberate purpose to kill someone else for a specific reason.
He knows exactly what he is doing when he kills, and frequently, he tries to remove
any proof of his actions afterward to avoid being caught. Such a person proceeds with
his act of murdering even if he has no legal right to do so and is aware of all the
repercussions.

There are three degrees of Murder :

1. First Degree Murder
2. Second Degree Murder
3. Third Degree Murder

First-degree murder :is the legal term for a killing that is planned and intentional.
It's a well- planned, methodical process that involves patient waiting, gradually
poisoning someone, killing as a part of a bigger plot, etc. This kind of first-degree
murder may be coupled with other heinous offenses like arson, rape, etc. Some of
these may be used in conjunction with the murder of specific targets, such as police
officers, children, and others, and with the use of particularly deadly weapons like
guns. To prove that a murder is first-degree murder, the following must be established

1. The deliberate intention, before to the commission of the act, to kill or

seriously hurt another person.

2. A generalized wicked and corrupt mentality when the individual has no

regard for the life of others. Therefore, there is malice aforethought if someone
shoots an innocent bystander to death during a shootout with the police after
using a pistol to hold up a bank.

3. One crucial requirement for classifying a murder as a first-degree murder is

that the murder must have been planned, plotted, or deliberated before it was
committed.

Premeditation is what separates first-degree murder from second-degree murder. That

is to say, although first-degree murder involves obvious premeditation, careful
planning and thought, lying in wait to catch the victim off guard, etc., second-degree
murder focuses more on intending to hurt the victim than on actually killing them,
though occasionally accidental or unintentional killing does occur.

Second Degree Murder:

This is a murder that wasn't planned. It is different from first-degree murder in that it
is carried out precisely, leaving no trace of the crime, and is not well planned or
obviously intentional. It may arise from an attack in which the victim's death is not
always a clear prospect. Furthermore, it is not as savage as first-degree murder. Such
an act of killing without planning, which might happen during a sudden altercation or
battle, is known as second-degree murder. It is devoid of the malice that distinguishes
first-degree murder.

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Third Degree Murder

It covers any murder carried out with the deliberate goal to cause physical harm,
though not always death. This might happen when someone is experiencing severe
emotional pain. At their most intense, they might use violence almost uncontrollably,
which could result in fatalities or major physical harm. Killing is completely
accidental here as well. Of instance, there could be a deliberate attempt to damage
someone physically, but not fatally.

Punishment

A penalty meted out to someone for wrongdoing is called punishment. The severity of
the punishment might vary based on the type of crime committed and its intention.
Depending on how serious the offense was, it may involve removing the person's
property, taking away his freedom of movement, or a host of other comparable
consequences. Such punishments are necessary for a community to even exist.
However, before enforcing any punishment, every effort is taken to gather sufficient
proof that the offender committed the crime and that it is a crime for which a
particular punishment is required in order to deter the offender from committing the
same offense in the future. While deterrent consequences differ depending on the
circumstances, punishment for crimes committed is generally meted out world wide.
The sole distinction can be in the kind of penalty meted out, and occasionally it might
even be in whether the offense is even considered a crime because of the variances in
cultural and sub cultural norms.

Indian Penal Code

takes into account the degree of the offense as well as the severity of the violation.
Section 53 outlines the different penalties for different types of crimes. The most
serious crimes carry the death penalty, which is followed by life in prison, life in
prison, and various lengths of time in prison, all of which are divided into rigorous
and simple imprisonment. Next on the list of penalties is the forfeiture of the
offending individual's property, and the least severe is a fine that must be paid in cash.

This section has been amended to state that "examination" of a crime should
involve forensic examination using modern, scientific techniques, such as DNA
profiling, and other tests that the registered medical practitioner deems necessary in a
given case. Examples of forensic examination include testing of blood, blood stains,
semen, swabs in cases of sexual offence, sputum and sweat, hair samples, and
fingernail clippings.

The licensed medical professional performing the examination must see the
patient right away and write out a report on the findings that includes information
about the following:

(i) The accuser's name, address, and the identity of the person who brought him

17
(ii) The accuser's age
(iii) Any visible signs of harm to the accuser's person
(iv) A description of the material used for DNA profiling that was removed from the
accuser's person and

(v) Reasonably detailed information about other material details

The reports must include detailed justifications for every result drawn, along with the
precise start and end times of the investigation. They must also be sent out right away.

Table No. 1. The punishment for the different types of murder are presented in the
table below:-

Types of homicide Punishment awarded-generalPunishment

awarded as
per I PC
Homicide Ist degree murder Life imprisonment without the Death
possibility of parole for 25
years
Second Degree Murder Life imprisonment without the Life
mandatory parole for 10-25 Imprisonment
years
Manslaughter Maximum life imprisonment is Life
the maximum punishment and imprisonment
minimum is 4 years – 5 years if gun was
imprisonment. used or else 4
years
imprisonment.
Imprisonment
Culpable homicide not for life or
amounting to murder imprisonment
of either
description for
a term which
may extend to
ten years and
shall also be
liable to fine

According to Reddy (2007) states that of the eight capital offence in the IPC, 1860,
two sections—303 and 307—mandated the death penalty. The supreme court
invalidated Section 303 on the grounds that it violated Article 21.

The length of a jail sentence for those classified as dangerous criminals is not set,
but it typically entails an increase of 10 years (potentially to 35 or more years).
For example, a hierarchy of offenses has been codified into legislation over the last

18
few decades. The Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic Substance (prohibition) Act
(NDPS) (1985 and 1989), POTA, the terrorist and disruptive activities (prevention)
act (1985 and 1987), kidnapping for ransom with a threat of death or harm (1993),
aiding and abetting sati (1987), and other laws. The death penalty is a possible
punishment for all of these.

Causes of homicide:

There are a lot of reasons why someone would commit homicide. Sociologists
generally hold that a person is born into this world with no particular tendencies or
features, and that society is what shapes his behaviour and determines whether he
becomes a criminal or not.

1. Some thinkers believe that specific bodily types or physiques are the only ones that
might result in criminal tendencies. Others, however, believe that factors such as an
individual's motivations, intentions, and risk-taking preferences play a significant role
in explaining homicides. The instrumentality theory, for example, explains homicides
by citing the availability of lethal weapons, while the perpetrator theory concentrates
on the carelessness and murderous intent of

2. Disputes between friends that no one would consider particularly criminal until the
attack started are what lead to most homicides, not property crimes involving
strangers (Lott and Mustard, 1997)

3. According to Calhoun (1989–1990), the majority of killers are also "neither felons
nor crazy," but rather "people involved in family fights over jobs and money, and
people who are sad or depressed."

4. It is also asserted that murderers have a disproportionately high likelihood of

having severely below-average IQ, being insane or suffering from brain damage,
alcoholism, substance misuse, or a combination of these issues (Calhoun, 1990;
Hodgins, 1992).

5.We read about love affairs and betrayed lovers in the headlines virtually every day,
and these have been implicated as reasons for homicides. When the time comes, the
kids may pick up on the notion and mimic the behaviour as these are also featured on
TV as part of dramatic news.

6. Property disputes have also been a significant contributing factor in deaths. News
outlets and newspapers frequently cover stories about brothers killing one other, sons
killing their fathers, and relatives killing the heir to a family property.

7. Jealousy is a strong bad feeling that can drive someone to consider killing the
person they are jealous of. When two young children fall in love with one girl, this
can occur.

19
8. Young people covertly and continuously watch a plethora of unedited movies that
are available on DVD, cassettes, and some internet channels. These have an impact on
the numerous killings that occur in society as well.

9. Bitter disputes between friends, which can turn from a disagreement into an attack
and fatality.

10. Dysfunction in the brain linked to a decreased capacity to control impulsive

behaviour and regulate goal-directed activity may also contribute to homicidal
behaviour. These include anomalies in brain activity, effects from pregnancy and the
perinatal period, a history of head trauma, delayed speech and psychomotor
development, learning disabilities, and head injuries. Novella (1996)

11. One of the signs of a tendency for impulsive and aggressive crimes while
intoxicated is an early initiation of alcohol abuse.

12. An examination of each homicide case's past would reveal that the perpetrators
had been violently attacking people, the elderly, or animals since they were young
children. Holmes & Holmes, 1996

13. Due to their persecution, people with mental illnesses like schizophrenia, paranoid
disorders, and other conditions may convince themselves that someone is against
them. As a result, they may take precautions to prevent death by killing people they
believe are out to get them.

14. Substance addicts are another type of people who commit murder.

15. Families that are unstable and thereby deprive their children of love, affection, and
care from their mothers and other caregivers constitute another significant influence.

16. One important contributing element to the rise in youth violence is the media. The
media's promotion of violence and acts of retribution, among other things, is largely
to blame for the rise in violence among young people.

Prevention of Homicide

In order to stop killings in society as a whole,

1. To stop these killings, law enforcement must be extremely tough, and community
leaders and the police must work together.

2. Family and individual counselling can stop these kinds of adolescent killings. In an
ideal world, schools would teach kids moral principles and teach them how to manage
their frustrations and rage. A school counsellor who is able to address the problems
with teens exhibiting these inclinations could significantly reduce the likelihood of a

20
teen committing murder.

3. Organizing neighbour and setting up a neighbourhood watch would be very

beneficial for prevention.

4.Reducing the availability of deadly weapons, particularly guns and other firearms, is
crucial because these weapons' easy accessibility and availability raise the likelihood
of violent crimes like these.

5. Family Process elements that can contribute to violent crimes include parental
supervision, disciplinary actions, and the customary relationships that exist among
family members.

6. Violent crimes and homicides are caused by socio-structural factors such as poverty,
population, heterogeneity, and population mobility.

7. People who migrate from rural to urban and metropolitan areas lack access to
adequate housing, food, and jobs, which causes them to commit minor crimes at first
and, if they are not helped or captured by the authorities, escalate to more serious ones.

Serial Killer

Serial killers frequently use names that were first used in the 1970s, either by Dr.
Robert D. Keppel or FBI agent Robert Ressler. A serial killer is a person who kills
three or more people over a long period of time, pausing in between each time. Days,
weeks, months, or even years may pass during these intervals, and they may even
allude to different occasions and places. In a stage of adaptation known as a mask of
sanity, the majority of serial killers are psychopaths with personality disorders who do
appear to be rather normal and frequently even charming. There may be a sexual
component to the killings in several of these cases.

There's a chance that all of the serial killers' killings were carried out or attempted
in a similar way, and that the victims shared characteristics like race, sex, occupation,
or place of residence.

An organized murderer is typically a person who is acceptable in society, who has

friends and lovers, and who frequently even has a family that consists of a husband
and kids. They are the kind that, when apprehended, are probably going to be
characterized by friends as genuinely kind individuals.

Disorganized people frequently have IQ in the 80–95 range, which is below

normal, and they act impulsively when committing crimes. They murder anytime the
chance presents itself, rarely bothering to remove the body—instead, they usually just
leave it where they discovered the victim. They typically launch surprise attacks,
charging in at their targets without any prior notice. Once a victim is dead, they might
carry out rituals they feel obligated to carry out, like cannibalism, mutilation, and
necrophilia. They have few friends, are socially awkward, and some acquaintances
may think they're strange.

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Classification Based On Motives:
Serial Murders are also classified according to motives behind killing. These are
1) Missionary Killers
2) Visionary Killers
3) Hedonistic Killers
4) Gain motivated Killers
5) Power and Control motivated

The justification given by the missionary serial killers for their actions is that they are
eliminating a particular kind of individual who is detrimental or a disgrace to society.
On the other hand, they can think of themselves as having greatly benefited society if
they kill prostitutes or people from a certain ethnic group one by one.

On the other hand, those who commit serial killings as visionaries do so because
they hear voices or see visions telling them to kill.
The hedonistic serial murderer typically kills to get a rush and is a thrill seeker. Put
another way, this person finds it thrilling to murder people and witness their misery
and helplessness. This kind of homicide also has a significant sexual component. The
need for resources, money, belongings, or property is what drives a gain-motivated
killer to commit murders.

The primary goal of a killer driven by power and control is to murder in order to
acquire control over their victims.

Psychology of the serial killer

Serial killer is viewed to be the ultimate extension of violence .The proper

psychological classification is that of psychopathic sexual sadist or antisocial
personality disorder, according to results of the Hare’s psychopath Check List-
Revised (PCL-R) administered on them. This psychopathy checklist revised (PCL-R)
includes twenty items to measure behaviour and infer personality traits considered
fundamentals to the clinical construct of psycopathy. Items in the checklist are

 Glib and superficial charm

 Grandiose sense of self worth
 Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom
 Pathological Lying
 Conning-Manipulative
 Lack of remorse or guilt
 Shallow affect
 Callousness/ lack of empathy
 Parasitic lifestyle
 Poor Behaviour control
 Impulsivity
 Many short term marital relationships

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  Promiscuous sexual behaviour
 Irresponsibility
 Criminal Versatility
 Lack of realistic long term goals

Researches

A) Victims of Some Violent Crime: A Study in Victimology

1) The study of crime victims, their experiences, and the effect of victimization
on both people and society at large are the main topics of victim-ology.

2) G.S. Bajpai probably explores several topics in this book that are connected to
victims of violent crimes, such as:

3) Types of violent crimes: examining many violent crime types, including

homicide, assault, robbery, and sexual assault.

4) Victim profiles involve examining the age, gender, socioeconomic status, and
any other pertinent information related to the victims' demographics and features.

5) Examining the theory of "victim precipitation," which postulates that some

victims might have contributed to or precipitated the atrocities committed against
them.

6) Examining the psychological, emotional, and physical effects of violent

victimization on victims and their family.

6) Victim Support Services: Evaluating the function of victim support services,

such as advocacy for victims' rights, crisis intervention, counseling, and legal help.

7) Criminal Justice System Response: Assessing how accommodating the legal

system—which includes the courts, law enforcement, and prosecution—is to
victims of violent crime.

8) Prevention and Intervention Techniques: Talking about techniques to stop

violent victimization and to step in to help victims and lessen the chance that they
will become victims again.

10) Policy Implications: Talking about how victim-ology affects policy, such as
changes to laws, victim compensation, and the creation of victim-centered
practices in the criminal justice system.

11) This book probably offers insightful perspectives on the difficulties faced by
victims of violent crimes, their experiences, and the wider social ramifications of
victimization. It might also add to scholarly conversations and policy
deliberations about victim-ology and the needs and rights of crime victims.

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B) The "Bio Psycho Social Study of Habitual Criminals" by BRPD (Bureau of
Police Research and Development)

A thorough examination of habitual offenders from a variety of angles, including

biological, psychological, and social aspects, is probably covered in the 1998
publication "Bio Psycho Social Study of Habitual Criminals" by the Bureau of Police
Research and Development (BRPD).

What the study may look at is as follows:

1)Biochemical/ Biological Elements:

 Genetic predispositions: Examining the possibility that some genetic traits
influence criminal behavior.
 Neurological factors: Investigating possible anomalies linked to criminal
conduct by analyzing the anatomy and function of the brain.
 Biochemical factors: Examining how hormones and neurotransmitters affect
impulsivity and violence.
2) Psychological Elements:
 Personality traits analysis: Examining attributes including impulsivity,
sensation-seeking, and empathy in repeat offenders.
 Mental health disorders: Determining the frequency of mental diseases in
repeat offenders, such as antisocial personality disorder or substance misuse
disorders.
 Deficits in cognition: Examining cognitive impairments or weaknesses that
could affect impulse control, problem solving, and decision making.
3) Social Elements:
 Family background: Analyzing how a person's upbringing, family
relationships, and parental conduct affect how they become criminal.
 Peer influence: Researching how socialization processes, peer relationships,
and peer pressure affect criminal conduct.
 Socioeconomic status: Examining how opportunity, inequality, and poverty
affect the likelihood of engaging in criminal activity.
 Neighborhood characteristics: Evaluating how the environment, crime rates,
and resources available to the community affect criminal behavior.

4)Criminal Pasts:
 After a thorough examination of habitual offenders' criminal history, covering
the kinds of crimes they have committed, their offending patterns, and their
recidivism rates.
 Determining the similarities and variations in the criminal trajectories and
offending behaviors of repeat offenders.

5) Strategies for Intervention and Prevention:

 Supporting evidence-based interventions and treatment strategies to deal with
the root causes of criminal conduct that becomes ingrained.
 Investigating methods for identifying and helping at-risk people early on to
stop them from developing a habit of committing crimes.

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  Assessing how well community-based projects, diversionary tactics, and
rehabilitation programs work to lower recidivism and encourage abstinence
from crime.

All things considered, the "Bio Psycho Social Study of Habitual Criminals" probably
offers insightful information about the intricate interactions between biological,
psychological, and social elements that underlie habitual criminal behavior. This
information may have consequences for efforts related to policy, prevention, and
intervention within the criminal justice system.

C) Study of causes and correlates of homicides 2005 FBI

A thorough grasp of the variables connected to homicide episodes in the US was the
goal of the FBI's 2005 study on the causes and correlates of killings. Although there
isn't a thorough synopsis of the research accessible, the following are some important
topics that may have been discussed:

 Analyzing demographic traits: Including age, gender, race, and

socioeconomic level of both victims and perpetrators in homicide cases is
known as "demographic patterns."

 Relationships between Victims and Offenders: Analyzing the many kinds of

relationships (such as those with intimate partners, family members,
acquaintances, and strangers) that occur between victims and perpetrators of
homicide, and noting any recurring themes or patterns.

 Weapon Use: Examining the frequency and kinds of weapons—such as

knives, firearms, blunt objects, and other death-causing devices—used in
homicide cases.

 The conditions surrounding homicides: are examined, including variables

like geography (such as rural vs. urban), time of day, motives (such as robbery,
gang-related violence, and personal disputes), and precipitating events.

 Drug and Alcohol Involvement: Evaluating how drug and alcohol misuse, on
the part of perpetrators and victims, contributes to homicide episodes and how
substance addiction affects violent conduct.

 Criminal Histories: Analyzing past criminal records and interactions with the
criminal justice system of those implicated in homicide cases, considering
trends in their prior offenses or arrests.

 Geographical Patterns: Determining how different American areas, cities,

and neighborhoods differ from one another in terms of homicide rates and
trends.

 Victim Vulnerability Factors: A study looking into things including high-

risk lifestyles, exposure to domestic abuse, and involvement in illicit activities
that may make some people or groups more likely to become victims of
homicide.

25
  Law Enforcement Responses: Evaluating the efficacy of tactics and
programs used by law enforcement to stop and deal with homicide situations.
These include focused enforcement operations, community policing programs,
and cooperative relationships with other agencies and groups.

 Policy Implications: Talking about how policies at the local, state, and federal
levels may address the underlying causes of homicides, lessen violence.

All things considered, the FBI study from 2005 probably offered insightful
information about the intricate dynamics of homicide cases in the US, helping law
enforcement organizations, decision-makers, and community members in their
endeavors to deter and address violent crime., and increase public safety.

Disorders

A)Paraphilia:
1.Pedophilia: The attraction of sexual nature to youngster before puberty.

2.Exhibitionism: The persistent desire or action to display one’s genitalia to gullible

onlookers.

3.Voyeurism: The practice of watching gullible people typically strangers—who are

nude, changing into their underwear, or having sex.

4. Sadism: Finding gratification in causing others agony, distress, or disgrace.

5. Masochism: the sexual pleasure derived from causing oneself pain, misery, or
humiliation.

6. Fetishism: The sexual stimulation or fulfillment derived from a particular body part
or inanimate object.

7. Transvestism Fetishism: Arousal of the senses connected to transvestism.

8. Frotteurism: The practice of caressing or massaging an unwilling subject in order to

gratify one’s erotic desires, frequently in public settings. 9. Autonepiophilia
(Infantilism): A desire to be diapered or treated like a baby on a sexual level. 10.
Golden shower syndrome (urophilia): stimulation of the sex caused by urinating on
others.

These are only a few examples of paraphilias; there are many more that people
can experience. Paraphilias are complex and frequently misunderstood, therefore it is
critical to approach the matter with respect and understanding.

B) Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD):

The hallmark of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a pattern of disrespect for
and infringement upon the rights of others. The characteristics of deceitfulness,
impulsivity, violence, and a lack of regret are frequently seen in people with ASPD.
These characteristics have been linked to criminal activity, especially repeat offenders.

26
C) Psychopathy:
Psychopathy is a personality condition marked by a tendency toward antisocial
behavior, superficial emotions, and a lack of empathy. Psychopaths are more likely to
commit crimes repeatedly because they may act criminally without feeling regret or
concern for the welfare of others.

D) Border Personality Disorder:

Individuals diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) may exhibit
impulsive and potentially criminal behavior, even though their symptoms are not as
strongly linked to serial criminal behavior as those of ASPD or psychopathy. This is
especially true when the person has unstable interpersonal relationships and emotional
dysregulation.

E) Substance Use Disorders:

Addiction to drugs or alcohol and substance abuse can be a factor in criminal activity,
including recidivism. Substance abuse problems can cause people to become more
impulsive, impair their judgment, and turn to unlawful actions to feed their addiction.

F) Dissociative Identity Disorder:

A complicated psychological ailment called dissociative identity disorder (DID),
formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is defined by the existence of two or
more separate identity states, or personality states, that regulate an individual's
behavior. These identities might have unique names, biographies, traits, and behaviors
of their own.

Case Studies

McNaughten

McNaughten held Drummond accountable for several perceived complaints and

thought he was the prime minister.

Criminal Procedure: Edward Drummond was shot in the back by McNaughten as

he approached him on the street. Drummond suffered severe injuries, which led to his
death a few days later.

Court Cases: Following his arrest, McNaughten was accused of murder. On

March 3, 1843, his trial got underway in the Old Bailey in London. McNaughten's
defense team contended throughout the trial that he was not legally accountable for
his acts as he was insane at the time of the crime. But rather than claiming that
McNaughten was insane, the prosecution contended that his acts were planned and
motivated by political reasons.

Decision and Effect: In the end, the jury determined that McNaughten was not
guilty due to insanity. There was a great deal of public protest and discussion over the

27
legal criteria for defining insanity after the decision. The case led to the establishment
of the McNaughten Rules as the standard for determining insanity under English law.

 The Rules of McNaughten: If a person commits a crime but, because of a

mental illness or defect, doesn't understand what they're doing or that it's
wrong, they may be found not guilty by reason of insanity.

 However, if they knew what they were doing and that it was wrong, they can
still be held responsible for the crime, regardless of any mental health issues.

 So, in essence, the McNaughten Rules ask whether the person understood
what they were doing and whether they knew it was wrong. If they didn't
understand or know it was wrong due to a mental illness, they may be
considered not guilty by reason of insanity.

Albert Fish

Background: On May 19, 1870, in Washington, D.C., USA, Albert Fish was born. His
early years were marked by emotional and physical abuse by his parents and early
exposure to sadomasochistic behaviors. According to his psychiatric profile, Fish
might have had borderline personality disorder, psychosis, or perhaps sexual sadism
disorder, among other mental illnesses.

Criminal Actions: Fish engaged in various violent crimes over the course of
several decades, including the molestation of children, kidnapping, murder, and
cannibalism. He once led his boyfriend to a secluded area and once he had intercourse
with him, he mutilated his penis and left him alone.

1928 saw the kidnapping and murder of 10-year-old Grace Budd, one of his most
notorious murders. Grace was tricked into leaving her family by Fish, who pretended
to be hiring her. Afterwards, he led her to an abandoned home where he murdered, her
to an abandoned home where he killed, severed, and ate various body parts.Initially he
didn’t say anything but during his trials, he wrote a letter to Grace’s mother admitting
how he murdered her and he regrets not raping her before he cooked and ate her.
In addition to admitting to killing Grace Budd, Fish also claimed to have killed and
assaulted many people, though it's still unclear how many.

Jack The Ripper

One of the most notorious unnamed serial killers in history, Jack the Ripper
committed a string of heinous killings in London's Whitechapel neighborhood in 1888.
Context: The infamous Jack the Ripper killings took place in London's East End's
poor Whitechapel neighborhood between August and November of 1888. The victims
were mostly women who worked as prostitutes; their bodies were disfigured with
surgical precision and anatomical understanding. Their necks had been cut.
The victims:
 Mary Ann Nichols: August 31, 1888, found murdered.
 Annie Chapman: September 8, 1888, found murdered.
 Elizabeth Stride: On September 30, 1888, she was discovered dead.

28
  On September 30, 1888, Catherine Eddowes was also discovered dead, but in
a different place than Elizabeth Stride.
 On November 9, 1888, Mary Jane Kelly was discovered dead in her room.
Jack the Ripper usually attacked his victims from behind, cut their necks with a
knife, and then meticulously disfigured their bodies. This was his modus operandi.
Additionally, abdominal organs were removed from several victims.

Investigation: The Metropolitan Police, private investigators, and public scrutiny

were all involved in one of the largest and most well-publicized investigations into the
Jack the Ripper case in history.

Jack the Ripper's identity remained unsolved despite a plethora of ideas and
suspects, including some modern and contemporary conjecture.
Suspects:Many people have been suggested as possible suspects throughout the years,
including butchers, doctors, and even members of the royal family. But there isn't any
solid proof connecting any particular suspect in the crimes has ever been located.
While Walter Sickert, Aaron Kosminski, and Montague John Druitt are among the
most well-known suspects, each theory has its drawbacks and detractors.

John Wayne Gacy

The "Killer Clown," John Wayne Gacy, was an American serial killer who preyed
on teenagers and young men in the 1970s. This is a thorough synopsis of his case:
Context: On March 17, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois, USA, John Wayne Gacy was born.
He was well-known in his neighborhood as a prosperous businessman and devout
Democrat. Additionally, Gacy participated in humanitarian activities, frequently
appearing as "Pogo the Clown" to amuse kids at gatherings and fund-raisers.

Criminal Actions: In the Chicago region, Gacy sexually abused, tortured, and
killed at least 33 young men and boys between 1972 and 1978. He used the guise of
promising his victims money, jobs, or narcotics to entice them to his house. When he
got there, he would bind them, rape them, and then kill them. Gacy employed a
variety of methods to kill people, including stabbing and suffocation, but his favorite
was strangulation.

Finding and Arresting: When Robert Piest, one of Gacy's victims, vanished in
December 1978, the crimes he committed started to come to light. Piest was
employed at a drugstore, and Gacy had made him an offer of employment. When
police looked into Gacy, they found evidence that connected him to Piest's
disappearance and other unaccounted-for deaths.

When authorities acquired a search warrant for Gacy's residence on December 21,
1978, they discovered gruesome evidence, including human remains buried beneath
his building.

Conviction and Trial: Following his arrest, Gacy was accused of other
murders.Gacy claimed to have multiple personality disorder, sometimes known as
dissociative identity disorder, and entered a not guilty plea during his trial on the
grounds of insanity. But this defense was dismissed by the jury, and Gacy was

29
convicted guilty of all charges. Gacy was given a death sentence for his crimes on
March 13, 1980.
Implementation: John Wayne Gacy appealed his sentence for more than ten years
while he was on death row. On May 10, 1994, he was put to death by lethal injection
at the Statesville Correctional Center in Crest Hill, Illinois.

Representation in Indian mass media

 Aparichit: Ramanujam Iyengar alias Ambi is a straightforward, simpleton
advocate who expects everyone to follow the protocols and rules and easily
gets hurt and irritated when people don’t follow them. Other than this, he is in
live with his neighbour Nandini who dislikes him due to his simple nature and
complaining habits, Eventually, he develops Dissociative Identity Disorder or
Multiple Personality Disorder. Due to this, his personality Aparichit or
Anniyan deals with people who are involved in corruption , punishes them
according to the penalties mentioned in Garuda Purana and mentions the name
of the punishment near the crime scene (which is believed to be written in
blood) like A person who refused to help a person dying due to road rage or a
person who was involved in serving poor quality of food to the passengers in
the train. While on the other hand, his other personality, Remo is a confident,
suave version of Ambi who helps him to woo Nandini by his charm and well-
maintained persona.

Reasons why Ambi developed this disorder?

 His sister had died in her childhood due to civic apathy and no justice was
served to her which left a major impact on the 10-year-old Ambi.

 Remo had stemmed from his lack of confidence merely because Nandini was
repulsive towards him

Dhoom 2: Aryan (played by Hrithik Roshan) is a serial thief who runs away with
expensive artefacts like diamonds and always leaves his trademark/signature , his
initial A. The rest of the movie is based on how the cops study his modus
operandii to reach the culprit.

Dhoom 3: Sahir and Samar (twin brothers played by Amir Khan) rob various
branches of the Western Bank of Chicago in order to avenge their father’s death in
1990. This had happened as the loan extension taken by their father for running a
circus was disapproved by the Chairman, Warren Anderson. The
signature/trademark they would leave was a Joker card with a phrase ‘'Bank walo
tumhari aisi ki taisi’’ informally translating to ‘’To hell with you, you bankers’’.
(Dhoom 3 https://g.co/kgs/NMPBVqn)

30
 CONCLUSION

In summary, criminal profiling is a complex instrument used by law enforcement that

has both benefits and drawbacks when trying to solve crimes and catch criminals.
Profiling offers important insights into the thoughts and actions of criminals by
combining behavioral analysis, psychology, and investigative procedures. This helps
detectives generate leads, focus their search for potential suspects, and eventually
apprehend those responsible for crimes.

Nonetheless, it is critical to recognize the ethical issues and intrinsic complexity that
surround criminal profiling. Profiling has drawbacks and the ability to be biased, even
if it can be a useful tool for investigations. Furthermore, since incorrect interpretations
might result in false accusations and injustices, care must be used when interpreting
behavioral evidence.

In the future, there is potential to improve the efficacy and dependability of

profiling through ongoing study, interdisciplinary collaboration, and methodological
improvement. Promoting accountability, openness, and commitment to moral
principles are also essential for preventing the improper or abusive use of profiling
tools.

Fundamentally, criminal profiling is still an active and developing field in law

enforcement, providing important insights into the motivations of criminals but also
presenting difficulties that necessitate caution and close examination. Its prudent
implementation, backed by strict guidelines and a dedication to justice, can greatly aid
in the prosecution of criminal cases and the defense of society.

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34