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Exp 7

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IILM UNIVERSITY, GREATER UNIVERSITY LABORATORY MANUAL

PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET


EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study the intensity distribution due to diffraction from single slit and to
determine the slit width (d).
EXPERIMENT NO. 08 DEPTT: School of Basic & ISSUE DATE: 07 July, 2023
Applied Sciences
LABORATORY: PHYSICS SEMESTER: I, II TOTAL PAGE: 4
LAB (UBS-1002)

AIM: To study the intensity distribution due to diffraction from single slit and to determine the slit
width (d).

APPARATUS: Laser Source, Optical bench, screen with a rectangular slit, micro ammeter.

DIAGRAM:

FORMULA USED:

Light travels in a straight line. However, when light passes through a small hole, there is a
certain amount of spreading of light. Similarly, when light passes by an obstacle, it appears to
bend round the edges of the obstacle and enters its geometrical shadow. The phenomenon of
bending of light around the corners of small obstacles or apertures and its consequent spreading
into the regions of geometrical shadow is called diffraction of light.

Here we study the Fraunhoffer class of diffraction in which light source is at infinite distance
from obstacle, to ensure this source S of monochromatic light is placed at the focus of a convex
lens L1.

1
A parallel beam of light and hence a plane wave front WW’ gets incident on a narrow
rectangular slit AB of width d.

Slit width ‘d’ is given by

𝟐𝑫𝝀
𝑑=
𝜷
Where D = is the distance of screen
from slit
λ = Wavelength of laser (630 nm)
β = width of central maxima

First minima on either side of Central maxima is given by condition for diffraction minima. viz,

d sin θ = m λ with m = 1
PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the laser source about 15 minutes before the experiment is due to start. This
ensures thatthe intensity of light from the laser source is constant.
2. Allow the laser beam to fall on a slit formed in the screen provided. The photo detector is
securedto a mount and is kept as far behind the slit as possible.
3. Try to observe the diffraction pattern by putting a screen (paper) in front of photo detector.
After getting diffraction pattern on the screen (paper) remove it.
4. Adjust the position of photo detector somewhere around second minima & keep on
recording the current with the position of photo detector moving it towards central maxima
and continue in same direction till second minima on other side is obtained. The intensity
distribution of the diffraction pattern is measured with the help of a photo detector
connected to a microammeter.
5. Measure the distance between slit & photo detector.
6. Plot a graph (position of detector) vs (current). It will be of shape as shown in fig;

2
7. Now measure the distance (β) between two first minima on either side of central maxima
from graph. This is the width of central maxima ‘β’. Now calculate width of slit using
formula.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Wavelength of laser λ=630 nm


2. Position of Slit (a)= ….. cm
3. Position of detector on bench (b) =…….

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Distance Distance Slit width


betweentwo between the
Sr. first minimum detector & slit Mean d
No. on either side (microns)
of central D =(a-b) in (microns)
maxima cm

(β in cm)
1.

2.

3.

3
CALCULATIONS:

𝟐𝑫𝝀
𝒅=
𝜷
RESULT:

1. The intensity distribution due to diffraction at a single slit was studied.


2. The width of central maxima ‘β’=……mm
3. The width of the single slit is ............ microns.

PRECAUTIONS & SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. The laser beam should not penetrate into eyes as this may damage the eyes permanently.
2. The photo detector should be as away from the slit as possible.
3. The laser should be operated at a constant voltage 220V obtained from a stabilizer. This
avoidsthe flickering of the laser beam.
4. Laser should be started at least 15 minutes before starting the experiment.

5. Scale of vernier should be rotated slowly.

PREPARED BY: Mr. Surender Singh APPROVED BY: Dr. Priti Singh

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