PSYCHOLOGY (037)

CLASS- XII
CSSC Answer key,Paper 2 (2022-2023)
Time – 3 Hours Maximum Marks – 70

SECTION A

1. Thara can easily understand the subtle aspects of other’s behaviours, motives and feelings.
She can build a comfortable relationship with others. Gardner classifies these 1
strengths of an individual as __________

a) High on g-factors
b) High on integral intelligence.
c) High on intrapersonal intelligence.
d) High on interpersonal intelligence.

Ans : d- High on interpersonal intelligence Pg.7

2. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of 1

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Rahul’s mental age is 12 years and chronological age is also 12 years.
Reason (R):According to Binet and Simon,if the mental age equals the chronological age, it is
indicative of intellectual deficiency.
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans: c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. Pg.10

3. The biological self in the context of socio-cultural environment modifies itself. which 1
of the following examples justifies the above statement?

a.A city born child may feel hungry for a chocolate while an Eskimo may not.
b.Personal freedom and responsibility are important aspects for children in the urban setting.
c.Co-operation, unity, affiliation and important aspects of biological self.
d.The biological self and relational self are not influenced by the socio cultural context.
Ans: (a) A city born child may feel hungry for a chocolate while an Eshimo may not. Pg.26

4. Which of the following statements are not true of the humanistic approach to 1
understand human personality.

(i) People have a tendency to maximize self-concept through self actualization.

(ii) When there is a correspondence between the real and ideal self, a person is generally happy.
(iii) Autonomy and achievement traits are considered central in humanistic approach.
(iv) Self strives for untiy by resolving conflicts between the id,ego and superego
a. i, ii, iv b.i, ii c. iii, iv d. ii, iii
Ans: c iii, iv Pg.40,41

5. Dheeraj is fond of Cricket and has been longing to watch at least one live match series.He
managed to get a ticket for one of the live matches. He has been eagerly awaiting for the event.
On the day of the match, Dheeraj fell very sick and could not make it for the match. What would
be the source of stress Dheeraj might be experiencing ? 1
a. Hassles b. Frustration c. Conflict d. Internal pressure
Ans : b – Frustration. Pg.55

6. Which of the following stress management technique uses imaginary and imagination? 1
a.Bio feedback b. Creative visualization c. Meditation d. Relaxation Technique

Ans : b – Creative Visualization. Pg.63

7. Radha is unable to make sound decisions due to extreme stress. This is indicative 1
of _________ of stress on psychological functioning.
a.Emotional effect b. Physiological effect c. Cognitive effect d. Behavioral effect

Ans: c) Cognitive effect.

8. Dhuruv aged 10 fidgets, squirms, climbs and runs around aimlessly. He is distracted, and has
difficulty completing his work. He does not follow instructions. The same pattern of behaviour
is reported at home and school. Identify the probable diagnosis of Dhuruv’s condition. 1
a) ADHD b) SAD c) OCD d) PTSD
Ans: a.ADHD Pg. 83
9. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of 1
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A): Abnormal Behaviour is best understood in light of the social and cultural forces
that influences an individual.
Reason (R): Abnormal Behaviour develops when there is an inherited biological aberration
leading to a predisposition and further instigated by the pathogenic stressors present in the
environment.

a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans: b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A). Pg.71,75

10. ___________ involves a dreamlike state in which the person has a sense of being 1
separated both from self and from reality.
a. Conversion disorder b. Panic disorder c. Bipolar disorder d. Depersonalisation disorder
Ans: d) Depersonalisation disorder Pg.79
11. Which of the following is not an example of a primary group. 1
a.Family b. Caste c. Political Party d. Religion
.
Ans: c) Political Party Pg.135
12. _______________ are expected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, 1
agreed upon and enforced by group members.
a.Norms b.Roles c.Goal Achievements d. Compliance and Conformity
Ans: a. Norms Pg. 134
13. Identify the correct order of the stages of group formation according to Tuckman in 1
most cases.
a.Forming,storming,performing,norming
b.Norming,storming,forming,performing
c.Forming,norming,storming,performing
d.Forming,storming,norming,performing
Ans: d. Forming,storming,norming,performing Pg.133

14. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. 1
Assertion (A):Psychodynamic therapy values emotional insight as an important benefit
experiencd by the client.
Reason (R): The methods of reinforcement and conditioning procedures help the client to
explore his thoughts and feelings.
 a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R ) is true.

Ans: c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. Pg.92,93

15.The two step concept of attitude change is based on _____________. 1

a.Cognitive consistency b. The concept of balance c.Identification between the target and the
source. d.Reference groups
Ans:c.Identification between the target and source Pg.113
16. Rama has a positive attitude towards life in general.This refers to the_________ feature 1
of an attitude.
a.Centrality b.Simplicity c.Valence d.Congruence

Ans: c.Valence Pg.109

17.Aadhi happened to witness a heated argument in his office among his colleagues.He 1
tried to analyse and assign causes to the behaviour of his colleagues.The process he is engaged in
is __________.
a.Attitude formation b.Attribution c.Impression formation d.Social loafing

Ans: b.Attribution Pg.107

18.Which of the following is an effective strategy for handling prejudice? 1

a.Enhancing a strong social identity
b.Increasing self-fulfilling prophecy tendencies
c.Strengthening stereotypes
d.Highlighting individual identity rather than group identity

Ans: d. Highlighting individual identity rather than group identity Pg.119

Section B

19.Explain the role of arousal/attention in performing any intellectual activity. 2

Ans:
 State of arousal is basic to any behaviour as it helps us in attending to stimuli.
 Arousal and attention enable a person to process information
 Optimal level of arousal helps to focus on relevant aspects of a problem
  Too much or too little arousal would interfere wit attention
Or Explanation with a suitable example.
( ½ + ½ + ½ + ½ =2) Pg.9

20.What is a psychological test? State the purposes of a psychological test. 2

Ans:
 Psy.test—Objective and standardised measure of an individual’s mental/behavioural
characteristics
 Psychological tests are used to measure the dimensions of psychological attributes
eg.intelligence,aptitude
 Used for clinical diagnosis,guidance,personnel selection and training
(1+ ½ + ½ =2) Pg.4
OR
20.What are the various child rearing practices adopted by technologically advanced 2
societies?
Ans:
 Skills of generalization and abstraction
 Speed,minimal moves,mental manipulation
(1+1=2) Pg.16.

21.Differentiate between biological self and personal self ? 2

Ans:
Biological self Personal self
 A new born baby cries whe it is  Psychological and social needs in the
hungry leading to the development of context of environment lead to other
awareness that,”I am hungry”,that is components of personal
referred to as biological SELF. self.Eg.personal freedom,personal
(biological needs lead to the responsibility,personal comfort and
development of a biological self) achievement

(1+1=2) Pg.25,26

22.Sara is going through identity crisis and wanting to sort it out. Suggest and explain a 2
suitable post Freudian personality theoretical perspective that is likely to solve Sara’s identity
crisis.

Ans:
 Erik Erikson’s search for identity.
 Young people must generate a central perspective and direction that can give them a
meaningful sense of unity and purpose.
  Sara can work on developing her own perspective and direction in life to resolve her
identity crisis.
Identification of the theory ½
Connecting the case and stating the theoretical perspective 1 ½ ( ½ +1 ½ =2) Pg.38

23.Explain the features of conversion disorder. 2

Ans:
 It is a somatic symptom related disorder where the individual reports loss of part or all of
some basic body functions.eg.paralsis,blindness,deafness,difficulty in walking
 These symptoms often occur after a stressful experience and may be quite sudden.
(1+1=2) Pg.1 ½ + ½ =2) Pg.76

Section C

24.What is IQ?How do psychologists classify people on the basis of their IQ scores. 3

Ans:
 In 1912,William Stern,a german psychologist devised the concept of intelligence
quotient(IQ).IQ refers to mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
Mental age MA-intellectual development relative to people of his/her age
group.Chronological age,CA-Actual biological age.
 Classification of people on the basis of IQ
 Above 130,very superior IQ
 120-130,Superior
 110-119,High average
 90-109,Average
 80-89,Low average
 70-79,Borderline
 Below70,Intellectually disabled
(1 ½ +1 ½ =3) Pg.10,11

25.Which personality theory provides the basis for understanding human personality based on
the descriptive adjectives/words in English language.Explain with suitable examples. 3

Ans:
 Allport’s trait theory
 Cardinal traits –Highly generalized dispositions,eg.Gandhian or Hitlerian trait
Central traits – Less pervasive but still quite pervasive in effect,eg.warm,sincere,diligent
Secondary traits – Least generalized dispositions,eg.likes mangoes,preferences.
Identification of the theory – ½
Brief explanation of all traits—2 ½ ( ½ + 2 ½ =3) Pg.32
26.Amar is diagnosed with schizophrenia.Based on the inputs given by the family members,the
psychiatrist inferred that Amar’s schizophrenic episodes are predominantly pathological 3
deficits.What do you mean by pathological deficits?Explain

Ans:
 Negative symptoms are pathological deficits
 Alogia
 Blunted and flat affect
 Avolition,social wthdrawal
Identification ½
Brief explanation of all the symptoms 2 ½ ( ½ +2 ½ =3) pg.82

27.Differentiate between the pre-existing forms of groups and groups where members 3
can join by choice.
Ans:
Pre existing groups Joining groups by choice
 Primary groups given to the  Secondary groups where individuals
individual. join by choice.eg.Political group
Eg.family,caste,religion
 There is face to face interaction,close  Relationship among members are
physical proximity,,share warm more impersonal,indirect and less
emotional bonds frequent.
 Central to individual’s  Easy to join and leave the groups
functioning,have a major role in
developing values and ideals during
the early stages of development
 Boundaries are less permeable

(1 ½ +1 ½ =3) Pg.135
OR
27.Give any 3 reasons to understand why people join groups. 3

Ans:
 Status
 Security
 Self-esteem
 Satisfaction of one’s psychological and social needs
 Goal achievement
 Provide knowledge and information
Brief explanation of any 3 points (1+1+1=3) Pg.132

Section D

28.Discuss culture fair and culture biased tests. 4

Ans:
Culture biased tests
 Tests developed in America and Europe represent an urban and middle class cultural
ethos and show a bias to the culture in which they are developed
 The norms are drawn from western cultural groups and educated middle class white
subjects generally perform well on these tests
 The items do not respect the cultural perspectives of Asia and Africa.Use of language in
verbal tests in general lead to bias.
Culture Fair tests
 Psychologists have tried to develop tests that are culture fair or culturally
appropriate.i.e.,one that does not discriminate against individuals belonging to different
cultures
 Items are constructed in a manner that they assess experiences common to all cultures
and without the use of language
 Non-verbal and performance tests help reduce the cultural bias.
(2+2=4) Pg.14,15
29.Which components of the unconscious works on pleasure and reality principle according 4
to Sigmund Freud ? Explain.

Ans:
 Pleasure principle –ID
 Source of a person’s instinctual energy;deals with immediate gratification of
primitive needs,sexual desires and aggressive impulses
 Pleasure principle—people seek pleasure and avoid pain,does not care about
moral values and society
 Any suitable example

 Reality principle –Ego

 Grows out of ID,seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance
with reality
 Directs the id towards more appropriate ways of behaving;ego is
patient,reasonable
 Any suitable example
(2+2=4) Pg.34,35
30.Sirish is extremely scared of elevators.He fears that the elevators would collapse or get stuck
in between.He experiences intense anxiety when he thinks about using the elevator.Using 4
Wolpe’s technique,how can Sirish’s condition be treated?

Ans:
 Wolpe’s technique is called systematic desensitization
 Client is interviewed and the hierarchy of anxiety provoking stimuli is prepared ranging
from the least to the highest
  The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think about the least anxiety
provoking situation
 The client is asked to stop thinking of the fearful situation if the slightest tension is felt
 Over sessions,the client is able to imagine more severe fear provoking situations while
maintaining relaxation.The client is systematically desensitized to the fear.
(½+3 ½=4) Pg.98
OR
Explain the non-specific factors and catharsis as important factors contributing to healing in
psychotherapy.

Ans:
 Non- specific factors attributable to the client—Motivation to change,expectation of
improvement due to the treatment;
Non –specific factors attributable to the therapist--- Positive nature,absence of unresolved
emotional conflicts,presence of good mental health
 Emotional catharsis—While the client is interviewed in the initial sessions to understand
the nature of the problem,s/he unburdens the emotional problems being faced.This
process of unburdening is known as catharsis and it has healing properties.
(2+2=4) Pg.102

31.Sundar has a tendency to copy during his exams but he believes that copying is bad and wants
to change.With reference to Leon Festinger’s concept of attitude change,explain how 4
Sundar could change his attitude /behaviour.
Ans:
 Leon Festinger’s concept of cognitive dissonance applies here. Festinger’s concept
focuses on the cognitive component.
 Sundar has two cognitions
Cognition I—Copying is bad
Cognition II—I copy in my exams
 The basic idea is that the cognitive components of an attitude should be logically in line
with each other or the cognitive components of an attitude must be consonant.
 If an individual finds the two cognitions in an attitude dissonant, then one of them will be
changed in the direction of consonance.
 In this case,Sundar can change his cognition as,I will not copy during my exams as it is
bad.This would be the healthy,logical and sensible way of reducing dissonance.
(2+2=4) Pg.112,113

Section E
32.Describe the various stress management techniques effective in managing stress. 6

Ans:
Stress management techniques
 Relaxation techniques
  Meditation Procedures
 Biofeedback
 Creative Visualisation
 Cognitive Behavioural techniques
 Exercise
Detailed explanation of any 3 techniques or short explanation of all the six techniques.All
the six techniques to be mentioned.(2+2+2=6) or (1+1+1+1+1+1=6) Pg.62,63

OR
Is it true that stress affects our immune system? Which branch of psychology explores these
topics?Briefly explain.

Ans:
 Yes.Stress affects our immune system.Psychoneuroimmunology focuses on the links
between the mind,brain and the immune system.
 There are several kinds of white blood cells or leucocytes within the immune system.
 T-cells destroy invaders,T-helper cells increase immunological activity,B-cells
produce antibodies and natural killer cells are involved in the fight against viruses and
tumours.
 Stress can affect natural killer cytotoxicity,which is of major importance in the
defence against cancer and various infections.
 Reduced levels of natural killer cell cytotoxicity have been found in people who are
highly stressed,including students facing important examinations,bereaved
persons,and who are severely depressed.
 Studies reveal that immune functioning is better in individuals receiving social
support.
 Changes in the immune system will have more effect on health among those whose
immune systems are already weakened.
Any 6 points (1+1+1+1+1+1=6) Pg.59,60

Section F

Read the following case and answer the questions that follow.

John is five years old. He was referred to a child psychiatrist because of delayed speech
development and poor peer relationships.His mother describes him as “living in a shell”and feels
he never developed a close,loving relationship with her.He did not begin to speak until the age of
three,and even now has a limited vocabulary of only about 200 words. John is fascinated with
water and often will spend long periods of time intently watching water dripping into a basin.He
shows no interest in playing with toys in a usual way but would rather arrange objects in a
straight line or else talk jargon to himself while rocking back and forth. He becomes very upset if
furniture is moved around in the house and was inconsolable when his parents bought a new
car.When John was three,his mother was told by a family doctor that John probably would grow
out of these problems.John’s mother senses now that John is suffering from a severe and chronic
condition.

33.What is the diagnosis of John’s condition? Support your diagnosis mentioning the 2
significant symptoms presented in the case.

Ans:
 John’s diagnosis/condition –Autism Spectrum Disorder.
 Symptoms presented in the case –Poor social and communication skills,limited
vocabulary,narrow pattern of interests, stereotyped body movements,strong desire for
routine
(1+1=2) Pg.83
34.State the other symptoms of the disorder that are not mentioned/highlighted in the case. 2

Ans:
 Self stimulatory motor movements such as hand flapping or self injurious such as
banging their head against the wall.
 Intellectual disability,(70% of children with autism spectrum disorder have intellectual
disability)
(1+1=2) Pg.83
OR
Can John’s condition be explained using the cognitive model? Justify your answer.

Ans:
 No.John’s condition cannot be explained using the cognitive model as it is a neuro
developmental disorder that manifests during the developmental period and not a
psychological disorder.
 Cognitive model claims irrational thinking leading to psychological problems
whereas in John’s case it is a neurological condition and not irrational thinking.
Or any other suitable explanation
(1+1=2) Pg.75
Read the case and answer the questions that follow

Carl Rogers developed an approach called client centered therapy.Rogers called attention to the
discrepancies that develop between the way people perceive reality and the way the world
actually is.Rogers holds that people have the resources and strength to resolve their own
problems.Given a little help and support from the therapist,people can resolve many problems
themselves.The therapist should not take charge but should provide the opportunity for people to
develop their own improved ways of coping.The individual seeking assistance is not called a
patient— but a client –one who commissions and pays for a professional service and who
therefore has a right to shape the objectives and the course of that service.The process is called
CLIENT –CENTERED because the client shapes the process.The client –therapist relationship is
designed to support the client’s own pursuit of wholeness.The client centered therapist tries to
help by facilitating self awareness in the client and by nurturing a humane client-therapist
relationship.The therapist facilitates clients awareness by accepting and reflecting the essence of
the feelings they are expressing.

35.What are the two essential therapist qualities that makes client centered therapy different 2
from other forms of therapies?Explain

Ans:
 Empathy—Understanding the client’s experience as if it were his/her own
 Unconditional positive regard –Total acceptance of the client as s/he is irrespective of
what the client reveals or does in the therapy sessions

36.Explain Reflection in the process of client centered therapy and how does it 2
help the client?

Ans:
 The therapist reflects the feelings of the client in a non-judgemental manner by
rephrasing the statements of the client,i.e.,seeking simple clarifications to enhance the
meaning of the client’s statements.
 This process of reflection helps the client to become integrated.
(1 ½ + ½ =2) Pg.101