JAHANGIRABAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, BARABANKI ,LUCKNOW

LAB MANUAL

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

BCS-551
BRACH :CSE&AI and ML YEAR :3RD
SEM:5TH

Department of ComputerScience &Engg

Odd Semester

Submitted by : Submitted to :
 INDEX

LAB PRE-REQUISITE

The basic pre-requisite for Database Management System is the basic programming skills and
knowledge about relational database model.

Developing and managing efficient and effective database applications require understanding
the fundamentals of database management systems, techniques for the design of databases,
and principles of database administration.
 LAB MANUAL OBJECTIVE

This D.B.M.S. manual is primarily written according to the unified syllabus of

“DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ” of Third year B.tech(AI&ML) A.K.T.U.
syllabus.

This manual clearly explains the concepts of D.B.M.S. and the principles deployed behind
databases.

The Objective in writing of this lab manual is to produce a general , comprehensive text that
treats all the essential core area of D.B.M.S.

The Goal is to describe the real world constraint and realities of Database Management
Systems.

I have done my best to hunt down and eradicate all errors in this manual.
 INDEX

1. Write SQL queries to implement DDL commands.

2. Write SQL queries to implement DML commands.
3. Write SQL queries to implement TCL commands.
4. Write SQL queries to implement Keys constraints.
5. Write SQL queries to implement Joins.
6. Write SQL queries to implement Views.
7. Write SQL queries to SELECT data using SET UNION ,INTERSECTION and
MINUS operations.
8. Write SQL queries using AGGREGATE functions.
9. Write SQL queries to implement Nested queries.
10. Write a PL/SQL code block to find factorial of a number.
11. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Indexes.

12. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Procedures.

13. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Triggers.
VALUE ADDITION

1. Implementation of cursors
2. Program for Student Grade Calculation
3. Database Design using E-R Model and Normalization.
4. Database Design and Implementation of Pay Roll Processing
5. Design and Implementation of Banking System.

…………………………………………………….
NAME & SIGNATURE OF CONCERNED FACULTY
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMS

1. Write SQL queries to implement DDL commands.

It is used to communicate with database. DDL is used to:

o Create an object
o Alter the structure of an object
o To drop the object created.

The commands used are:

• Create
• Alter
• Drop
• Truncate
• Rename

1. COMMAND NAME: CREATE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: CREATE command is used to create objects in
the database.

2. COMMAND NAME: DROP

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DROP command is used to delete the object
from the database.

3. COMMAND NAME: TRUNCATE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: TRUNCATE command is used to remove all the

records from the table

4. COMMAND NAME: ALTER

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: ALTER command is used to alter the structure
of database

5. COMMAND NAME: RENAME

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: RENAME command is used to rename the
objects.
2. Write SQL queries to implement DML commands.

DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)

• SELECT
• INSERT
• DELETE
• UPDATE

1. COMMAND NAME: INSERT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: INSERT command is used to Insert

objects in

the database.

2. COMMAND NAME: SELECT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SELECT command is used to SELECT the
object from the database.

3. COMMAND NAME: UPDATE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: UPDATE command is used to UPDATE

the records

from the table

4. COMMAND NAME: DELETE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DELETE command is used to DELETE

the Records

form the table

3. Write SQL queries to implement TCL commands.

TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

• COMMIT
• ROLL BACK
• SAVE POINT

1. COMMAND NAME: COMMIT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: COMMIT command is used to save the Records.

2. COMMAND NAME: ROLLBACK

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: ROLL BACK command is used to undo the
Records.

3. COMMAND NAME: SAVE POINT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SAVE POINT command is used to undo the
Records in a particular transaction.
 4. Write SQL queries to implement Keys constraints.
Constraints are part of the table definition that limits and restriction on the value entered into
its columns.

TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS:

1) Primary key : A PRIMARY KEY constraint is a unique identifier for a row within a
database table. Every table should have a primary key constraint to uniquely identify
each row and only one primary key constraint can be created for each table. The
primary key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity.

2) Foreign key/references : A FOREIGN KEY constraint prevents any actions that would
destroy link between tables with the corresponding data values. A foreign key in one table
points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would leave rows
with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key
constraints are used to enforce referential integrity.

3) Check : A CHECK constraint is used to limit the values that can be placed in a column.
The check constraints are used to enforce domain integrity.

4) Unique : A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns,
so no duplicate values are entered. The unique key constraints are used to enforce entity
integrity as the primary key constraints.

5) Not null : A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values.
The not null constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.

6) Default : The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a column when

the INSERT INTO statement does not provide a specific value.

CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:

1) Column level constraints

2) Table level constraints
3) Using DDL statements-alter table command
5. Write SQL queries to implement Joins.

SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a

relationship between certain columns in these tables.

SQL COMMANDS

COMMAND NAME: INNER JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when

there is at least one match in both tables.

COMMAND NAME LEFT JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows

from the left table (table_name1), even if there are no matches in the

right table (table_name2).

COMMAND NAME : RIGHT JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The RIGHT JOIN keyword Return all rows

from the right table (table_name2), even if there are no matches in the

left table (table_name1).

COMMAND NAME : FULL JOIN

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The FULL JOIN keyword return rows when

there is a match in one of the tables.

 6. Write SQL queries to implement Views.

Views Helps to encapsulate complex query and make it reusable.

• Provides user security on each view - it depends on your data policy security.
• Using view to convert units - if you have a financial data in US currency, you can create
view to convert them into Euro for viewing in Euro currency.

SQL COMMANDS

1. COMMAND NAME: CREATE VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: CREATE VIEW command is used to define a view.

2. COMMAND NAME: INSERT IN VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: INSERT command is used to insert a new row into the view.

3. COMMAND NAME: DELETE IN VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DELETE command is used to delete a row from the view.

4. COMMAND NAME: UPDATE OF VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: UPDATE command is used to change a value in a tuple
without changing all values in the tuple.

5. COMMAND NAME: DROP OF VIEW

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DROP command is used to drop the view table
 7. Write SQL queries to SELECT data using SET UNION ,
INTERSECTION and MINUS operations.

UNION

It returns a union of two select statements. It is returning unique (distinct) values of them.

SELECT * FROM table1

UNION
SELECT * FROM table2

MINUS

MINUS (also known as EXCEPT) returns the difference between the first and second
SELECT statement. It is the one where we need to be careful which statement will be put
first, cause we will get only those results that are in the first SELECT statement and not in the
second.

SELECT * FROM table1

MINUS
SELECT * FROM table2;

INTERSECT

INTERSECT is opposite from MINUS as it returns us the results that are both to be found in
first and second SELECT statement.

SELECT * FROM table1

INTERSECT
SELECT * FROM table2;
 8. Write SQL queries using AGGREGATE functions.

An aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped together
as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning or
measurement such as a set, a bag or a list.

The functions include:

o count() - counts a number of rows

o sum() - compute sum
o avg() - compute average
o min() - compute minimum
o max() - compute maximum
 9. Write SQL queries to implement Nested queries.

Nested Query can have more than one level of nesting in one single query. A SQL nested
query is a SELECT query that is nested inside a SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE
SQL query.

SQL COMMANDS

1. COMMAND NAME: SELECT

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SELECT command is used to select records from the table.

2. COMMAND NAME: WHERE

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: WHERE command is used to identify particular elements.

3. COMMAND NAME: HAVING

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: HAVING command is used to identify particular elements.

4. COMMAND NAME: MIN (SAL)

COMMAND DESCRIPTION: MIN (SAL) command is used to find minimum salary.
 10Write a PL/SQL code block to find factorial of a number.

declare
n number;
i number;
f number:=1;
begin
n:=&n;
for i in 1..n
loop
f:=f*i;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(n||'! = '||f);
end;

Output:
Enter value for n: 5
old 6: n:=&n;
new 6: n:=5;
5! = 120
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
 11. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Indexes.

, . . . ,column_nameN)
[COMPUTE STATISTICS];
A collection is an ordered group of elements having the same data type. Each element is
identified by a unique subscript that represents its position in the collection.

PL/SQL provides three collection types:

• Index-by tables or Associative array

• Nested table

• Variable-size array or Varray

An index-by table (also called an associative array) is a set of key-value pairs. Each key
is unique and is used to locate the corresponding value. The key can be either an integer
or a string.

Syntax for creating an INDEX in Oracle SQL / PLSQL is:

CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name

ON TABLE table_name (column_name1,column_name2
12. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Procedures.

A procedure is created with the CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE statement. The

simplified syntax for the CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE statement is as follows:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name

[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< procedure_body >
END procedure_name;

Where,

• procedure-name specifies the name of the procedure.

• [OR REPLACE] option allows modifying an existing procedure.

• The optional parameter list contains name, mode and types of the parameters. IN
represents that value will be passed from outside and OUT represents that this
parameter will be used to return a value outside of the procedure.

• procedure-body contains the executable part.

• The AS keyword is used instead of the IS keyword for creating a standalone

procedure.
 13. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Triggers.

Trigger automatically associated with DML statement, when DML statement execute
trigger implicitly execute.

We can create trigger using the CREATE TRIGGER statement. If trigger activated,
implicitly fire DML statement and if trigger deactivated can't fire.

PL/SQL trigger define using CREATE TRIGGER statement.

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name

BEFORE | AFTER
[INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE [COLUMN NAME..]
ON table_name

Referencing [ OLD AS OLD | NEW AS NEW ]

FOR EACH ROW | FOR EACH STATEMENT [ WHEN Condition ]

DECLARE
[declaration_section
variable declarations;
constant declarations;
]

BEGIN
[executable_section
PL/SQL execute/subprogram body
]

EXCEPTION
[exception_section
PL/SQL Exception block
]

END;
SQL> declare

2 cursor c is select * from bill;

3 b bill %ROWTYPE;

4 begin

5 open c;

6 dbms_output.put_line('Name Address city Unit Amount');

7 loop

8 fetch c into b;

9 if(c % notfound) then

10 exit;

11 else

12 if(b.unit<=100) then

13 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.uni t*1);

14 elsif(b.unit>100 and b.unit<=200) then

15 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b. unit*2);

16 elsif(b.unit>200 and b.unit<=300) then

17 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b. unit*3);

18 elsif(b.unit>300 and b.unit<=400) then

19 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.unit*

4);

20 else

21 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.unit*

5);

22 end if;
23end if;

24end loop;

25close c;

26end;

27/

Name Address city Unit Amount

yuva srivi srivilliputur 100 100

nithya Lakshmi nagar sivakasi 200 400

maya housing board sivakasi 300 900

jeeva RRR nagar sivaganagai 400 1600

PL/SQL proceure successfullpleted.

End Sub

Private Sub modify_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.Update

End Sub

PROGRAM FOR FORM 3

Private Sub add_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"

End Sub

Private Sub

clear_Click()

Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""

Text3.Text = ""

Text4.Text = ""

Text5.Text = ""

in request format

3. ADODC CONTEOL FOR ACCOUNT FROM:- Click customs and property window and
window will appear and select ODBC data source name as oracle and click apply as the
some window.

CREATE A TABLE IN ORACLE

SQL>create table account(cname varchar(20),accno number(10),balance

number); Table Created
SQL> insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance);
Enter value for cname: Mathi
Enter value for accno: 1234
Enter value for balance: 10000
old 1: insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance)
new 1: insert into emp values('Mathi',1234,10000) 1 row created.
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM1

Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()

Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 2
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DELETE_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.DELETE MsgBox "record deleted"
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
INSERT_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
Private Sub UPDATE_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE MsgBox "record updated
successfully"
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 3
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DEPOSIT_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deposited")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) + Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "CURRENT BALANCE IS
Rs" + Str(A) Adodc1.Recordset.Save Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End Sub
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show End
Sub Private Sub
WITHDRAW_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deleted")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) - Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "current balance is Rs" +
Str(A)
Adodc1.Recordset.Save
Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End Sub
Result:

Thus the banking system was designed and implemented successfully.

 APPENDIX

1. Write SQL queries to implement DDL commands.

DDL commands used are:

o Create
o Alter
o Drop
o Truncate

QUERY: 01 Write a query to create a table employee with empno, ename,

designation, and salary.

Syntax for creating a table:

SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1

<DATATYPE> (SIZE), COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) );

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO

NUMBER (4), ENAME VARCHAR2 (10),

DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10),

SALARY NUMBER (8,2));
Table created.

QUERY: 02 Write a query to display the column name and datatype of the
table employee.

Syntax for describe the table:

SQL: DESC <TABLE

NAME>; SQL> DESC

EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2
(10)
DESIGNA VARCHAR2
TIN (10)
SALARY NUMBER(8
,2)
ALTER & MODIFICATION ON TABLE

QUERY: 03 Write a Query to Alter the column EMPNO NUMBER (4) TO EMPNO
NUMBER(6).

Syntax for Alter & Modify on a Single Column:

SQL > ALTER <TABLE NAME> MODIFY <COLUMN NAME> <DATATYPE> (SIZE);

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY EMPNO NUMBER (6);

Table altered.

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(6)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)

QUERY: 04 Write a Query to Alter the table employee with multiple columns (EMPNO,
ENAME.)

Syntax for alter table with multiple column:

SQL > ALTER <TABLE NAME> MODIFY <COLUMN NAME1> <DATATYPE> (SIZE),
MODIFY <COLUMN NAME2> <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
………………………………………….;

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY (EMPNO NUMBER (7), ENAME

VARCHAR2(12));
Table altered.

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2);
QUERY: 05 Write a query to add a new column in to employee

Syntax for add a new column:

SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD (<COLUMN NAME> <DATA TYPE>
<SIZE>);

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP ADD QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2(6);

Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2(6)

QUERY: 06 Write a query to add multiple columns in to employee

Syntax for add a new column:

SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD (<COLUMN NAME1> <DATA TYPE>
<SIZE>,(<COLUMN NAME2> <DATA TYPE> <SIZE>,
………………………………………………………………);

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP ADD (DOB DATE, DOJ DATE);

Table altered

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2(6)
DOB DATE
DOJ DATE

REMOVE / DROP
QUERY: 07 Write a query to drop a column from an existing table employee

Syntax for add a new column:

SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> DROP COLUMN <COLUMN NAME>;

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN DOJ;

Table altered.

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)
QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2(6)
DOB DATE

QUERY: 08 Write a query to drop multiple columns from employee

Syntax for add a new column:

SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> DROP <COLUMN NAME1>,<COLUMN

NAME2>, ...............................................;

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP (DOB, QUALIFICATION);

Table altered.

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)

REMOVE

QUERY: 09 Write a query to rename table emp to employee

Syntax for add a new column:

SQL> ALTER TABLE RENAME <OLD NAM E> TO <NEW NAME>

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP RENAME EMP TO EMPLOYEE;

SQL> DESC EMP;

Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER(7)
ENAME VARCHAR2(12)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(8,2)

2. Write SQL queries to implement DML commands.

DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)

• SELECT
• INSERT
 • DELETE
• UPDATE

INSERT

QUERY: 01 Write a query to insert the records in to employee.

Syntax for Insert Records in to a table:

SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, ‘VAL2’,…..);

INSERT A RECORD FROM AN EXISTING TABLE:

SQL>INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(101,'NAGARAJAN','LECTURER',15000);

1 row created.

SELECT

QUERY: 02 Write a query to display the records from employee.

Syntax for select Records from the table:

SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;

DISPLAY THE EMP TABLE:

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATION SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 15000

INSERT A RECORD USING SUBSITUTION METHOD

QUERY: 03 . Write a query to insert the records in to employee using substitution

method.

Syntax for Insert Records into the table:

SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< ‘&column name’, ‘&column
name 2’,…..);

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP

VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY');

Enter value for empno: 102

Enter value for ename: SARAVANAN
Enter value for designatin: LECTURER
Enter value for salary: 15000
old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(102,'SARAVANAN','LECTURER','15000')
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 103
Enter value for ename: PANNERSELVAM
Enter value for designatin: ASST. PROF
Enter value for salary: 20000
old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(103,'PANNERSELVAM','ASST.
PROF','20000')
1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for empno: 104

Enter value for ename: CHINNI
Enter value for designatin: HOD, PROF
Enter value for salary: 45000
old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(104,'CHINNI','HOD, PROF','45000')
1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATION SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 15000

102 SARAVANAN LECTURER 15000
103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF 20000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

UPDATE

QUERY: 04 Write a query to update the records from employee.

Syntax for update Records from the table:

SQL> UPDATE <<TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMNANE>=<VALUE> WHERE

<COLUMN NAME=<VALUE>;

SQL> UPDATE EMP SET SALARY=16000 WHERE EMPNO=101;

1 row updated.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATION SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000

102 SARAVANAN LECTURER 15000
103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF 20000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

UPDATE MULTIPLE COLUMNS

QUERY: 05 Write a query to update multiple records from employee.

Syntax for update multiple Records from the table:

SQL> UPDATE <<TABLE NAME> SET <COLUMNANE>=<VALUE> WHERE

<COLUMN NAME=<VALUE>;

SQL>UPDATE EMP SET SALARY = 16000, DESIGNATIN='ASST. PROF'

WHERE EMPNO=102;
1 row updated.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATOIN SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
 103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF 20000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

DELETE

QUERY: 06 . Write a query to delete records from employee.

Syntax for delete Records from the table:

SQL> DELETE <TABLE NAME> WHERE <COLUMN NAME>=<VALUE>;

SQL> DELETE EMP WHERE EMPNO=103;

1 row deleted.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATOIN SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

3. Write SQL queries to implement TCL commands.

TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

• COMMIT
• ROLL BACK
• SAVE POINT
SAVEPOINT:

QUERY: 01 Write a query to implement the save point.

Syntax for save point:

SQL> SAVEPOINT <SAVE POINT NAME>;

SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;

Savepoint created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATION SALARY

-
101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000
102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(105,'PARTHASAR','STUDENT',100);

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATION SALARY

105 PARTHASAR STUDENT 100

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000
102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

ROLL BACK

QUERY: 02 Write a query to implement the Rollback.

 Syntax for save point:

SQL> ROLL BACK <SAVE POINT NAME>;

SQL> ROLL BACK S1;

Rollback complete.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

101 NAGARAJAN LECTURER 16000

102 SARAVANAN ASST. PROF 16000
103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF 20000
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000

COMMIT
QUERY: 03 Write a query to implement the Rollback.

Syntax for commit:

SQL> COMMIT;

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

4. Write SQL queries to implement Keys constraints.

Constraints are part of the table definition that limits and restriction on the value entered into
its columns.

TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS:
 1) Primary key
2) Foreign key/references

3) Check
4) Unique
5) Not null
6) Null
7) Default

CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:

1) Column level constraints
2) Table level constraints
3) Using DDL statements-alter table command

Column level constraints Using Primary key

QUERY 1. Write a query to create primary constraints with column level

Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE)<TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
……………………………);

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,

ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(5),
DEPTNO NUMBER(7));

Column level constraints Using Primary key with naming convention

QUERY 2. Write a query to create primary constraints with column level with naming
convention

Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:

SQL: >CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE)CONSTRAINTS <NAME OF THE CONSTRAINTS> <TYPE OF THE
CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
……………………………);

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT

EMP_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(5),
DEPTNO NUMBER(7));

Table Level Primary Key Constraints

QUERY 3. Write a query to create primary constraints with table level with naming
convention

Syntax for Table level constraints Using Primary key:

SQL: >CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE) , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINTS <NAME OF THE
CONSTRAINTS> <TYPE OF THE CONSTRAINTS>);

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMPNO NUMBER(6),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(7),
DEPTNO NUMBER(5),
CONSTRAINT EMP_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY
KEY(EMPNO));

Table level constraint with alter command (primary key):

QUERY 4. Write a query to create primary constraints with alter command

Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE), COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) );

SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD CONSTRAINTS <NAME OF THE

CONSTRAINTS> <TYPE OF THE CONSTRAINTS> <COLUMN NAME>);

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(5),

ENAME VARCHAR2(6),
JOB VARCHAR2(6),
SAL NUMBER(6),
DEPTNO NUMBER(6));

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP3 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP3_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY KEY

(EMPNO);

Reference /foreign key constraint

Column level foreign key constraint:

QUERY 5. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with column level
Parent Table:

Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>
(SIZE)<TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
……………………………);
Child Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints Using foreign key:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE), COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) REFERENCES <TABLE NAME>
(COLUMN NAME> ............................................ );

SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,

DNAME VARCHAR2(20),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP4

(EMPNO NUMBER(3),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2) REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(10));

Table Level Foreign Key Constraints

QUERY 6. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with Table level
Parent Table:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE)<TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
……………………………);

Child Table:
Syntax for Table level constraints using foreign key:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE), COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT <CONST. NAME>
REFERENCES <TABLE NAME> (COLUMN NAME> );

SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT

(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(20),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP5
(EMPNO NUMBER(3),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(10)CONSTRAINT ENP2_DEPTNO_FK FOREIGN
KEY(DEPT NO)REFERENCESDEPT(DEPTNO));

Table Level Foreign Key Constraints with Alter command

QUERY 7. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with Table level with alter
command.

Parent Table:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE)<TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> , COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)
……………………………);

Child Table:

Syntax for Table level constraints using foreign key:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)

, COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE));

SQL> ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> ADD CONSTRAINT <CONST. NAME>

REFERENCES <TABLE NAME> (COLUMN NAME>);

SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT

(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(20),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP5
(EMPNO NUMBER(3),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(10));

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP6 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP6_DEPTNO_FK FOREIGN

KEY(DEPTNO)REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO);

Check constraint

Column Level Check Constraint

QUERY 8. Write a query to create Check constraints with column level

Syntax for column level constraints using Check:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)

CONSTRAINT <CONSTRAINTS NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS>
(CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA) , COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE));

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP7(EMPNO NUMBER(3),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15),
SAL NUMBER(5)CONSTRAINT EMP7_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL>500 AND
SAL<10001),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2));

Table Level Check Constraint:

Query 9. Write a query to create Check constraints with table level

Syntax for Table level constraints using Check:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE), (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT <CONSTRAINTS
NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> (CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA)) ;

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP8(EMPNO NUMBER(3),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15),
SAL NUMBER(5),DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
CONSTRAINTS EMP8_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL>500 AND SAL<10001));

Check Constraint with Alter Command

Query 10. Write a query to create Check constraints with table level using alter command.

Syntax for Table level constraints using Check:

SQL:>CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>

(SIZE), (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE), CONSTRAINT <CONSTRAINTS
NAME> <TYPE OF CONSTRAINTS> (CONSTRAITNS CRITERIA)) ;

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP9(EMPNO NUMBER,

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15),
SAL NUMBER(5));

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP9 ADD CONSTRAINTS EMP9_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL>500

AND SAL<10001);

Unique Constraint

Column Level Constraint

Query 11. Write a query to create unique constraints with column level

Syntax for Column level constraints with Unique:

SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1> <DATATYPE>

(SIZE) CONSTRAINT <NAME OF CONSTRAINTS> <CONSTRAINT TYPE>,
(COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP10(EMPNO NUMBER(3),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
DESGIN VARCHAR2(15)CONSTRAINT EMP10_DESIGN_UK UNIQUE,
SAL NUMBER(5));

Table Level Constraint Alter Command

Query 12. Write a query to create unique constraints with table level
Syntax for Table level constraints with Check Using Alter
SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1> <DATATYPE>
(SIZE), (COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;

SQL> ALTER TABLE ADD <CONSTRAINTS> <CONSTRAINTS NAME>

<CONSTRAINTS TYPE>(COLUMN NAME);
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP12
(EMPNO NUMBER(3),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
DESIGN VARCHAR2(15),
SAL NUMBER(5));

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP12 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP12_DESIGN_UK

UNIQUE(DESING);

Not Null

Column Level Constraint

Query 13. Write a query to create Not Null constraints with column level

Syntax for Column level constraints with Not Null:

SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1> <DATATYPE>

(SIZE) CONSTRAINT <NAME OF CONSTRAINTS> <CONSTRAINT TYPE>,
(COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP13

(EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT EMP13_ENAME_NN NOT NULL,
DESIGN VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(3));

Null

Column Level Constraint

QUERY 14. Write a query to create Null constraints with column level
Syntax for Column level constraints with Null:

SQL :> CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (<COLUMN NAME.1> <DATATYPE>

(SIZE) CONSTRAINT <NAME OF CONSTRAINTS> <CONSTRAINT TYPE>,
(COLUMN NAME2 <DATATYPE> (SIZE)) ;

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP13

(EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT EMP13_ENAME_NN NULL,
DESIGN VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(3));
 5. Write SQL queries to implement Joins.

SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship between
certain columns in these tables.

SQL commands are :

• INNER JOIN

• LEFT JOIN

• RIGHT JOIN

• FULL JOIN

LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTTER JOIN

Table:1 - ORDERS

SQL> CREATE table orders(O_Id number(5),

Orderno number(5),
P_Id number(3));
Table created.

SQL> DESC orders;

Name Null? Type

O_ID NUMBER(5)
ORDERNO NUMBER(5)
P_ID NUMBER(3)

INSERTING VALUES INTO ORDERS

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);

Enter value for o_id: 1
Enter value for orderno: 77895
Enter value for p_id: 3
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(1,77895,3)
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);

Enter value for o_id: 2
Enter value for orderno: 44678
Enter value for p_id: 3
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(2,44678,3)
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);

Enter value for o_id: 3
Enter value for orderno: 22456
Enter value for p_id: 1
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(3,22456,1)
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);

Enter value for o_id: 4
Enter value for orderno: 24562
Enter value for p_id: 1
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(4,24562,1)
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);

Enter value for o_id: 5
Enter value for orderno: 34764
Enter value for p_id: 15
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(5,34764,15)
1 row created.

TABLE SECTION:

SQL> SELECT * FROM orders;

O_ID ORDERNO P_ID

1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15

TABLE -2: PERSONS

SQL> CREATE table persons(p_Id number(5),
LASTNAME varchar2(10),
Firstname varchar2(15), Address varchar2(20),
city varchar2(10));
Table created.

SQL> INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city');

Enter value for p_id: 1
Enter value for lastname: Hansen
Enter value for firstname: Ola
Enter value for address: Timoteivn 10
Enter value for city: sadnes
old 1: INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(1,'Hansen','Ola','Timoteivn 10','sadnes')
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city');

Enter value for p_id: 2
Enter value for lastname: Svendson
Enter value for firstname: Tove
Enter value for address: Borgn 23
Enter value for city: Sandnes
old 1: INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(2,'Svendson','Tove','Borgn 23','Sandnes')
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city');

Enter value for p_id: 3
Enter value for lastname: Pettersen
Enter value for firstname: Kari
Enter value for address: Storgt 20
Enter value for city: Stavanger
old 1: INSERT into persons values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(3,'Pettersen','Kari','Storgt 20','Stavanger')
1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM persons;

P_ID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ADDRESS CITY

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
LEFT JOIN SYNTAX

SQL> SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

LEFT JOIN EXAMPLE

SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno

FROM persons
LEFT JOIN orders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;

OUTPUT

LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ORDERNO

Hansen Ola 22456

Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
Pettersen Kari 44678
Svendson Tove

FULL OUTTER JOIN

SQL> SELECT * FROM persons;

P_ID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ADDRESS CITY

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

SQL> SELECT * FROM orders;

O_ID ORDERNO P_ID

1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
FULL OUTER JOIN SYNTAX

SQL>SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

FULL OUTER JOIN EXAMPLE

SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno

FROM persons
FULL OUTER JOIN orders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;

RIGHT OUTTER JOIN

RIGHT OUTTER JOIN SYNTAX

SQL>SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo

FROM Persons
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName

RIGHT OUTTER JOIN EXAMPLE

SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno

FROM persons
RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;

LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ORDERNO

Hansen Ola 24562

Hansen Ola 22456
Pettersen Kari 44678
Pettersen Kari 77895

INNER JOIN

SQL>SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

INNER JOIN EXAMPLE

SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno

2 FROM persons
3 INNER JOIN orders
4 ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
5 ORDER BY persons.lastname;
LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ORDERNO

Hansen Ola 22456

Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
Pettersen Kari 44678

LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ORDERNO

Hansen Ola 22456

Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
Pettersen Kari 44678
Svendson Tove 34764
6 rows selected.
 6. Write SQL queries to implement Views.

Views Helps to encapsulate complex query and make it reusable.

SQL COMMANDS

• CREATE VIEW
• INSERT IN VIEW
• DELETE IN VIEW
• UPDATE OF VIEW
• DROP OF VIEW

CREATION OF TABLE

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

EMPLOYEE_NAMEVARCHAR2(10),
EMPLOYEE_NONUMBER(8),
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10),
DEPT_NO NUMBER (5),DATE_OF_JOIN DATE);
Table created.

SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

NAME NULL? TYPE

EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER(5)
DATE_OF_JOIN DATE

SYNTAX FOR CREATION OF VIEW

SQL> CREATE <VIEW> <VIEW NAME> AS SELECT <COLUMN_NAME_1>,

<COLUMN_NAME_2> FROM <TABLE NAME>;

SQL> CREATE VIEW EMPVIEW AS SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME, EMPLOYEE_NO,

DEPT_NAME, DEPT_NO, DATE_OF_JOIN FROM
EMPLOYEE;
VIEW CREATED.
DESCRIPTION OF VIEW

SQL> DESC EMPVIEW;

NAME NULL? TYPE

EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO NUMBER(5)

DISPLAY VIEW:

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

RAVI 124 ECE 89

VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67

INSERTION INTO VIEW

SQL> INSERT INTO <VIEW_NAME> (COLUMN NAME1,………)

VALUES(VALUE1,….);

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPVIEW VALUES ('SRI', 120,'CSE', 67,'16-NOV-1981');

1 ROW CREATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

RAVI 124 ECE 89

VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67
SRI 120 CSE 67

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO DATE_OF_J

RAVI 124 ECE 89 15-JUN-05
VIJAY 345 CSE 21 21-JUN-06
RAJ 98 IT 22 30-SEP-06
GIRI 100 CSE 67 14-NOV-81
SRI 120 CSE 67 16-NOV-81

DELETION OF VIEW:

SQL> DELETE <VIEW_NMAE>WHERE <COLUMN NMAE> =’VALUE’;

SQL> DELETE FROM EMPVIEW WHERE EMPLOYEE_NAME='SRI';

1 ROW DELETED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

RAVI 124 ECE 89

VIJAY 345 CSE 21
RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67

UPDATE STATEMENT:

SQL>UPDATE <VIEW_NAME> SET< COLUMN NAME> = <COLUMN NAME>

<VIEW> WHERE <COLUMNNAME>=VALUE;

SQL> UPDATE EMPKAVIVIEW SET EMPLOYEE_NAME='KAVI' WHERE

EMPLOYEE_NAME = 'RAVI';
1 ROW UPDATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPKAVIVIEW;

EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO

KAVI 124 ECE 89

RAJ 98 IT 22
GIRI 100 CSE 67
DROP A VIEW:

SQL> DROP VIEW <VIEW_NAME>

SQL>DROP VIEW EMPVIEW;

VIEW DROPED
7. Write SQL queries to SELECT data using SET UNION ,INTERSECTION and
MINUS operations.

select empno,ename,sal from emp

UNION
select empno,ename,salary from oldemp

SELECT empno FROM emp

INTERSECT
SELECT empno FROM oldemp;

SELECT empno FROM emp

MINUS
SELECT empno FROM oldemp;
 8. Write SQL queries using AGGREGATE functions.

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value;

SELECT Employees.LastName, COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders FROM

(Orders
INNER JOIN Employees
ON Orders.EmployeeID=Employees.EmployeeID)
GROUP BY LastName
HAVING COUNT(Orders.OrderID) > 10;

SELECT Shippers.ShipperName, Employees.LastName,

COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders
FROM ((Orders
INNER JOIN Shippers
ON Orders.ShipperID=Shippers.ShipperID)
INNER JOIN Employees
ON Orders.EmployeeID=Employees.EmployeeID)
GROUP BY ShipperName,LastName;
 9. Write SQL queries to implement Nested queries.

Nested Query can have more than one level of nesting in one single query. A SQL nested
query is a SELECT query that is nested inside a SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE
SQL query.

SQL COMMANDS:

• SELECT
• WHERE
• HAVING
• MIN(SALARY)

SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE),

COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) ............................................ );

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP2(EMPNO NUMBER(5),

ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
JOB VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(6),
MGRNO NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(3));

SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, ‘VAL2’,… );

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2

VALUES(1001,'MAHESH','PROGRAMMER',15000,1560,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1002,'MANOJ','TESTER',12000,1560,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2
VALUES(1003,'KARTHIK','PROGRAMMER',13000,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1004,'NARESH','CLERK',1400,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1005,'MANI','TESTER',13000,1400,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1006,'VIKI','DESIGNER',12500,1560,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1007,'MOHAN','DESIGNER',14000,1560,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1008,'NAVEEN','CREATION',20000,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1009,'PRASAD','DIR',20000,1560,202);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1010,'AGNESH','DIR',15000,1400,200);
1 ROW CREATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;

SQL> SELECT *FROM EMP2;

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL MGRNO DPTNO

1001 MAHESH PROGRAMMER 15000 1560 200

1002 MANOJ TESTER 12000 1560 200
1003 KARTHIK PROGRAMMER 13000 1400 201
1004 NARESH CLERK 1400 1400 201
1005 MANI TESTER 13000 1400 200
1006 VIKI DESIGNER 12500 1560 201
1007 MOHAN DESIGNER 14000 1560 201
1008 NAVEEN CREATION 20000 1400 201
1009 PRASAD DIR 20000 1560 202
1010 AGNESH DIR 15000 1400 200

SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE),

COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) ............................................ );

SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT2(DEPTNO NUMBER(3),

DEPTNAME VARCHAR2(10),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));
Table created.

SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, ‘VAL2’,… );

SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(107,'DEVELOP','ADYAR');

1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(201,'DEBUG','UK');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(200,'TEST','US');
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(201,'TEST','USSR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(108,'DEBUG','ADYAR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(109,'BUILD','POTHERI');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;

SQL> SELECT *FROM DEPT2;

DEPTNO DEPTNAME LOCATION

107 DEVELOP ADYAR

201 DEBUG UK
200 TEST US
201 TEST USSR
108 DEBUG ADYAR
109 BUILD POTHERI
6 rows selected.

GENERAL SYNTAX FOR NESTED QUERY:

SELECT "COLUMN_NAME1"
FROM "TABLE_NAME1"
WHERE "COLUMN_NAME2" [COMPARISON OPERATOR]
(SELECT "COLUMN_NAME3"
FROM "TABLE_NAME2"
WHERE [CONDITION])

SYNTAX NESTED QUERY STATEMENT:

SQL> SELECT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM FRORM <TABLE _1> WHERE

<COLUMN_NAME> <RELATIONAL _OPERATION> ‘VALUE’
(SELECT (AGGRECATE FUNCTION) FROM <TABLE_1> WHERE <COLUMN
NAME> = ‘VALUE’
(SELECT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM <TABLE_2> WHERE <COLUMN_NAME=
‘VALUE’));

NESTED QUERY STATEMENT:

SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP2 WHERE SAL>

(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP2 WHERE DPTNO=
(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT2 WHERE LOCATION='UK'));

Nested Query Output:

ENAME

MAHESH
MANOJ
KARTHIK
MANI
VIKI
MOHAN
NAVEEN
PRASAD
AGNESH
10. Write a PL/SQL code block to find factorial of a number.
declare
n number;
i number;
f number:=1;
begin
n:=&n;
for i in 1..n
loop
f:=f*i;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(n||'! = '||f);
end;

Output:
Enter value for n: 5
old 6: n:=&n;
new 6: n:=5;
5! = 120
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
11. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Indexes.

SQL> SELECT * FROM vendor_parts

2 WHERE part_no = 457 AND vendor_id = 1012

3 ORDER BY vendor_id;

VENDOR_ID PART_NO UNIT_COST

1012 457 4.95

1 row selected.

SQL> CREATE INDEX ind_vendor_id

2 ON vendor_parts (part_no, vendor_id);

Index created.
12. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Procedures.

Begin

i:=1;

tot:=0;

while(i<=n)

loop

j:=1;

c:=0;

while(j<=i)

loop

if(mod(I,j)=0) then

c:=c+1;

end if;

j:=j+1;

end loop;

if(c=2) then

dbms_output.put_line(i);

tot:=tot+1;

end if;

i:=i+1;

end loop;

end;

Sql>procedure created.

declare
 t number;

begin

prime_proc(10,t);

dbms_output.put_line(‘the total prime no .are’||t);

end;

Valid Test Data:

sql>set serveroutput on

OUTPUT

sql>/

The total prime no.are 4

Pl/sql procedure successfully completed.

 13. Write a PL/SQL code block to implement Triggers

Begin
2 For I in 1.. 10 loop
3 If mod(i,2) <> 0 then
4 Dbms_output.put_line(' I am an odd number :'||i);
5 else
6 Dbms_output.put_line(' I am an even number :'||i);
7 End if;
8 End loop;
9* end;
SQL> /
I am an odd number :1
I am an even number :2
I am an odd number :3
I am an even number :4
I am an odd number :5
I am an even number :6
I am an odd number :7
I am an even number :8
I am an odd number :9
I am an even number :10

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.