RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
ANALYSIS OF A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF A GIVEN MEMBER
PROBLEM 1
Required: Determine the required nominal and maximum moment capacity of the section according to ACI code.
Data:
b = 300 mm
h = 500 mm
fc ′ = 28MPa
fy = 414 Mpa
As = 4 − 28 mm ∅
∅s = 10 mm
Solution
concrete cover = 40 mm
d = 500 − 40 − 10 − 0.5 ∗ 28 = 436 mm
𝜋
As = 4 ∗ (28)2 = 2463.01 𝑚𝑚2 SECTION
4
𝐴𝑠 2463.01
𝜌= = = 0.01883
𝑏𝑑 300 ∗ 436
1.4 1.4
ρmin−1 = = = 0.0034
fy 414
√fc ′ √28
ρmin−2 = = = 0.0032
4fy 4 ∗ 414
∴ 𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒
β1 = 0.85 fc′ = 28 MPa
3 fc ′ 3 28
𝛒𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 0.85β1 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.0209
7 fy 7 414
ρmin ≤ ρact ≤ ρmax ∴ OK! − Ductile
Rectangular stress block
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 2463.01 ∗ 414
𝑎= = = 142.81 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 300
𝑎 142.81
𝑐= = = 168.02 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
𝑐 𝑐 168.02 𝑐
= = = 0.3854 > 0.375 0.375 < < 0.6 → 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 → 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 − 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝑑 436 𝑑𝑡
(𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐) (436 − 168.02)
∈𝒕 = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.004785 → 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ∈𝒕 = 0.005
𝑐 168.02
3 𝑓𝑐 ′ 3 28
𝝆𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.01832
8 𝑓𝑦 8 414
∅ = 0.483 + 83.33 ∈𝑡 = 0.483 + 83.33 ∗ 0.004785 = 0.88 ≈ 0.9
Nominal Moment Capacity (𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
a 142.81 𝒄
Mn = As fy (d − ) = 2463.01 ∗ 414 ∗ (436 − ) ∗ 10−6 = 371.77 kN − m
2 2 (436 − 168.02)
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 956.96 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦
168.02
Ultimate Moment Capacity
→ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑
∅Mn = 0.88 ∗ 371.77 = 𝟑𝟐𝟕. 𝟏𝟔 kN − m
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
DESIGN OF A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
CONCRETE DIMENSIONS AND STEEL AREA TO RESIST A GIVEN MOMENT
PROBLEM 2
Find the concrete cross section and steel area required for a simply supported
rectangular beam with a span of 4.5 m that has the following loadings and
material specifications:
ωD = 20 kN/m
ωL = 31 kN/m
fc ′ = 28MPa
fy = 414 Mpa
∅b = 25 mm − main bar
∅s = 10 mm − stirrups
Solution
ωu = 1.2ωD + 1.6ωL = 1.2 ∗ 20 + 1.6 ∗ 31 = 73.6 kN/m
ωu L2 73.6 ∗ 4.52
Mu = = = 186.3 kN − m
8 8
***Economical Design will typically have a reinforcement ratio between 50% 𝜌0.005 𝑎𝑛𝑑 75% 𝜌0.005 .
***Often a ratio of about . 60%𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 will be an economical and practical choice.
𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0.005 → 𝜖𝑡 ≥ 0.005 ensures that ∅ will remain equal to 0.9
𝜌0.005 < 𝜌 → 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 →iterative solution will be necessary
th
Arthur H. Nilson. David Darwin. Charles W. Dolan. Design of Concrete Structures (SI Units). 14 Edition
CHOOSE A STEEL RATIO
***To maintain ∅ = 0.9 → 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝝆∈ =𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 − 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝒕
3 fc ′ 3 28
𝛒𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 0.85β1 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.01832
8 fy 8 414
1.4 1.4 √fc ′ √28
ρmin−1 = = = 0.0034 ρmin−2 = = = 0.0032 ∴ 𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒
fy 414 4fy 4 ∗ 414
3 fc ′ 3 28
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.0209
7 fy 7 414
𝑓𝑐 ′ 600 28 600
ρb = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ = 0.02891
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 414 600 + 414
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐′
ρfy 0.01832 ∗ 414
R = ρfy (1 − ) = 0.01832 ∗ 414 ∗ (1 − ) = 6.3772 MPa
1.7fc′ 1.7 ∗ 28
𝑀𝑢 186.3∗106 𝑑
𝑆 = 𝑏𝑑2 = = = 32,459,430.31 𝑚𝑚3 ***say 𝑅𝑑𝑏 = = 1.5
∅𝑅 0.9∗6.3772 𝑏
3 𝑆 3 32,459,430.3
𝑏=√ 2
=√ = 243.43 𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑑𝑏 1.5 2
𝑆 32,459,430.31
𝑑=√ =√ = 365.16 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 243.43
∅𝑏 25
ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + ∅𝑠 + = 365.16 + 40 + 10 + = 425.66 𝑚𝑚
2 2
Overall Depth Requirements
𝐡 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 ***In practice increments of 25 mm or 50 mm
𝐛 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝐝 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 ***Initial assumption-single layer
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
𝑀𝑢 𝜌𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌𝑓𝑦 (1 − ) 𝑏𝑑2
∅ 1.7𝑓𝑐′
𝑀𝑢 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌 (1 − ) = 𝜌 − 𝜌2
∅𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 1.7𝑓𝑐′ 1.7𝑓𝑐′
Mu fy m 2
𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐗 = 𝐦= → ρ −ρ+X =0
∅fy bd2 0.85f′c 2
1 − √1 − 2𝑚𝑋
𝜌=
𝑚
186.3 ∗ 106
𝐗= = 0.01522
0.9 ∗ 414 ∗ 250 ∗ 362.52
414
𝐦= = 17.39
0.85 ∗ 28
1 − √1 − 2 ∗ 17.39 ∗ 0.01522
𝜌= = 0.01806 < 𝛒𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 0.01832 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
17.39
***verified that its very close to the assumed steel ratio
As−required = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.01806 ∗ 250 ∗ 387.5 = 1749.11 𝑚𝑚2
As 1636.26
nrequired = = π = 3.56 ≈ 4 pcs 25 mm ∅
Ab (25)2
4
***arrange bar→ check required number of bars per layer
REBAR ARRANGEMENT
𝐡 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝐛 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝐝𝐭 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 (𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝐝 = 𝟑𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 → 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝜋 (362.5 − 160.73)
As−actual = 4 ∗ (25)2 = 1963.50 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 753.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦
4 160.73
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 1963.50 ∗ 414 136.62 → 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑎= = = 136.62 𝑚𝑚 𝑐= = 160.73 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 250 0.85
Ultimate Moment Capacity
a 136.62
∅Mn = ∅As fy (d − ) = 0.9 ∗ 1963.50 ∗ 414 ∗ (362.5 − ) ∗ 10−6 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦 > Mu = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 ∴ 𝑶𝑲!
2 2
FINAL DESIGN SECTION
AND BAR ARRANGMENT
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
DESIGN OF A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
OVER-REINFORCED BEAM
PROBLEM 3
Determine the capacity of the given beam as shown in the figure.
fc′ = 28 MPa
fy = 276 Mpa
h = 400 mm
b = 300 mm
dt = 330 mm
d = 300 mm → 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝜋
As = 6 ∗ (32)2 = 4825.47𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠 4825.47
𝜌= = = 0.05362
𝑏𝑑 300 ∗ 300
3 fc ′ 3 28
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.03141
7 fy 7 276
𝑓𝑐 ′ 600 28 600
ρb = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ = 0.050203
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 276 600 + 276
𝜌 > ρmax ; 𝜌 > ρbal → 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
SOLVE FOR C
(𝑑 − 𝑐)
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 600
𝑐
(300 − 𝑐)
0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 0.85𝑐 ∗ 300 = 4825.47 ∗ 600 → solve via quadractic equation
𝑐
c = 208.70 mm
(300 − c) (300 − 208.7)
fs = 600 = 600 = 262.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < fy → 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
c 208.70
c 208.70 c
= = 0.63 > 0.600 ∗∗∗ compression controlled ∅ = 0.65
dt 330 dt
ρfs 0.05362 ∗ 262.48
∅Mn = ∅ρfs bd2 (1 − ) = 0.65 ∗ 0.05362 ∗ 262.48 ∗ 300 ∗ 3002 (1 − ) ∗ 10−6 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
1.7fc′ 1.7 ∗ 28
𝑎 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 4825.47 ∗ 262.48
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − ) = 0.65 ∗ 4825.47 ∗ 262.48 (300 − ) ∗ 10−6 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
2 2 ∗ 0.85fc′ 𝑏 2 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 300
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
LIMITATIONS OF A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
PROBLEM 4
Determine whether singly reinforced rectangular beam design is possible in the given section.
fc′ = 21 MPa
fy = 276 Mpa
h = 400 mm
b = 300 mm
d = 400 − 90 = 310 mm
Solution
3 fc ′ 3 21
ρmax = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ = 0.02356
7 fy 7 276
ρmax fy
∅Mn ∈t=0.004 = 0.82ρmax fy bd2 (1 − )
1.7fc′
0.02356 ∗ 276
∅Mn ∈t=0.004 = 0.82 ∗ 0.02356 ∗ 276 ∗ 300 ∗ 3102 (1 − ) ∗ 10−6 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
1.7 ∗ 21
ωu = 1.2ωD + 1.6ωL = 1.2 ∗ 40 + 1.6 ∗ 30 = 96 kN/m
ωu L2 96 ∗ 72
Mu = = = 𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
8 8
∅𝑀𝑛 ∈𝑡=0.004 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦 < 𝑀𝑢 = 𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
▪ singly reinforced rectangular beam not possible
▪ section is too small-use larger section
▪ design as doubly-reinforced rectangular beam
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
