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Sudip Ghosh

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9 views

Sudip Ghosh

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gharibi.ali98486
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EXERGETICS UNIT 2

EXERCISES ON EXERGY
by
SUDIP GHOSH

Prob.1 A fixed mass of gas expands frictionlessly at a constant pressure of 100 kPa from
0.15 m3 to 0.3 m3. If the total internal energy increases by 25kJ and the temperature
change in the process is 40oC, estimate:
(i) mass of gas,
(ii) enthalpy change in the process and
(iii) heat supplied
Assume cv = 0.72.
Do you find any inconsistency in the problem data?

Prob.2 In an expander, air expands adiabatically from initial conditions of p1=0.4 MPa,
V1=3 m3, T1=200oC to the final pressure of p2=0.1 MPa. Estimate the technical work
Wt, change in U and the air mass flow rate assuming the expander as a steady flow
device, cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K and =1.41.
Also estimate the technical work if the expansion is considered polytropic having n=1.25.

Prob.3 Water at 25oC is converted to saturated steam under atmospheric pressure of 101
kPa. Calculate the change in entropy per kg of water.
If the conversion takes place in a recovery boiler, having water mass flow rate of 5 kg/s
and gas flow rate of 60kg/s, calculate the net change in entropy in the recovery boiler and
the associated irreversibility, assuming an inlet temperature of 400oC for the gas, its cp
being 1.125 kJ/kg-K. Neglect any heat loss or pressure loss in the system.

Prob.4 For the above problem (Prob.3), calculate Exergy Factors for the gas and the
water streams, exergy efficiency of the recovery boiler, assuming T0 as 25oC.

Prob.5 The rear wheels of an auto are braked using friction shoes. The braking force is
10kN, applied normal to the rear wheel of 210 mm diameter. The co-efficient of friction
is 0.25. The brake is applied when the rear wheel are rotating at 1800 rpm and the brake
shoes reach a temperature of 127oC. Estimate the braking power and the instantaneous
entropy generation due to braking? If all the due to braking is eventually lost to the
environment at 270C, what is the total entropy generation?
10 kN
steam out water in
210
mm

gas in gas out

Fig. Prob.3 & 4 Fig. Prob.5


Prob.6 A flat-plat solar water heater of 4 sq. m. effective collector area is used to heat
water. On a certain day when solar insolation is 910 W/m2 and the ambient temperature is
25oC, water is heated from 20oC to 60oC, flowing at a rate of 50 kg/hr. Estimate the
exergetic performance of the solar water heater. If another solar collector of equivalent
area and having equivalent energy conversion efficiency is employed in series with the
first collector to produce saturated water vapor at 60oC under appropriate vacuum, find
out its evaporation rate and compare its exergetic efficiency with that of the former.

water
@ 60oC

vapor @
pr. reducing 60oC
valve collector 2

collector 1 water @ 20oC

Fig. Prob. 6
Solutions to exercises:
1. Given:
ΔU = 25 kJ, ΔT = 40oC

Calculate:
pΔV=100 (0.3-0.15)=15 kJ
ΔH= ΔU + p ΔV=25 + 15 = 40 kJ
Qp = ΔH=40 kJ
m= ΔU/cv ΔT=25/(0.72x40)=0.868

Cross-check the given data as follows:

Qp = mcp ΔT; cp = Qp/ mΔT=1.152


R= cp- cv = 0.432
pΔV=RΔT=17.28 (calculated pΔV=15)

ΔT data therefore seems erroneous. ΔT could have been calculated from other given data.

2. Given:
p1 = 0.4 MPa, V1 = 3 m3, T1 = 200oC = 473 K
p2 = 0.1 MPa,

Calculate:
V2 from P1V1= P2V2; V2 = 8 m3 approx.

T2 from T2/T1= (V2/V1) ; T2 = 316 K approx.
Technical work, Wt = ( P1V1 - P2V2)/(-1) = 1375 kJ
Again, Wt = m cp ΔT m = 1375/(1.005x(473 – 316) = 8.72 kg approx.
ΔU = m cv ΔT = 8.72 x (cp /) x (473 – 316) = 975.8 kJ

Similarly calculate technical work for polytropic expansion using n=1.25 instead of .

3. Water is first heated sensibly from 25oC to 100oC, the saturation temperature @
101 kPa. Then evaporation occurs @ the constant saturation temperature of 100oC. Total
change in entropy Δs per kg of water is thus given by:

Δs =298 373cpdT/T + hfg/373 = cpln(373/298) + 2257/373 = 6.994= 7 kJ/kg-K.

Heat balance for the recovery boiler gives:


mw(hout – hin) = mgas x cp (Tin– Tout)
Tin –Tout = 5 (2676– 105)/ (60 x 1.125)
or, Tout = Tin - 190.4 = 673 - 190.4 =482.6 K = 209.6oC
[hout= hg@100 = 2676 kJ/kg, hin = hf@25 = 105 kJ/kg]
ΔSw = 5 x 7 = 35 kJ/K
ΔSgas = mgas cp ln(Tout / Tin) = -22.448 = -22.5 kJ/K
ΔSnet = 35-22.5 = 12.5 kJ/K
Irreversibility = T0 ΔSnet = 298 x 12.5 = 3725 kJ

4. Exergy factors for gas (EFg) and water (EFw):

EFg.in = (673-298)/673 = 0.56


EFg.out = (482.6-298)/482.6 = 0.38
EFw.in = 0 (water supplied at To)
EFw.out = (373-298)/373 = 0.20

Exergy flows:

Eg.in = 0.56 x 60 x 1.125 x 400 = 15120


Eg.out = 0.38 x 60 x 1.125 x 209.6 = 5376.24 kJ
Ew.in = 0
Ew.out = 0.20 mw (cpw ΔT + hfg ) = 0.20 x 5 (4.2x75 + 2257) = 2572 kJ

Exergetic efficiency:

ex = (Eg.out + Ew.out)/ Eg.in = 0.5257 =52.57%


(even though energy efficiency is 100% since no heat loss was considered)

5. Braking torque T =  R (d/2) = 0.25 x 10 x 0.105 = 0.2625 kN-m = 262.5 N-m


Braking power P = 2NT/60 = 49500 W = 49.5 kW

Instantaneous entropy generation (rate of ΔS) at 127oC


ΔSinst = P/T = 49500/(273+127) = 123.75 W/K

Net entropy generation considering heat rejection to environment at 27oC


ΔSnet = P/T0 =49500/(273+27) = 165 W/K.

6. Ein = EF (A.I.) = 0.933 x 4 x 910 = 3396.12 W


For the solar water heater (collector 1):
Eout = m cp (ΔT – T0 ln(Tout/Tin))
= (50/3600)(4200)(40 – 298 ln(333/293)) = 108.8 W

en = (50/3600)(4200)(60-20)/ (4 x 910) = 0.641 = 64.1%


ex = Eout / Ein = 108.8/3396.12 = 0.032 = 3.2%

Collector 2 to have same energy efficiency. If its evaporation rate is me

en = (me /3600)(hfg@60)/ (4 x 910) = 0.641


me =(0.641x 4 x 910 x 3600) /(2358.5 x 1000) = 3.56 kg/hr
[hfg@60= 2358.5 kJ/kg]
Eout = me hfg@60 (T – T0) /T
= (3.56/3600)(2358.5 x 1000)(333-298)/333 = 245.14 W
[No sensible heating in collector 2; only evaporation at 60oC.]

ex = Eout / Ein = 245.14/3396.12 = 0.072 = 7.2%.

So, the second collector, which only evaporates water from and at a fixed temperature of
60oC, has a greater exergetic efficiency (more than double compared to the exergetic
efficiency of the first collector), even though both the collectors have the same energy
efficiency of 64.1%.

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